J-S77044-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
CLAUDIUS TAYLOR,
Appellant No. 482 MDA 2016
Appeal from the PCRA Order March 1, 2016 in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County Criminal Division at No.: CP-14-CR-0001858-2013
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., OLSON, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED DECEMBER 14, 2016
Appellant, Claudius Taylor, appeals from the order dismissing his first
petition pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§
9541-9546. Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
present character evidence at trial, to call certain witnesses, to litigate a
motion to suppress, to request a jury charge, and to request sequestration
of witnesses. We affirm.
We take the relevant facts and procedural history in this case from the
trial court’s March 1, 2016 opinion and our review of the certified record.
The charges in this matter stemmed from Appellant’s assault on two women
in State College, Pennsylvania after a Penn State Football game. In the
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-S77044-16
early hours of the morning on October 13, 2013, Appellant was walking with
his first victim, Ashley Ford, to help her locate her friend’s car in a parking
lot. After they left the parking lot, unable to find the car, he proceeded to
attack her. Ms. Ford fought off Appellant with a bucket that she had been
carrying; he took her cell phone from her and fled. Passersby who heard
Ms. Ford’s screaming found her and summoned the police.
Within minutes of police arriving to help Ms. Ford, they heard the
screams of Appellant’s second victim, Kieran Stough. Ms. Stough had been
walking home from a friend’s house through Fairmount Park, a few blocks
from the scene of Ms. Ford’s assault, when Appellant attacked her.
Appellant fled after police responded to her screaming. Ms. Stough was
unable to see her attacker’s face because he had his hood up and it was
dark in the park, but she described him to police as an African American
male wearing a hoodie and red pants.
Police pursued Appellant from the park as he fled through several
neighboring properties. After police apprehended Appellant, both Ms. Ford
and Ms. Stough, who were seated together in a police vehicle, identified him
as their assailant.
On February 26, 2014, a jury found Appellant guilty of one count each
of robbery-bodily injury, robbery-physical removal of property, unlawful
restraint, indecent assault, unlawful taking, receiving stolen property, and
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two counts of simple assault.1 On May 19, 2014, the trial court sentenced
Appellant to not less than thirty-eight months nor more than thirteen years
of incarceration. The court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motion on
October 27, 2014. Appellant did not file a direct appeal.
On February 9, 2015, Appellant filed his first, timely counseled PCRA
petition alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. The Commonwealth filed
an answer and motion to dismiss Appellant’s petition on April 15, 2015. The
trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on Appellant’s petition on
August 20, 2015. Prior to receiving testimony at the hearing, the court
heard argument on the Commonwealth’s motion to dismiss, and granted the
motion in part.2
At the evidentiary hearing, Appellant introduced the testimony of Janet
Auber, his mother. Janet Auber testified that, at trial, she notified trial
counsel that she was willing to testify that when she picked up Appellant
1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(iv), 3701(a)(1)(v), 2902(a)(1), 3126(a)(1), 3921(a), 3925(a), and 2701(a)(1) respectively. 2 The PCRA court dismissed Appellant’s claims for ineffectiveness of counsel for failure to call character witnesses where those witnesses did not provide character evidence affidavits that stated the information that would have been given in a trial. (See N.T. Hearing, 8/20/15, at 5, 14). It also dismissed Appellant’s claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to litigate a motion to suppress the identification of one victim, (see id. at 15, 27), that counsel was ineffective for failing to litigate a motion to sever the claims of the two victims, (see id. at 33, 37), and that counsel was ineffective for failing to cross-examine a witness about a police report stating that the attacker was wearing yellow pants, (see id. at 59, 63).
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from jail, he was wearing a sweater and maroon pants, but not a hoodie
sweatshirt. She further explained that she brought the clothing to trial in a
bag. (See N.T. Hearing, 8/20/15, at 76-77).
Next, Appellant introduced the testimony of Christine Brown-Auber, his
aunt, who was also willing to testify about the clothing that Appellant was
wearing when picked up from jail, and who also testified that she brought
the clothing to trial in a bag. (See id. at 83). Christine Brown-Auber also
stated that she asked trial counsel about testifying as a character witness,
and that had she been called, she would have testified that Appellant had a
reputation for being peaceable and law-abiding. (See id. at 84-85).
