J-S16018-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
CLARENCE TYRONE TAYLOR
Appellant No. 1090 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 29, 2014 In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0000785-2013
BEFORE: PANELLA, OLSON and OTT, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED JUNE 02, 2015
Appellant, Clarence Tyrone Taylor, appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered on May 29, 2014 in the Criminal Division of the Court of
Common Pleas of Lancaster County. We affirm.
The facts in this case are not in dispute. In December 2012, the Child
Predator Section of the Pennsylvania Office of the Attorney General
commenced an investigation in response to an incident in which D.W., a
15-year-old male, reported that he received inappropriate messages on
Facebook from Appellant, an associate pastor at the church D.W. attended.
During the investigation, Special Agent Britteny Baughman with the Office of
the Attorney General obtained consent to access D.W.’s Facebook account
and assume D.W.’s identity in order to communicate with Appellant. J-S16018-15
Between December 4, 2012 and December 13, 2012, Appellant
communicated through Facebook and by text message with an individual he
believed to be D.W., but who was actually Special Agent Baughman. During
these exchanges, Appellant sent explicit messages and several times asked
if he could meet D.W. Appellant also asked D.W. to send a nude photograph
of himself. During one of these exchanges, Appellant sent D.W. a
photograph of an exposed penis.
Eventually, investigators learned that Appellant lived approximately
250 feet away from D.W. Due to Appellant’s proximity to D.W., agents
obtained a search warrant and an arrest warrant. On December 13, 2012,
Appellant insisted upon meeting D.W. when Appellant returned home from
work. When Appellant arrived at home, law enforcement officers arrested
him and charged him with one count each of unlawful contact with a minor, 1
criminal use of a communication facility,2 and solicitation to commit sexual
abuse of children.3
On January 27, 2014, at the conclusion of a three-day trial, a jury
found Appellant guilty of all offenses. On May 29, 2014, the trial court
sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of three to six years’
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6318(a)(1). 2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512. 3 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 902(a) and 6312.
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incarceration, followed by four years’ probation. In addition, over the
objection of counsel,4 the trial court ordered Appellant to register as a sex
offender for the remainder of his life because he had two qualifying
convictions for purposes of 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9799.14 and 9799.15 of the Sex
Offenders Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§§ 9799.10-9799.40.
Appellant did not file a post-sentence motion but, on June 27, 2014,
he filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court. On July 28, 2014, Appellant
timely complied with the trial court’s order to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Thereafter,
the trial court issued its opinion on August 25, 2014.
Appellant raises a single issue for our consideration on appeal.
Where [Appellant’s] offenses involved a single course of conduct and one intended victim, should he have been sentenced to 25 years of sex offender registration, pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.[A. §§] 9799.14 and 9799.15, rather than lifetime registration?
Appellant’s Brief at 6.
Appellant’s brief advances a straightforward claim in support of his
request for relief. Appellant maintains that he should have been sentenced
to a 25-year registration period under §§ 9799.14 and 9799.15, rather than
4 In his objection, trial counsel argued that Appellant should be subject to a 25-year registration period because his two convictions involved only one criminal episode and one victim.
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lifetime registration, because his offenses involved a single course of conduct
and one intended victim. In leveling his claim, Appellant points out that his
crimes were nonviolent, occurred over a short span of time, and involved
only text or other forms of digital messaging to an undercover police officer.
Appellant relies on the decision of the Commonwealth Court in A.S. v.
Pennsylvania State Police, 87 A.3d 914 (Pa. Commwlth. 2014) and our
Supreme Court’s Opinion in Support of Reversal in Commonwealth v.
Gehris, 54 A.3d 862 (Pa. 2012) to support his contention that this Court
should vacate the lifetime registration aspect of his sentence and substitute
a registration period of 25 years.
Our standard and scope of review over Appellant’s contentions are well
settled.
[T]he “application of a statute is a question of law, and our standard of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Baird, 856 A.2d 114, 115 (Pa. Super. 2004). When interpreting a statute, the Statutory Construction Act dictates our approach. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921; Baird, supra at 115. “[T]he object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly ....” Id. “[T]he best indication of legislative intent is the plain language of a statute.” Commonwealth v. Bradley, [] 834 A.2d 1127, 1132 (Pa. 2003).
