1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission, No. 2:22-cev-00717-KJM-JDP 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. 14 Eshaq M. Nawabi, et al., 1S Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) filed suit against defendants 18 | Eshaq Nawabi, Nawabi Enterprise, and Hyperion Consulting Inc., alleging various violations of 19 | the Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC regulations. The court granted the CFTC’s ex parte 20 | motion for a statutory restraining order (SRO) and ordered defendants to show cause why a 21 | preliminary injunction should not issue. Nawabi consents to the entry of a preliminary injunction, 22 | but he seeks to tailor the proposed injunctive relief where he believes it clashes with his Fifth 23 | Amendment rights under the act-of-production doctrine. As explained below, the mechanics of a 24 | proper act-of-production analysis are somewhat unclear in this context, and the parties’ 25 | submissions leave unanswered certain questions the court must resolve to rule on any focused 26 | Fifth Amendment invocation. Because Nawabi consents to a preliminary injunction and has not 27 | met his burden of demonstrating the need for blanket Fifth Amendment protection, the court will 28 | enter concurrently a preliminary injunction based on the CFTC’s proposed order, while
1 preserving Nawabi’s ability to make focused Fifth Amendment objections prospectively. The 2 parties will be directed to file a joint status report proposing (1) a process for Nawabi’s 3 prospectively asserting his focused Fifth Amendment objections, and (2) a mechanism for the 4 court’s resolving those objections. The court explains its consideration of the Fifth Amendment 5 issues below, for the parties’ reference in preparing the joint status report. 6 I. BACKGROUND 7 In April 2022, the CFTC filed a complaint against defendant Eshaq Nawabi, both in his 8 individual capacity and as the “controlling person” of defendants Nawabi Enterprise and Hyperion 9 Consulting Inc. See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. The CFTC alleges various violations of the 10 Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC regulations related to defendants’ disregarding what Nawabi 11 calls “corporate formalities.” Partial Opp’n at 9, ECF No. 21; see, e.g., id. ¶ 7 (alleging Nawabi 12 Enterprise and Hyperion failed to register as “commodity pool operators” and Nawabi failed to 13 register as an “associated person” in violation of the Act and CFTC regulations); id. ¶ 8 (alleging 14 Nawabi violated CFTC regulations “by failing to operate the pool as a separate entity, failing to 15 receive funds in the pool’s name, and commingling . . . pool funds with other assets”). 16 More broadly, the CFTC alleges that since at least October 2019, Nawabi has operated a 17 fraudulent scheme to solicit and misappropriate funds for a pooled investment in off-exchange retail 18 foreign currency exchange contracts. See id. ¶ 1. Rather than use participants’ funds to trade 19 futures contracts as promised, Nawabi misappropriated the funds for his own benefit and to pay 20 other pool participants “in a manner akin to a Ponzi scheme,” and he issued false account statements 21 to conceal trading losses and misappropriations.1 Id. ¶ 4. The CFTC seeks injunctive and other 22 equitable relief, as well as civil monetary penalties. See generally Compl. 23 The court granted the CFTC’s ex parte motion for a statutory restraining order in late April 24 2022. See ECF No. 8. The SRO is indisputably broad. See, e.g., id. ¶ 21 (“Representatives of the 25 Commission shall be immediately allowed to inspect any records that, in part or in whole, contain, 1 It appears Nawabi has continued to disseminate such account statements during the pendency of this litigation, assuring investors that he still possesses their equity. See Receiver’s Second Status Report at 2, ECF No. 23. 1 relate, or refer to the business activities or business or personal finances of the Defendants[.]”); id. 2 ¶ 32(a) (directing defendants to “[p]rovide the Temporary Receiver with a full detailed accounting 3 of all assets, including the assets inside and outside of the United States that are held by each and 4 every Defendant, for their benefit, or under their direct or indirect control, whether jointly or singly, 5 and the location of all records of the Receivership Estate”); id. ¶ 35(a) (ordering defendants to 6 “deliver over to the Temporary Receiver possession and custody of all assets of the Receivership 7 Defendants, wherever situated, including those owned beneficially or otherwise”). In granting the 8 SRO, the court also ordered Nawabi to show cause why a preliminary injunction generally tracking 9 the SRO’s language should not issue. Id. ¶ 45. Both parties submitted briefs in response to the 10 order to show cause, and the court heard arguments on July 13, 2022. See Partial Opp’n, ECF No. 11 21; Reply, ECF No. 24; Hr’g Mins., ECF No. 25. 