J-A23017-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA : PENNSYLVANIA : : v. : : : RAHEEM WILLIAMS : : No. 1249 EDA 2016 Appellant
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence January 20, 2016 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0015842-2013, CP-51-CR-0015843-2013, CP-51-CR-0015844-2013
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., DUBOW, J., and FITZGERALD*, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J. FILED DECEMBER 22, 2017
Appellant, Raheem Williams, appeals from the judgment of sentence
following his convictions on multiple counts of attempted murder and other
related charges. We affirm.
For a recitation of the complete factual background and procedural
history of this case, we direct the interested reader to the trial court’s
comprehensive opinion. See Trial Court Opinion, filed 12/22/16, at 1-11.
Briefly, in August 2013, a fistfight between two groups of men escalated
into a shootout, with two men firing weapons into the crowd. One person was
wounded. The next day, two other people connected with the fight were
wounded in another shooting outside of one of the victims’ homes. Police
questioned a witness, Rakeem Hall, who identified Appellant in a photo array
____________________________________ * Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-A23017-17
as one of the men who began firing into the crowd. Hall also stated that
Appellant shot Hall’s brother and a neighbor outside of Hall’s residence.
Kaleem Shelton, who separately pled guilty to charges in connection with the
first shootout, likewise identified Appellant as the other gunman firing into the
crowd, and as the person who shot Hall’s brother and neighbor.
Following his arrest, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the photo
identification made by Hall. The court denied the motion, and Appellant
proceeded to a jury trial. At trial, both Hall and Shelton refused to testify, and
their prior signed statements were admitted into evidence.1 The jury convicted
Appellant of three counts each of attempted murder and aggravated assault,
and one count each of firearms not to be carried without a license, carrying
firearms on a public street in Philadelphia, and possession of an instrument of
crime. The court imposed an aggregate sentence of 25-50 years’
incarceration. This timely appeal follows.
On appeal, Appellant challenges five issues. He first contends the trial
court improperly denied his motion to suppress Hall’s photo identification. The
____________________________________________
1 The trial transcript is not in the certified record. Appellant requested a copy of the transcript in the trial court. For whatever reason, the trial court did not forward the transcript along with the certified record. A copy of the transcript is in Appellant’s reproduced record, and the Commonwealth has not objected to that copy. In the interest of judicial economy, we have not requested the trial court to locate and forward the official transcript, see Commmonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 7 (Pa. Super.2006) (en banc), but have elected to use the one provided in the reproduced record. Accord Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957, 959 n.1 (Pa. 2007) (relying on pre-sentence investigation report that appeared only in reproduced record where neither party challenged the validity of the report).
-2- J-A23017-17
police, Appellant argues, were unnecessarily suggestive in presenting Hall with
the photo array by implying that he had to choose one of the images before
him, rather than giving Hall the option not to select a photo if he did not
recognize the gunman. We disagree.
When reviewing a denial of a suppression motion, “we must consider
only the evidence of the prosecution and so much of the evidence of the
defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole.” Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007).
We are not bound by the suppression court’s legal conclusions and review the
suppression court’s application of the law to the facts de novo. See
Commonwealth v. Myers, 118 A.3d 1122, 1125 (Pa. Super. 2015).
In contrast, we defer to the suppression court’s findings of fact as it is
in the bailiwick of the suppression court to assess the credibility of witnesses
and the weight to be given to their testimony. See id. “It is within the
suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to pass on the credibility of
witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. The suppression court
is free to believe all, some or none of the evidence presented at the
suppression hearing.” Commonwealth v. Elmobdy, 823 A.2d 180, 183 (Pa.
Super. 2003) (citations omitted).
“Whether an out of court identification is to be suppressed as unreliable,
and therefore violative of due process, is determined from the totality of the
circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Fulmore, 25 A.3d 340, 346 (Pa. Super.
2011) (citation omitted). Identification evidence will not be suppressed,
-3- J-A23017-17
except in cases where “the identification procedure used was so impermissibly
suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification.” Commonwealth v. Stiles, 143 A.3d 968, 978 (Pa. Super.
2016) (citation omitted). “Suggestiveness in the identification process is a
factor to be considered in determining the admissibility of such evidence, but
suggestiveness alone does not warrant exclusion.” Fulmore, 25 A.3d at 346.