Commonwealth v. Merolla, 909 A.2d 337, 346 (Pa. Super. 2006).
Applying this standard, Appellant asks us to consider whether his
convictions for unlawful contact with a minor (18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6318(a)(1))
and solicitation to commit sexual abuse of children (18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 902(a)
and 6312), which were entered at the same time following his trial before a
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jury, constitute two separate convictions under §§ 9799.14 and 9799.15 of
SORNA. We begin our analysis by setting forth the applicable statutory
provisions and then turn to the relevant case law.
Section 9799.14 of SORNA establishes a three-tier classification
system for sexual offenses. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.14(b)-(d) (specifying
sex crimes that qualify for classification as either tier I, tier II, or tier III
offenses). SORNA classifies the crimes of unlawful contact with a minor and
criminal solicitation to commit sexual abuse of children as tier II offenses.5
5 Citing 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.14(b)(9) and (22), the Commonwealth asserts in its brief that Appellant’s conviction for criminal solicitation to commit sexual abuse of children constituted a tier I offense. Commonwealth Brief at 6. This assertion appears to rest on the assumption that Appellant was convicted for soliciting an offense defined at 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d).
Our review of the certified record reveals that Appellant’s conviction related to a different subsection of § 6312. Both the criminal complaint and information lodged against Appellant charged him with violating § 6312(b), inasmuch as he requested photographs depicting D.W. in the nude. Section 6312(b) makes it a crime for a person to photograph, videotape, or depict on computer or film a minor engaged in a prohibited sexual act. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(b). In contrast, § 6312(d) makes it an offense for a person to intentionally view or knowingly possess child pornography. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d).
Since the charging documents and testimony in this case support a conviction under § 6312(b), we shall treat Appellant’s conviction as arising under that subsection and overlook the assertion set forth in the Commonwealth’s brief. We note, however, that this is largely a distinction without a difference. SORNA classifies a conviction under § 6312(d) as a tier I offense but categorizes a conviction under § 6312(b) as a tier II offense. Compare 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.14(b)(9) (classifying a § 6312(d) conviction as a tier I offense) with § 9799.14(c)(4) (classifying a § 6312(b) conviction as a tier II offense). Nevertheless, whether Appellant was convicted of two (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Id. at § 9799.14(c)(4) (sexual abuse of children), (c)(5) (unlawful contact
with a minor), and (c)(18) (making solicitation of a listed offense a tier II
crime). Section 9799.14 further provides, however, that tier III crimes
include “[t]wo or more convictions of offenses listed as [t]ier I or [t]ier II
sexual offenses.” Id. at § 9799.14(d)(16).
Section 9799.15 of SORNA sets forth the registration requirements for
individuals who have committed offenses that fall within each tier described
in § 9799.14.6 Under § 9799.15, “[a]n individual convicted of a [t]ier III
sexual offense shall register for the life of the individual.” Id. at
§ 9799.15(a)(3). Applying these statutory provisions, Appellant is subject to
SORNA’s lifetime registration requirement because his two tier II convictions
deem him to be a tier III offender under § 9799.15(a)(3).
_______________________ (Footnote Continued)
tier II offenses, or one tier I offense and one tier II offense, the net result is that Appellant is deemed to have committed a tier III offense. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.14(d)(16) (defining tier III offenses to include “[t]wo or more convictions of offenses listed as [t]ier I or [t]ier II sexual offenses”). 6 Recently, the Commonwealth Court declared certain aspects of § 9799.15(g) of SORNA, requiring registrants to update in person changes in their registration information such as temporary lodging, cellular telephone numbers, and motor vehicle operated, to be unconstitutional. Coppolino v. Noonan, 102 A.3d 1254, 1277-1279 (Pa. Commwlth. 2014). Although the Commonwealth Court determined that the “in person” requirement was unconstitutional, the Court found that this provision was severable from the remainder of the statutory scheme. Since § 9799.15(g) has no application to this case, and because the Commonwealth Court found the offending terms of § 9799.15(g) to be severable from the remaining provisions, we see no impediment to the application of the remaining pertinent sections of the statute in this case.