Appellant also introduced the testimony of Claudette Taylor, his sister,
who stated that she was willing to testify as a character witness, and if
called, would have testified that he had a reputation as being peaceful and
law-abiding. (See id. at 105).
Finally, Appellant testified on his own behalf, and explained that he
told trial counsel that he had a number of available people, including
Christine Brown-Auber and Claudette Taylor, who were willing to testify on
his behalf. (See id. at 118). Appellant further testified that while at jail, his
clothing was inventoried and he was given an itemized property receipt for
that clothing, which did not reflect a hoodie sweatshirt. (See id. at 119).
Thereafter, the Commonwealth called trial counsel, Attorney Tami
Fees. She testified that, with regard to character witnesses, she did plan to
call witnesses, including either the Governor of Maryland or Mayor of
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Baltimore, but they were unavailable for trial. (See id. at 159). Trial
counsel testified that she was unaware that Christine Brown-Auber wanted
to be a character witness, and regardless would not have called her because
“family is probably one of the worst to use as character witnesses based
upon the fact that the jury will look to the bias[.]” (Id. at 160). Counsel
also testified that she was unaware that Claudette Taylor was willing to
testify as a character witness. (See id. at 163-64).
With regard to clothing, trial counsel testified that she did not recall
that she ever saw the property report from the prison, but did recall
Claudette Taylor asking her during trial about introducing evidence about the
hoodie. Counsel explained that she asked Appellant during his testimony
what he was wearing, and attempted to get it in through cross-examination
of police officers. (See id. at 123-25). She conceded that if she had been
given the clothing, and it was still in the property bag, she absolutely would
have used it because it would have corroborated Appellant’s testimony about
what he was wearing. However, she did not believe that clothing in general
had anything to do with the verdict decision. (See id. at 126).
Trial counsel further testified that she did not request a Kloiber3 jury
charge, or litigate a motion to suppress the identification of Ms. Stough
3 Commonwealth v. Kloiber, 106 A.2d 820 (Pa. 1954), cert. denied, 348 U.S. 875 (1954) (holding that jury instruction that identification should be viewed with caution is appropriate where eyewitness did not have a clear (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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because she thought that her testimony—she did not see his face and only
identified his clothing—would be helpful to Appellant given that there were
many different descriptions of his clothing. (See id. at 190). Counsel
further explained that she did not request a Kloiber instruction because, at
the preliminary hearing, Ms. Stough identified Appellant in person and
described the correct clothing that he was wearing, and during trial she did
the same thing, thus she did not change her testimony. (See id. at 191-
94).
On March 1, 2016, the PCRA court issued an Opinion and Order
denying Appellant’s PCRA petition. This timely appeal followed.4
Appellant raises five issues on appeal.
1. Whether Appellant’s trial counsel was ineffective for failure to present character evidence at trial?
2. Whether Appellant’s trial counsel was ineffective for not calling Janet Auber and Christine Brown-Auber, who would have testified that when [Appellant] made bail and they subsequently picked him up from the Centre County jail, he was not wearing a hoody, as alleged by the [c]omplainants Kieran Stough and Ashley Ford, but a long sleeved grey sweater with a navy blue shirt underneath it, which the witnesses brought to Appellant’s
_______________________ (Footnote Continued)
opportunity to view defendant, equivocated on identification of defendant, or had difficult making identification in past). 4 Appellant filed his concise statement of errors complained of on appeal on March 23, 2016. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The court entered an opinion on March 31, 2016, in which it explained that its Opinion and Order of March 1, 2016, adequately addressed the matters raised on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
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trial and made available to Appellant’s trial counsel, who refused to introduce the evidence to the jury?
3. Whether Appellant’s trial counsel was ineffective for failure to litigate motion to suppress the out of court identification of Appellant, by the [c]omplainaint [sic], Kieran Stough, where Ms. Stough did not see the face of her assailant during the assault, because the perpetrator’s face was covered by a hood, and her identification of Appellant was based solely on a unduly suggestive post-incident identification?