12 II. DISCUSSION 13 As noted, Nawabi consents to the entry of a preliminary injunction, but he seeks to tailor 14 the proposed injunctive relief to the extent he says it interferes with his Fifth Amendment 15 privilege against self-incrimination. See generally Partial Opp’n; see also Stip. Prelim. Inj., 16 Morris Decl. Ex. 2, ECF No. 22-2. Nawabi’s arguments are somewhat difficult to pin down,2 but 17 he appears to argue the “act of production” doctrine relieves him of three obligations in 18 connection with investor funds: (1) the need to identify bank accounts from which and to which 19 investor funds were transferred; (2) the responsibility to repatriate investor funds; and (3) the 20 obligation to create an accounting of his assets and a schedule of his passwords. See Partial 21 Opp’n at 15–18. The CFTC submits Nawabi’s arguments are overcome by three other doctrinal 2 For instance, the introduction to Nawabi’s brief previews numerous arguments that Nawabi neither develops nor contextualizes elsewhere in the filing. See, e.g., Partial Opp’n at 7 (asserting provisions of the SRO, “as interpreted by the CFTC and temporary receiver,” violate Nawabi’s Fourth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights); id. at 6 (asserting receiver seized unknown “personal records,” including documents protected by Nawabi’s Fifth Amendment rights); id. (objecting without elaboration to appointment of permanent receiver). The court addresses only those arguments for which Nawabi provides more than a passing reference. Cf. United States v. Pierce, 561 F.2d 735, 741–42 (9th Cir. 1977) (declining to “determine[e] the extent of [defendant’s] Fifth Amendment rights” because he “made a blanket refusal to answer any questions” and the court was thus “unable to evaluate his Fifth Amendment claim”). 1 exceptions to that doctrine: the foregone conclusion doctrine, see Reply at 6; the required records 2 doctrine, see id. at 6–7; and the collective entity doctrine, see id. at 7–8. The court first discusses 3 the act of production doctrine before turning to the parties’ other arguments. 4 A. The Act of Production Doctrine 5 1. In General 6 As the Fifth Amendment provides, “[n]o person . . . shall be [c]ompelled in any criminal 7 case to be a [w]itness against himself.” U.S. Const. Amend. V; see also Lefkowitz v. Turley, 8 414 U.S. 70, 77 (1973) (acknowledging Fifth Amendment may be invoked outside of 9 criminal proceedings). It is well-settled that this privilege protects individuals against compelled 10 testimonial communications. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 460 (1966). But 11 testimonial communications are not limited to statements; acts can also convey messages: 12 The act of producing evidence in response to a subpoena . . . has 13 communicative aspects of its own, wholly aside from the contents of 14 the papers produced. Compliance with the subpoena tacitly concedes 15 the existence of the papers demanded and their possession or control 16 by the taxpayer. It also would indicate the taxpayer’s belief that the 17 papers are those described in the subpoena. 18 Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 410 (1976); United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27, 36 19 (2000). As Fisher indicates, a court conducting an act of production analysis does not ask 20 whether the “contents of the papers produced” are incriminating, 425 U.S. at 410; rather, it probes 21 implicit communications made by virtue of the act of producing documents, see United States v. 22 Oriho, 969 F.3d 917, 925 (9th Cir. 2020). In performing the analysis, the Ninth Circuit directs 23 courts to examine “four facets of an implicit communication that together support invocation of 24 the self-incrimination privilege.” Id. Specifically, courts ask whether: “(1) compulsion is 25 involved; (2) a statement is being communicated; (3) the statement relies on the truth-telling of 26 the defendant; and (4) the statement carries the risk of incrimination.” Id. (citing Fisher, 425 27 U.S. at 409–15). “Whether the act of producing documents in response to a subpoena is both 28 testimonial and incriminating is a difficult issue whose resolution depends ‘on the facts and 29 circumstances of particular cases or classes thereof.’” Dorokee Co. v. United States (In re 1 Grand Jury Subpoena), 697 F.2d 277, 279 (10th Cir. 1983) (quoting Fisher, 425 U.S. at 411)). 