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Suggestiveness occurs in an
identification procedure where the police emphasize or otherwise isolate a
suspect. See Commonwealth v. Davis, 17 A.3d 390, 394 (Pa. Super. 2011).
Appellant’s argument is misleading at best. Hall told police officers that
he knew “Bam” (Appellant’s nickname) was the shooter. Hall’s decision not to
cooperate at trial notwithstanding, Appellant cannot fairly maintain that the
police procedures used here created a “substantial likelihood of
misidentification.” The police culled a list from their database, using Hall’s
description of Appellant, a person Hall knew. They produced pictures of seven
other people in conjunction with Appellant’s picture—all men in their 20s with
close-cropped dreadlocks and similar skin tones and features. Appellant does
not suggest, nor does the record show, that the police asked Appellant to do
anything more than “identify the shooter.” N.T. Suppression Hearing, 10/5/15,
at 9.
Again, Appellant was someone Hall knew as “Bam” prior to the both
shootings. We find nothing in the record to support Appellant’s assertions that
-4- J-A23017-17
the trial court erred by not suppressing the photo identification, and we decline
to reverse on those grounds.
In Appellant’s second issue, he challenges the trial court’s conduct
during the voir dire jury selection process. Specifically, Appellant contends the
court erred by not allowing him to conduct individual questioning of jurors to
elicit evidence of potential racial bias.
“[T]he purpose of voir dire is to ensure the empaneling of a fair and
impartial jury capable of following the instructions on the law as provided by
the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Paolello, 665 A.2d 439, 450 (Pa. 1995)
(citation omitted). “[T]he test of disqualification is the juror’s ability and
willingness to eliminate the influence of his scruples and render a verdict
according to the evidence. This determination is to be made by the trial judge
based on the juror’s answers and demeanor and will not be reversed absent
a palpable abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Penn, 132 A.3d 498, 502
(Pa. Super. 2016).
“Voir dire is not to be utilized as a tool for the attorneys to ascertain the
effectiveness of potential trial strategies.” Paolello, 665 A.2d at 451 (holding
that counsel was not permitted to question jurors during voir dire about their
attitudes toward alcohol in case where victim’s death involved alcohol
consumption). The trial court has discretion in determining whether counsel
may pose separate questions to potential jurors during voir dire. See
Commonwealth v. Mattison, 82 A.3d 386, 397 (Pa. 2013) (citation omitted)
(holding trial court did not abuse its discretion when it precluded defense
-5- J-A23017-17
counsel’s proposed questions to jury venire about defendant’s prior murder
conviction). Indeed, despite counsel’s request, the court may decline to ask
voir dire questions on race where particularly sensitive racial issues are not
present, and raising such issues risks unnecessarily injecting race into the
proceedings. See Commonwealth v. Richardson, 473 A.2d 1361, 1363 (Pa.
1984). See also Commonwealth v. Glaspy, 616 A.2d 1359, 1362 (Pa.
1992) (describing point at which racial considerations were introduced into
the case and it became appropriate for the trial court to individually question
potential jurors on prejudices they may have held).
The trial court here did not allow Appellant to ask additional questions
about jurors’ possible bias regarding statements made by police officers.
However, this was after the court had asked jurors whether they could be fair
and open-minded, and after it already informed jurors they may not give a
police officer’s testimony any additional weight simply because of the officer’s
status as a law enforcement agent. Any jurors who indicated on their
individual questionnaire that they would give an officer’s testimony more
weight were individually questioned in order for the court to ascertain whether
they could follow the court’s instructions with respect to law enforcement
testimony. Each juror answered in the affirmative. To the extent Appellant
challenges these questions as “cursory, superficial, [and] leading,” we decline
to find that the court erred in this line of questioning.
Counsel also avers the trial court erred by not permitting trial counsel
to question potential jurors during voir dire about their views on guns and gun
-6- J-A23017-17
violence, or on their racial attitudes. Counsel’s own explanation as to why he
wanted to ask those questions demonstrates his intent to use this line of
reasoning as a framing device for Appellant’s case.