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We turn now to consider the relevant interpretive case law. In
Commonwealth v. Merolla, 909 A.2d 337 (Pa. Super. 2006), this Court
considered statutory construction issues very similar to those Appellant
raises in this appeal. In that case, the defendant, Alfred Merolla, entered
nolo contendere pleas to two counts of indecent assault and one count of
statutory sexual assault stemming from his attacks on three female victims,
all less than 16 years of age. At sentencing, the trial court ordered Merolla
to register with the state police for a period of ten years. The
Commonwealth filed a post-sentence motion requesting, among other
things, that the trial court direct Merolla to register for life. After that
motion was denied by operation of law, the Commonwealth appealed.
On appeal, this Court considered whether Merolla’s pleas to two
separate counts of indecent assault, entered at the same time, constituted
two convictions under the registration provisions of Megan’s Law II, a
predecessor to SORNA.7 As a case of first impression, this Court looked, for
7 By way of background, we recite our Supreme Court’s summary of the legislative history of Megan’s Law.
The Act of October 24, 1995, P.L. 1079 (Spec.Sess. No. 1), now known as Megan's Law I, was to a significant extent ruled unconstitutional in Commonwealth v. Donald Williams, 733 A.2d 593 (Pa. 1999). The General Assembly subsequently enacted Megan's Law II, whose constitutionality th[e Supreme] Court substantially upheld in Commonwealth v. Gomer Williams, 832 A.2d 962 (Pa. 2003). In the Act of November 24, 2004, P.L. 1243 (known as Megan's Law III), the General (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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purposes of initial comparison, to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the
Three Strikes Statute, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714, in Commonwealth v. Shiffler,
879 A.2d 185 (Pa. 2005). This Court found that the Three Strikes Statute
applied “[w]here the person had at the time of the commission of the
current offense previously been convicted of two or more such crimes[.]”
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714(a)(2) (emphasis added). We also acknowledged the
Supreme Court’s conclusion that the legislature adopted the Three Strikes
Statute to implement a sentencing philosophy that “punish[ed] more
severely offenders who have persevered in criminal activity despite the
theoretical effects of penal discipline.” Merolla, 909 A.2d at 346. Lastly,
Assembly addressed several matters, including that portion of Megan's Law II held to be unconstitutional in Gomer Williams, concerning the penalty provisions that attached to sexually violent predators who failed to comply with registration and other requirements of the act. In the Act of November 29, 2006, P.L. 1567 (effective January 1, 2007), the General Assembly amended the legislation once again, with respect to matters not pertinent to the disposition of the present appeal. See Commonwealth v. Lee, 935 A.2d 865 passim (Pa. 2007), for a more detailed discussion of the history of these successive legislative acts that individually and collectively herein shall also be referred to simply as “Megan's Law.”
Commonwealth v. Leidig, 956 A.2d 399, 400 n.1 (Pa. 2008). Megan’s Law was again amended, see Act 98 of 2008, P.L. 1352, effective December 8, 2008, and Act 111 of 2011, P.L. 446, effective December 20, 2011. However the language of § 9795.1(b)(1) was unaffected by these changes. The various amendments to Megan’s Law do not affect our statutory construction analysis in this case since the operative SORNA language at issue here is virtually unchanged from its predecessor provisions found in prior versions of Megan’s Law.
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we noted the Supreme Court’s opinion that, in order to conform to the
legislature’s intent, application of the Three Strikes Statute required a
specific sequence of events: first offense; first conviction; first sentencing;
second offense; second conviction; and second sentencing. Id. at 345.
The opinion of this Court in Merolla identified substantial distinctions
between the registration requirements found in Megan’s Law II and the
Three Strikes Statute. We began with the plain terms of the respective
provisions. Much like the language found in § 9799.14(d)(16) of SORNA,
the lifetime registration provision contained in Megan’s Law II provided that
“[a]n individual with two or more convictions of any of the offenses set forth
in subsection (a)” shall be subject to lifetime registration.8 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9795.1(b)(1). Distinguishing this language from that of the Three Strikes
Statute, we noted that Megan’s Law II did not require a previous conviction.