2 The facts and circumstances of this particular case present unique challenges, as discussed below. 3 2. As Applied Here 4 Courts generally have applied the act of production doctrine in the context of criminal document 5 subpoenas, which have strict specificity requirements. See United States v. Nixon, 6 418 U.S. 683, 700 (1974) (articulating standard); United States v. Tokash, 282 F.3d 962, 971 (7th 7 Cir. 2002) (explaining criminal documentary subpoenas “allow[] only for the gathering of 8 specifically identified documents”); Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 275 9 (2022) (“A subpoena that fails to describe any specific documents is too broad[.]”). The SRO 10 and the CFTC’s proposed preliminary injunction, by contrast, speak in broad terms about large, 11 sometimes vague categories of documents. See, e.g., SRO Section II ¶ 21 (noting CFTC is 12 “allowed to inspect any records that, in part or in whole, contain, relate, or refer to the business 13 activities or business or personal finances of the Defendants, including . . . hard-copy documents 14 and electronically stored information, . . . whether they are in the possession of the Defendants or 15 others”); see also Proposed Prelim. Inj. ¶ 8, ECF No. 24-1 (“All requirements in Section II of the 16 SRO requiring Defendants to immediately allow representatives of the CFTC to inspect any 17 Records relating or referring to the business activities or business or personal finances of 18 Defendants . . . shall continue in full force and effect.”). This breadth contrasts sharply with the 19 specificity required in criminal document subpoenas, which have been the subject of the extant 20 decisional law. At hearing, the parties agreed the case law addressing such subpoenas is 21 applicable here. 22 Even so, it remains unclear how this court should analyze Nawabi’s act-of-production 23 objections. As explained above, the act of production doctrine turns not on documents’ contents 24 but on implicit concessions about “the existence of the papers demanded,” their “possession or 25 control by the [defendant],” and the defendant’s “belief that the papers are those described in the 26 subpoena.” Fisher, 425 U.S. at 410; see also Hubbell, 530 U.S. at 37 (“Whether the 27 constitutional privilege protects . . . the act of production itself[] is a question that is distinct from 28 the question whether the unprotected contents of the documents themselves are incriminating.”). 1 Still, several circuits suggest a court should analyze the contents of documents responsive to a 2 subpoena in camera. See, e.g., In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Dated Apr. 18, 2003, 383 F.3d 905, 3 910 (9th Cir. 2004) (finding district court erred by “refusing to examine [subpoenaed] documents 4 in camera to determine whether [defendant]’s act of producing them would have had 5 incriminating aspects”); United States v. Grable, 98 F.3d 251, 257 (6th Cir. 1996) (noting “act of 6 production” privilege “appl[ies] only on a document-by-document basis”; upon proper invocation 7 of the privilege, court should “order the party to produce the [disputed] documents . . . to the 8 court for an in camera inspection”); United States v. Argomaniz, 925 F.2d 1349, 1356 (11th Cir. 9 1991) (remanding case to district court “with instructions to determine, through an in camera 10 inspection, the existence of [defendant’s] fifth amendment [act of production] privilege in this 11 case”). Other courts have called this approach into question: 12 [A] document-by-document analysis by [defendant] would not be 13 useful to determining whether [defendant] has validly asserted the 14 act-of-production privilege, and the SEC has not explained how such 15 a proffer would even work. The act-of-production privilege does not 16 focus on the content of the individual documents because it is not the 17 content of the documents—which was not compelled—but the act of 18 producing them that might trigger the act-of-production protection 19 under the Fifth Amendment. The content of the individual documents 20 is not relevant to whether producing them would violate the Fifth 21 Amendment. . . . The Court cannot require any offer of proof that the 22 documents are, in fact, incriminating, because that would defeat the 23 purpose of the privilege. 