4. Whether Appellant’s trial counsel was ineffective for failure to request Kloiber [j]ury [c]harge, where the [c]omplainant, Kieran Stough, testified that she was unable to see the face of her attacker, because his face was covered by a hood and the assault occurred in a very dark area of public park, which had no overhead lights?
5. Whether Appellant’s trial counsel was ineffective for failure to request sequestration, where the absence of sequestration resulted in multiple instances of witnesses tailoring their testimony after hearing the testimony of prior witnesses?
(Appellant’s Brief, at 29-30).
Our standard of review of an order denying PCRA relief is whether the
record supports the PCRA court’s findings of fact, and whether the PCRA
court’s determination is free of legal error. See Commonwealth v.
Phillips, 31 A.3d 317, 319 (Pa. Super. 2011), appeal denied, 42 A.3d 1059
(Pa. 2012).
To prevail on a petition for PCRA relief on grounds of ineffective
assistance of counsel, a petitioner must plead and prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence:
(2) That the conviction or sentence resulted from . . . :
* * *
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(ii) Ineffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(ii).
In evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, we presume that counsel is effective. To overcome this presumption, Appellant must establish three factors. First, that the underlying claim has arguable merit. Second, that counsel had no reasonable basis for his action or inaction. In determining whether counsel’s action was reasonable, we do not question whether there were other more logical courses of action which counsel could have pursued; rather, we must examine whether counsel’s decisions had any reasonable basis. Finally, Appellant must establish that he has been prejudiced by counsel’s ineffectiveness; in order to meet this burden, he must show that but for the act or omission in question, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different. A claim of ineffectiveness may be denied by a showing that the petitioner’s evidence fails to meet any of these prongs. In the context of a PCRA proceeding, Appellant must establish that the ineffective assistance of counsel was of the type which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth- determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt of [sic] innocence could have taken place.
Commonwealth v. Washington, 927 A.2d 586, 594 (Pa. 2007) (citations
and quotation marks omitted).
In his first issue, Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to present character evidence, specifically the testimony of his aunt,
Christine Brown-Auber, and his sister, Claudette Taylor, who were present at
trial and willing to testify on his behalf. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 31-47).
He argues that he presented an issue of arguable merit because character
witness testimony would have been critical to the jury’s determination of the
credibility of the victims, and that trial counsel’s decision not to call
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character witnesses based on her prejudice toward familial witnesses was
unreasonable. Finally, he argues that, based on Commonwealth v. Weiss,
606 A.2d 439 (Pa. 1992), and Commonwealth v. Hull, 982 A.2d 1020 (Pa.
Super. 2009), counsel’s failure to call these witnesses was so prejudicial as
to have denied him a fair trial. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 42-47). We
disagree.
When raising a claim of ineffectiveness for the failure to call a potential witness, a petitioner satisfies the performance and prejudice requirements of the Strickland[5] test by establishing that: (1) the witness existed; (2) the witness was available to testify for the defense; (3) counsel knew of, or should have known of, the existence of the witness; (4) the witness was willing to testify for the defense; and (5) the absence of the testimony of the witness was so prejudicial as to have denied the defendant a fair trial. . . .
Commonwealth v. Sneed, 45 A.3d 1096, 1108–09 (Pa. 2012) (citations
omitted). To establish prejudice that denied a fair trial, an appellant must
show that the witnesses’ testimony would have “created a reasonable
probability of a different outcome at trial.” Commonwealth v. Wantz, 84
A.3d 324, 333 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations omitted).
Initially, we note that the instant case is distinguishable from Weiss
and Hull. In Hull, this Court concluded that the absence of character
testimony was prejudicial because the trial strategy was that the victims
made up their claims, and no one other than the victims testified about the
5 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
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acts on which the charges were based, and there were no physical findings
to corroborate the acts. See Hull, supra at 1023-24. In Weiss, our
Supreme Court reasoned that, “where there are only two direct witnesses
involved, credibility of the witnesses is of paramount importance, and
character evidence is critical to the jury’s determination of credibility.”