Counsel advanced no reason as to why the case might be racially
sensitive, but instead baldly stated: “[T]here’s nothing [in the questionnaire]
about the current situation that young African American men are constantly
in the media talking about guns in – particular guns and shootings and could
that possibly impact the prejudice in any way that this case involves a young
African American male accused of shooting and having a gun.” N.T. Jury
Selection, 10/7/15, at 43-44.
Voir dire is not an appropriate opportunity for counsel to assess the
value of particular trial strategies. See Paolello, 665 A.2d at 451. The trial
court acted well within its discretion in not permitting counsel to individually
question jurors about their racial attitudes or views on firearms. Thus, we find
the court did not err when it refused to permit defense counsel’s proposed line
of questioning.
In Appellant’s third issue, he claims the Commonwealth improperly
bolstered Kaleem Shelton’s testimony by noting the Commonwealth
prosecuted Shelton for his role in the crimes, and the same court presided
over Shelton’s guilty plea hearing. We disagree.
The trial court has discretion over the admissibility of evidence, and its
decision will not be disturbed unless it abuses that discretion.
Commonwealth v. Lam, 684 A.2d 153, 158 (Pa. Super. 1996). “Improper
-7- J-A23017-17
bolstering of a witness occurs when the Commonwealth places the prestige of
the government behind the witness through personal assurances of his or her
veracity, or the Commonwealth indicates that information which is not before
the jury supports the witness’ testimony.” Id. (citations omitted). The
Commonwealth may introduce evidence of a witness’ plea agreement in
testimony at trial. See Commonwealth v. Bricker, 581 A.2d 147, 155 (Pa.
1990).
There is no merit in Appellant’s third issue. The Commonwealth noted
while reading the transcript of Shelton’s prior police statement that it had
charged Shelton for his participation in the crimes at issue in this case, and
Shelton pled guilty. The Commonwealth indicated that the same court
presiding over Appellant’s case accepted Shelton’s plea. At no point did the
Commonwealth place its authority behind Shelton’s statement, or otherwise
bolster Shelton’s credibility. Counsel for the Commonwealth did not personally
assure jurors that Shelton was a truthful witness, nor did counsel imply the
court was convinced of Shelton’s truthfulness. Indeed, the Commonwealth
clearly and carefully emphasized that Shelton was also a participant in the
crimes, and that he had been sentenced to time in prison for his role.
Introducing evidence of Shelton’s own criminal responsibility for actions in this
case does not constitute improper bolstering. Appellant is due no relief on this
issue.
In Appellant’s fourth issue, he claims the trial court erred by admitting
hearsay when it permitted the Commonwealth to read into evidence Raquane
-8- J-A23017-17
Hall’s out-of-court statement to his brother, Rakeem Hall. We find this issue
waived.
Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 103(a) provides that a party may claim
error in the admission of evidence only if he makes a timely objection on the
record and states the specific ground for the objection, unless it was apparent
from the context. See Pa.R.E. 103(a)(1)(A)-(B). “We have long held that
‘[f]ailure to raise a contemporaneous objection to the evidence at trial waives
that claim on appeal.’” Commonwealth v. Tha, 64 A.3d 704, 713 (Pa. Super.
2013) (citing, among others, Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).
At trial, the Commonwealth read portions of Rakeem Hall’s prior police
statement into evidence after he refused to cooperate. See N.T. Trial,
10/8/15, at 25-61. The Commonwealth also introduced sections of the
statement where Rakeem Hall recounted a conversation with his girlfriend’s
uncle, as well as text messages between Hall and his girlfriend. See id., at
32, 36. Rakeem Hall’s statement included an allegation from his brother
Raquane, in which Raquane described who shot him and Rakeem concluded
that the person described was Appellant. See id., at 59-60. While Appellant’s
counsel specifically objected to the introduction of the statement between
Rakeem Hall and his girlfriend’s uncle, and to the text messages, he failed to
object to the declaration Raquane allegedly relayed to Rakeem over the
phone, which Rakeem memorialized in his police statement.