24 Sec. & Exch. Comm’n v. Forster, 147 F. Supp. 3d 223, 228–29 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (internal 25 quotation marks and citation omitted); U.S./I.R.S. v. Lanoie, 403 Fed. App’x 328, 334 (10th Cir. 26 2010) (unpublished) (rejecting as “meritless” defendant’s argument that district court should have 27 conducted an in camera hearing to determine if his Fifth Amendment claim had a basis in fact). 28 Whatever the right approach for materials targeted by a criminal document subpoena, it is even 29 less clear what mechanism this court should use to analyze Nawabi’s generalized objections to 30 the broad mandates of the CFTC’s proposed preliminary injunction. As discussed below, the 31 uncertainties outlined above are reflected in the broad nature of the parties’ briefing. 1 B. Parties’ Arguments 2 1. Nawabi’s Arguments 3 Nawabi contends the act of production doctrine protects him from a number of 4 requirements in the SRO and, relatedly, the CFTC’s proposed preliminary injunction. Nawabi’s 5 position is well-taken in part given the SRO’s breadth and certain specific arguments that he 6 makes. See, e.g., Partial Opp’n at 7 (objecting to using the “contents of his mind” to provide 7 receiver with a “detailed accounting” of his assets because disclosure could expose him to 8 criminal liability (quoting SRO ¶ 32)). 9 At the same time, Nawabi’s act of production arguments are deficient in several ways. 10 First, Nawabi conflates distinct categories of material. See, e.g., id. at 15–16 (discussing without 11 differentiating the SRO’s requirements that Nawabi identify bank accounts, repatriate funds held 12 abroad, and admit to information regarding bank transfers). Second, he offers mostly overarching 13 conclusions rather than focused arguments grounded in the circumstances of this case. See, e.g., 14 id. at 16, 18 (arguing complying with the CFTC’s proposed preliminary injunction would 15 “surely” be “an important link in a chain of evidence”; “It is beyond dispute that the CFTC’s 16 Complaint triggers and implicates Mr. Nawabi's Fifth Amendment constitutional rights.”). Third, 17 Nawabi is imprecise in his references to the SRO itself. See, e.g., id. at 15–16 (analyzing 18 requirement that Nawabi “admit the dates and accuracy of the dates” of transfers indicated in 19 bank documents and citing Section VIII for that requirement, although the SRO contains no such 20 requirement, and Section VIII is titled “Stay on Actions Against the Receivership Defendants”). 21 Most importantly, Nawabi never addresses the core question presented here: whether his 22 compelled production would amount to a tacit concession that certain documents exist, are 23 authentic, and are in his custody or control. See Hubbell, 530 U.S. at 36 n.19 (“[T]he act of 24 production could constitute protected testimonial communication because it might entail implicit 25 statements of fact: by producing documents in compliance with a subpoena, the witness would 26 admit that the papers existed, were in his possession or control, and were authentic.” (emphasis 27 added)); Doe v. United States, 487 U.S. at 209–10 (“[I]n order to be testimonial, an accused’s 28 communication must itself, explicitly or implicitly, relate a factual assertion or disclose 1 information. Only then is a person compelled to be a ‘witness’ against himself.”). Indeed, some 2 of Nawabi’s arguments appear to focus on the contents of requested documents, rather than any 3 testimonial aspect inherent in Nawabi’s producing them. See, e.g., Partial Opp’n at 15 (arguing 4 producing bank records would require Nawabi to confess to the dates on which he transferred 5 funds between accounts). Contra Hubbell, 530 U.S. at 37 (“Whether the constitutional privilege 6 protects . . . the act of production itself[] is a question that is distinct from the question whether 7 the unprotected contents of the documents themselves are incriminating.”). In sum, Nawabi has 8 not advanced a focused Fifth Amendment objection the court can rule on at this time. 9 2. The CFTC’s Arguments 10 As noted, the CFTC submits that if Nawabi’s act of production arguments do carry 11 weight, they are unavailing in light of three exceptions to the doctrine: the foregone conclusion 12 doctrine, see Reply at 6; the required records doctrine, see id. at 6–7; and the collective entity 13 doctrine, see id. at 7–8. The CFTC’s arguments, however, also lack any meaningful analysis, as 14 explained below. 