Weiss, supra at 442. Here, however, the Commonwealth did not rely
solely on the victims’ testimony, but rather introduced other evidence that
corroborated the victims’ accounts including physical evidence from the
scene, and testimony from witnesses who aided the women after their
attacks. It also offered testimony from police describing Appellant’s flight
from officers at the scene. Appellant’s reliance on Weiss and Hull is
misplaced.
In the instant case, the PCRA court found that trial counsel was
unaware that family members wanted to testify as character witnesses, but
believed that generally family members are poor character witnesses
because the jury will feel the testimony is biased. Furthermore, the court
found that Appellant was unable to establish that he was denied a fair trial
because of the absence of the proposed testimony of the character
witnesses, and concluded that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to
call these witnesses. (See PCRA Court Opinion, 3/01/16, at 6).
Upon review, we conclude that the PCRA court correctly determined
that Appellant’s trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance by
declining to call Christine Taylor or Christine Brown-Auber as character
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witnesses. We agree that counsel had a reasonable basis for not introducing
family members as character witnesses. Finally, we conclude that Appellant
was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to call these witnesses. See Sneed,
supra at 1108-09; Wantz, supra at 333. Appellant’s first issue does not
merit relief.
In his second issue, Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to present evidence that he was not wearing a hooded sweatshirt
at the time of his arrest through the testimony of his mother, Janet Auber,
or his aunt, Christine Brown-Auber, who picked him up from jail. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 48-51). Appellant has failed to support his argument
with citation to pertinent authority, thus it is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101,
2119(a)-(b). Moreover, it would not merit relief.
“Failure to call a witness is not per se ineffective assistance of counsel,
for such a decision implicates matters of trial strategy. It is Appellant’s
burden to demonstrate that trial counsel had no reasonable basis for
declining to call . . . a witness.” Washington, supra at 599 (citations
omitted).
Here, the PCRA court found that “[d]espite the clothes not being
introduced during trial, [trial counsel] adequately cross-examined the
Commonwealth witnesses about what [Appellant] was wearing on the night
in question, and [Appellant] testified as to his exact clothing during his direct
examination.” (PCRA Ct. Op., at 15). Finally, the court concluded:
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Based on the testimony at the hearing, and assuming for the sake of argument that [trial counsel] was presented with the clothing, she would have had a reasonable basis for not presenting it due to the Commonwealth’s ability to question the veracity of the evidence resulting in a low probative value. As such [Appellant] is not entitled to relief on this claim.
(Id. at 15-16).
After review, we conclude that the record supports the PCRA court’s
findings, and Appellant has not met his burden of demonstrating that
counsel was ineffective for deciding not to call Janet Auber or Christine
Brown-Auber as factual witnesses concerning his clothing. See
Washington, supra at 594; Phillips, supra at 319. Thus we conclude that
the PCRA court correctly dismissed Appellant’s second claim of
ineffectiveness.
In his third issue, Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for
failure to litigate a motion to suppress the out-of-court identification of
Appellant by his second victim, Ms. Stough. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 52-
55). Specifically, he argues that, because Ms. Stough was unable to see her
assailant’s face during the attack, her identification was derived from an
unduly suggestive post-incident identification procedure where she was in
the police car with the first victim, Ms. Ford, who observed Appellant and
identified him to officers. (See id.). We disagree.
Where an ineffectiveness claim is based on a failure to pursue
suppression of evidence, “the defendant must establish that there was no
reasonable basis for not pursuing the suppression claim and that if the
evidence had been suppressed, there is a reasonable probability the verdict
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would have been more favorable.” Commonwealth v. Arch, 654 A.2d
1141, 1143 (Pa. Super. 1995) (citation omitted). Thus, we must first
determine whether the out-of-court identification should have been
suppressed.
In reviewing the propriety of identification evidence, the central inquiry is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the identification was reliable. See Commonwealth v. Sample, 468 A.2d 799, 801 (Pa. Super. 1983). Suggestiveness in the identification process is but one factor to be considered in determining the admissibility of such evidence and will not warrant exclusion absent other factors. Id. at 801. As the Sample court explained, the following factors are to be considered in determining the propriety of admitting identification evidence: the opportunity of the witness to view the perpetrator at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of his prior description of the perpetrator, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime and the confrontation. Id. The corrupting effect of the suggestive identification, if any, must be weighed against these factors. Id.