The court gave Appellant’s counsel an opportunity to clarify his
objections before cross-examination, and counsel again stated his belief that
-9- J-A23017-17
the text messages and the conversation between Rakeem and his girlfriend’s
uncle was inadmissible. See id., at 66-69. The court denied this objection,
and Appellant specifically does not raise this issue on appeal. See Appellant’s
Brief, at 42. Appellant did not raise a specific and timely objection to the
introduction of the testimony regarding what Raquane Hall said to Rakeem
about the person who shot him. As Appellant failed to specifically object to
this testimony, the issue is not preserved for appellate review.
Appellant’s final issue challenges the trial court’s alleged limitations on
his cross-examination of Commonwealth witnesses, and the admission of
Kaleem Shelton’s written statement to police.
The trial court has broad discretion in determining the scope and limits
of cross-examination, and the court’s decision will not be reversed unless it
clearly abused that discretion. See Commonwealth v. Briggs, 12 A.3d 291,
335 (Pa. 2011). “Although the right of cross-examination is a fundamental
right, it is not absolute.” Commonwealth v. Rosser, 135 A.3d 1077, 1088
(Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted). The right of confrontation does not
permit fishing expeditions. See id. “On cross-examination, counsel may
question the witness concerning subjects raised during direct examination,
may refute inferences raised during direct testimony, and may attempt to
discredit a witness through questions about acts or omissions inconsistent with
his testimony.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 877 A.2d 433, 449 (Pa. 2005)
(citation omitted).
- 10 - J-A23017-17
“[T]he admission of a prior inconsistent statement of a non-party
witness shall be used as substantive evidence only when: (1) the statement
was given under oath at a formal legal proceeding; or (2) the statement is
reduced to a writing signed and adopted by the declarant; or (3) the statement
is recorded verbatim contemporaneously with the making of the statement.”
Commonwealth v. Hanible, 30 A.3d 426, 445 (Pa. 2011) (citation omitted)
(holding witness’ adoption of statement at trial unnecessary to prove that
witness previously signed and adopted statement when made).
During cross-examination of Rakeem Hall, Appellant’s counsel asked
him about statements Hall’s brother Raquane made to police. See N.T. Trial,
10/8/15, at 97. Appellant avers this testimony was properly within the scope
of cross-examination, as the Commonwealth had previously elicited testimony
that Raquane told Rakeem Appellant had shot him. However, Rakeem’s
statement to police, which the Commonwealth partially read into the record
on direct, concerned what Raquane directly related to Rakeem, not what
Raquane told the police. Neither the Commonwealth nor Appellant presented
any evidence that Rakeem was present during, or had direct knowledge of,
Raquane’s interview with police. Thus, the court properly sustained the
Commonwealth’s objection to Appellant’s counsel’s question.
Appellant also objects to the court’s limitation of his cross-examination
of Kaleem Shelton. Appellant contends that this limitation restricted him from
eliciting information that could have allowed the jury to more fully evaluate
Shelton’s credibility.
- 11 - J-A23017-17
Appellant’s counsel questioned Shelton at length about Shelton’s
purported reading comprehension issues, in order to undermine the veracity
of Shelton’s signed statement, which a police officer transcribed by hand. See
N.T. Trial, 10/9/15, at 60-66. Counsel then asked Detective Wolkowicz, who
had taken Shelton’s statement, about Shelton’s ability to understand him.
Notably, counsel did not ask the detective if he believed Shelton understood
him; instead, counsel asked Detective Wolkowicz how Shelton “would know
the difference between what you’re reading to him and what you’re saying to
him[.]” Id., at 102. This question called for the detective to speculate as to
what Shelton may have understood, which not a fact the detective could
properly testify to. The trial court did not err in sustaining the
Commonwealth’s objection.
To the extent Appellant asserts that Shelton’s statement should have
been excluded from evidence because of Shelton’s purported lack of ability to
understand it, this argument is also baseless. Shelton testified he signed the
document. See id., at 43. On direct examination, Detective Wolkowicz
testified he read the statement to Shelton line-by-line, and that Shelton
agreed with each line before signing the statement at the end of the
document. Id at 78. Appellant’s argument that Shelton did not understand
what the detective wrote was thus properly submitted as argument for the
fact-finder to consider, rather than as a reason to preclude Shelton’s prior
inconsistent statement from evidence altogether.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
- 12 - J-A23017-17
Judge Dubow joins the memorandum.
Justice Fitzgerald concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 12/22/2017
- 13 -