15 a) Foregone Conclusion Doctrine 16 The “foregone conclusion” doctrine “allows for circumvention of the self-incrimination 17 privilege if the government already has the information it is seeking to compel.” Oriho, 969 F.3d 18 at 927 (citation omitted); see also Fisher, 425 U.S. at 411 (characterizing foregone conclusion as 19 one where sought-after evidence “adds little or nothing to the sum total of the Government’s 20 information”). For this doctrine to apply, “the government must establish its independent 21 knowledge of three elements: the documents’ existence, the documents’ authenticity and [the 22 defendant’s] possession or control of the documents.” United States v. Sideman & Bancroft, LLP, 23 704 F.3d 1197, 1202 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). The government bears the ultimate burdens 24 of production and proof on all three elements. See In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Dated Apr. 18, 25 2003, 383 F.3d 905, 910, 912 (9th Cir. 2004); see also id. at 910 (government must “establish the 26 existence of the documents sought and [defendant’s] possession of them with ‘reasonable 1 particularity’[3] before the existence and possession of the documents could be considered a 2 foregone conclusion and production therefore would not be testimonial” (citing, e.g., Hubbell, 3 530 U.S. at 44)); Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (party moving for 4 preliminary injunction must demonstrate it is warranted by “a clear showing.” (citation, 5 quotation marks, and emphasis omitted)). Determining whether the government has met its 6 burden requires a “highly fact-intensive inquiry that looks at the quantum of information 7 possessed by the government before it issued the relevant subpoena.” Sideman & Bancroft, 704 8 F.3d at 1202 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 9 Despite the court’s need to conduct a “highly fact-intensive” review, the CFTC submits 10 only one citation-less paragraph: 11 Here, prior to enforcement of the SRO, the CFTC was aware that Mr. 12 Nawabi emailed account statements from his Gmail account; 13 communicated with pool participants via email and text message; 14 purported to trade forex via an offshore trading platform, 15 TradersWay; and maintained four separate bank accounts he used to 16 receive, disburse, and misappropriate pool participant funds. 17 Because the CFTC is aware of the existence of such documents, and 18 Mr. Nawabi’s control over them, the act of Mr. Nawabi’s production 19 adds little, if anything, to the quantum of information already 20 available to the CFTC. Thus, the production of the business records 21 in Mr. Nawabi’s possession does not constitute protected testimony 22 under the Fifth Amendment. 23 Reply at 6. This is insufficient to satisfy the CFTC’s burden of establishing the foregone conclusion 24 exception. The CFTC did demonstrate its knowledge of various documents in its motion for an 25 SRO. See generally Mot. SRO. Some of those documents might fall within the foregone 26 conclusion exception, but it is not the court’s job to comb approximately 200 pages of exhibits and 27 speculate about their authenticity, Nawabi’s control over them, and the extent to which they entitle 28 the CFTC to compel production by Nawabi. See Mot. SRO Exs., ECF No. 4-1 at 21–176 & ECF 29 No. 4-2 at 11–41. Moreover, to the extent the CFTC argues that its awareness of some documents 3 The court notes that this test, like so many other rules implicated by this matter, does not fit neatly with the present facts. See Orin S. Kerr, Compelled Decryption and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, 97 Tex. L. Rev. 767, 775 (2019) (“Whatever the merits of the ‘reasonable particularity’ standard in the specific context of subpoenaed documents, the test is notably unilluminating as to the government’s burden outside that context.”). 1 entitles it to all of Nawabi’s documents, the court rejects that argument. See United States v. Bright, 2 596 F.3d 683, 693–94 (9th Cir. 2010). 3 b) Required Records Doctrine 4 The required records doctrine negates the act of production privilege for “records required 5 by law to be kept[.]” Shapiro v. United States, 335 U.S. 1, 17 (1948). The doctrine’s primary 6 rationale is that if the government requires an individual to keep records as a condition of 7 voluntarily participating in a regulated activity, the government should be able to inspect those 8 records. See Baltimore City Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Bouknight, 493 U.S. 549, 556 (1990). The 9 doctrine applies if: “(1) the purpose of the government’s inquiry is regulatory, not criminal; (2) the 10 information requested is contained in documents of a kind the regulated party customarily keeps; 11 and (3) the records have public aspects.” In re Grand Jury Proceedings (Doe M.D.), 801 F.2d 1164, 12 1168 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing Grosso v. United States, 390 U.S. 62, 67–68 (1968)). 