McElrath v. Commonwealth, 592 A.2d 740, 742–43 (Pa. Super. 1991)
(citation formatting provided; some citations omitted).
Here, the PCRA court found that Ms. Stough’s out-of-court
identification was not unduly suggestive, despite the presence of Ms. Ford in
the vehicle, and Ms. Ford’s identification of Appellant as her attacker in Ms.
Stough’s presence. It explained that
[a]lthough Ms. Stough was not one hundred percent certain that the individual in custody was her attacker, the [PCRA c]ourt finds the similarities between Ms. Stough’s prior description of the clothing the individual was wearing and that of the person chased out of the woods shortly thereafter weighs in favor of a reliable identification.
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(PCRA Ct. Op., at 7). The court explained that it was clear that Ms. Stough
never deviated from her testimony that her attacker was wearing red pants
and a hoody, and that any inconsistent descriptions of clothing were police
misstatements because of the confusion in the initial moments after the
attack. (See id.). Therefore, the court concluded that Appellant “failed to
prove that there was a basis to suppress Ms. Stough’s identification, that
[trial counsel’s] strategy lacked any reasonable basis, or that but for the
failure to litigate such motion, the outcome of the proceeding would have
been different.” (Id.).
Upon review, we conclude that, in the totality of the circumstances,
Ms. Stough’s identification was reliable, and thus any motion to suppress her
identification on that basis would have been unsuccessful. See McElrath,
supra at 742-43. Appellant has not shown that there was no reasonable
basis for not pursuing the suppression motion. See Arch, supra at 1143.
Appellant’s third issue does not merit relief.
In his fourth issue, Appellant argued that counsel was ineffective for
failing to request a Kloiber jury charge with respect to Ms. Stough’s
identification. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 55-56). Specifically, he argues
that, because Ms. Stough testified that she was unable to see the face of her
attacker, and that she was not one hundred percent certain about her out-
of-court identification, counsel should have requested a Kloiber charge
instructing the jury that her identification should be viewed with caution.
(See id.). We disagree.
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“A Kloiber charge instructs the jury that a[n] eyewitness’
identification should be viewed with caution where the eyewitness: (1) did
not have an opportunity to clearly view the defendant; (2) equivocated on
the identification of the defendant; or (3) had a problem making an
identification in the past.” Commonwealth v. Rollins, 738 A.2d 435, 448
n.14 (Pa. 1999) (citing Kloiber, supra at 826–27).
Here, however, Ms. Stough did have an opportunity to observe
Appellant sufficient to later identify Appellant as her attacker. (See PCRA
Ct. Op., at 8-9). Although she did not observe her attacker’s face, she was
able to describe the clothing that he was wearing and that he was African
American. (See id.); see also Rollins, supra at 448 n.14. The record is
clear that Ms. Stough did not have a problem identifying Appellant or
equivocate on her identification. Furthermore, on cross-examination, trial
counsel addressed the quality of Ms. Stough’s identification and the fact that
she indicated that she was not one hundred percent certain about her
identification. Thus, we conclude that a Kloiber instruction would not have
been warranted, and trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to request
one.
Furthermore, Appellant does not demonstrate actual prejudice because
he failed to show a reasonable probability that the outcome of trial would
have been in his favor had the court issued such instruction. See
Washington, supra at 594. Therefore, we conclude that the PCRA court
correctly dismissed Appellant’s fourth claim.
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In his final claim, Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to request sequestration of witnesses during trial. (See Appellant’s
Brief, at 57-58). We disagree.
Preliminarily, we note that Appellant has not shown actual prejudice
because of the alleged failure to request sequestration, rather arguing that
the interests of justice would have been better served by the witnesses
being sequestered. (See id.). Additionally, we conclude that the PCRA
court’s finding—that Appellant failed to prove that trial counsel failed to
request sequestration, and therefore failed to prove a claim of
ineffectiveness—is supported by the record. (See PCRA Ct. Op., at 12).
Therefore, he has failed to satisfy his burden to prove that counsel was
ineffective. See Washington, supra at 594. Appellant’s fifth issue does
not merit relief.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 12/14/2016
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