13 The CFTC argues the required records doctrine applies here because Nawabi was an 14 “associated person” of a Commodity Pool Operator (CPO) under the Commodity Exchange Act, 15 and “[t]he documents required to be kept by CPOs under the Act clearly satisfy this standard.” 16 Reply at 7 (citing In Matter of Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Filkey, No. 97-2819, 17 1997 WL 461992, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 5, 1997)). These arguments are not persuasive for several 18 reasons. First, the CFTC simply asserts rather than demonstrates that Nawabi qualifies as an 19 associated person under the Act.4 Contra Filkey, 1997 WL 461992, at *1 (“[The CFTC] 20 concedes . . . that it has to show that defendant is a [commodity trading advisor under the 21 Act] before his Fifth Amendment privilege is overborne.”). Second, the CFTC does not 22 explain what types of documents CPOs must keep under the Act. Even if the CFTC had 23 made both of these necessary showings, its conclusory assertion that the documents 24 “clearly” satisfy the required records doctrine, without more, is insufficient to negate 25 Nawabi’s act of production privilege, if it in fact applies. 26 ///// 4 The CFTC alleges Nawabi unlawfully failed to register as an associated person of Nawabi Enterprise and Hyperion. Compl. ¶ 7. 1 But the CFTC’s failure thus far to establish the required records doctrine’s applicability 2 does not foreclose the argument. At hearing, Nawabi argued CFTC regulations do not apply in the 3 first place because neither he nor the entity defendants registered in accordance with CFTC 4 regulations. The court rejects this argument outright as simply incorrect. Cf., e.g., Commodity 5 Futures Trading Comm’n v. Savage, 611 F.2d 270, 282 (9th Cir. 1979) (“It would be anomalous 6 indeed if an advisor could escape the fiduciary duties of [an anti-fraud provision in the Commodity 7 Exchange Act] by avoiding required registration.”); Filkey, 1997 WL 461992, at *2 (“We also do 8 not believe defendant can avoid the recordkeeping requirements of the statute by failing to register. 9 Registered CTAs are required to keep records that the CFTC, in its regulatory capacity, can review. 10 If a CTA can avoid disclosure by failing to register, it would open up a large loophole in the 11 regulatory scheme.”). The CFTC may seek to demonstrate the required records exception applies 12 in the future, if circumstances support its invocation. 13 c) Collective Entity Doctrine 14 The collective entity doctrine “reflects the fact that the [Fifth Amendment] right to resist 15 compelled self-incrimination is a ‘personal privilege.’” In re Twelve Grand Jury Subpoenas, 908 16 F.3d at 528 (quoting Bellis v. United States, 417 U.S. 85, 90 (1974)). It has been “settled” for 17 more than a century “that a corporation has no Fifth Amendment privilege[.]” Braswell, 487 U.S. 18 at 105. Accordingly, neither a corporation nor its agents or officers may assert the Fifth 19 Amendment privilege or the act of production privilege in order to avoid disclosing corporate 20 records in response to a subpoena. See Bellis, 417 U.S. at 90 (noting although “an artificial entity 21 can only act to produce its records through its individual officers or agents,” “no artificial 22 organization may utilize the personal privilege against compulsory self-incrimination”); In re 23 Twelve Grand Jury Subpoenas, 908 F.3d at 531 (“[T]here are no circumstances under which a 24 records custodian may resist a subpoena for a collective entity’s records on Fifth Amendment 25 grounds.”). Rather, the Fifth Amendment’s privilege applies only “to individuals and to sole 26 proprietorships, which do not, as a legal matter, exist separately from the individuals who 27 comprise them.” In re Twelve Grand Jury Subpoenas, 908 F.3d at 528 (citing Braswell, 487 U.S. 28 at 104, 108); see also Bellis, 417 U.S. at 95 (finding three-member partnership was collective 1 entity because it had an “institutional identity independent of its individual partners”). Thus, “an 2 individual cannot rely upon the [Fifth Amendment] privilege to avoid producing the records of a 3 collective entity which are in his possession in a representative capacity, even if these records 4 might incriminate him personally.” Bellis, 417 U.S. at 88; see also Braswell, 487 U.S. at 110 5 (“[T]he custodian’s act of production is not deemed a personal act, but rather an act of the 6 corporation. Any claim of Fifth Amendment privilege asserted by the agent would be tantamount 7 to a claim of privilege by the corporation -- which of course possesses no such privilege.”). 8 The CFTC submits this doctrine applies here, maintaining it is “entitled to collect and 9 review the documents as provided by the SRO” because “Hyperion—a corporation organized in 10 the state of California—has no Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.” Reply at 11 7–8. In other words, the CFTC maintains it is entitled to all of Nawabi’s documents because 12 Hyperion played an unspecified role in his fraudulent scheme. 13 The court is not persuaded by this argument. The court agrees the collective entity 14 doctrine applies to Hyperion—an incorporated entity—to the extent it was involved in Nawabi’s 15 fraudulent scheme to solicit and misappropriate funds. See In re Twelve Grand Jury Subpoenas, 16 908 F.3d 525, 528 (9th Cir. 2018) (right to resist compelled self-incrimination “applies to 17 individuals and to sole proprietorships, which do not, as a legal matter, exist separately from the 18 individuals who comprise them, but corporations and other collective entities do not enjoy the 19 privilege.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); In re Grand Jury Proceedings (The 20 John Doe Co., Inc.), 838 F.2d 624, 627 n.3 (1st Cir. 1988) (choice to incorporate brings with it 21 “all the attendant benefits and responsibilities of being a corporation,” including the responsibility 22 “to produce and authenticate records of the corporation . . . .”). However, as the CFTC notes, 23 there were at least two entities involved here, Hyperion Inc. and Nawabi Enterprise, and the 24 CFTC does not argue Nawabi Enterprise qualifies as a “collective entity.” The involvement of 25 these two entities—one bound by the collective entity doctrine, one not so bound—appears to 26 require the court to distinguish between documents belonging to Hyperion5 and Nawabi 5 At hearing, Nawabi’s counsel suggested that Hyperion played a limited role in Nawabi’s fraudulent activity, if it played any role at all. 1 Enterprise. The CFTC does not address this issue. Nor does the CFTC address how Nawabi’s 2 unlawfully intermingling operations, records, and funds belonging to himself, Hyperion, and 3 Nawabi Enterprise impacts its ability to gather information from Hyperion. In light of these 4 uncertainties, the court is unable to determine the extent to which the collective entity doctrine 5 applies here and in fact it need not before entering the preliminary injunction. The CFTC may 6 seek to clarify the questions left unanswered by its briefing in the future, if need be. 7 III. CONCLUSION 8 Having considered the parties’ arguments, relevant caselaw, and the record in this case, 9 the court finds it cannot and need not rule on Nawabi’s Fifth Amendment invocation at this juncture. 10 Because Nawabi has consented to a preliminary injunction, the court will enter the CFTC’s 11 proposed preliminary injunction to the extent it is not inconsistent with Nawabi’s Fifth Amendment 12 objections, incorporating language preserving Nawabi’s right to assert focused objections in the 13 future. 14 The parties are directed to file within fourteen days a joint status report proposing (1) a 15 process for Nawabi’s asserting focused Fifth Amendment act-of-production arguments, and (2) a 16 mechanism for the court’s resolving those assertions. The court’s minute order (ECF No. 29) 17 resetting the pretrial scheduling conference to October 6, 2022, is vacated. The pretrial scheduling 18 conference is reset for December 15, 2022, at 2:30 p.m., with the parties’ joint status report due 19 no later than December 1, 2022. 20 As discussed at hearing, and as provided in section XII of the preliminary injunction the 21 court issues concurrently, the receiver is directed to file and serve periodic requests for payment 22 itemizing the time and nature of services rendered; Nawabi is ordered to either pay for or object to 23 each itemization. As the parties agreed at the hearing, the receiver may liquidate the vehicles 24 discussed in the receiver’s second status report, subject to his providing notice to potential third- 25 party claimants. 26 IT IS SO ORDERED. 27 DATED: October 5, 2022.