Merolla, 909 A.2d at 346. Next, we observed that the registration
provisions in Megan’s Law II were not punitive in nature and that the law
was based on concern for public safety and not enhanced punishment for
repeat offenders. Id. We therefore held that the sequence of events
described in Shiffler did not apply and its was irrelevant that Merolla was
not sentenced for his first offense before the commission of his second
crime. Id. at 347. For these reasons, we found that Merolla was subject to ____________________________________________
8 Merolla’s indecent assault convictions were listed in subsection (a) of 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9795.1(b)(1).
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lifetime registration under § 9795.1(b)(1) since his simultaneous guilty pleas
to two separate counts of indecent assault qualified as two convictions under
the registration provisions of Megan’s Law II.
This Court next encountered the claim that simultaneous convictions
do not support lifetime registration under Megan’s Law III in
Commonwealth v. Gehris, 996 A.2d 541 (Pa. Super. 2010) (unpublished
memorandum). In that case, the defendant, Patrick Gehris, repeatedly
engaged in sexually explicit communications with an individual he believed
to be a 13-year-old girl.9 During this time, Gehris solicited nude pictures of
the girl, forwarded digital images of his penis to the individual he believed to
be the girl, and arranged to meet the girl in a motel room. Because of these
activities, the Commonwealth charged Gehris with multiple offenses and he
eventually pled guilty to, inter alia, one count of criminal solicitation to
commit sexual exploitation of children, 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 902 and 6320, and
criminal solicitation to commit sexual abuse of children, 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 902
and 6312(b). Because these offenses were listed in 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9795.1(b)(1), the trial court found that Gehris was subject to lifetime
registration.
9 In fact, these exchanges occurred online with a Pennsylvania State Police officer trained to pose as a teenager in order to investigate potential sexual predators.
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Gehris appealed, arguing that the trial court erred in ordering lifetime
registration where the underlying criminal conduct for his convictions arose
from a single, non-violent episode involving one victim. In an unpublished
memorandum, we sustained the trial court’s ruling and cited our prior
decision in Merolla as support. Commonwealth v. Gehris, 996 A.2d 541
(Pa. Super. 2010) (unpublished memorandum) at 6.
Gehris pursued further review and an evenly divided panel of our
Supreme Court affirmed. Commonwealth v. Gehris, 54 A.3d 862 (Pa.
2012) (per curiam). In her Opinion in Support of Affirmance (OISR), Justice
Todd found that the registration requirement was adopted to protect the
public, not to escalate punishment for repeat offenders. Id. at 862.
Moreover, since § 9795.1 did not reflect a recidivist philosophy, there was no
need to depart from the plain language of the statute. Id. Applying this
approach, Justice Todd determined that the timing of the multiple
convictions was irrelevant under § 9795.1, “even when two convictions
[arose] out of two separate criminal acts against a single victim … during
one criminal episode.” Id. Thus, the lifetime registration requirement found
in § 9795.1 attached at the moment when a defendant acquired two or more
convictions for specified offenses. Id.
In his Opinion in Support of Reversal, then Chief Justice Castille found
that § 9795.1 embraced a recidivist philosophy. Id. at 878. Thus, although
first-time and lesser offenders such as Gehris might qualify for lifetime
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registration under the literal requirements of § 9795.1, Chief Justice Castille
argued that such defendants should be given an opportunity for reform
pursuant to lesser sanctions so long as it was clear that their offenses were
part of the same course of criminal conduct. Id. at 879. Chief Justice
Castille was also persuaded by other factors in the case, including the non-
violent nature of Gehris’ crimes, the lack of harm to an actual victim, Gehris’
voluntary participation in treatment, his expressions of remorse, and
testimony establishing that Gehris did not qualify as a sexually violent
predator and that he was a good candidate for rehabilitation. Id. Although
Gehris sets out the relevant arguments we consider in this appeal, the
opinion of an evenly divided Supreme Court merely affirms a decision of this
Court but carries no precedential authority in future cases.
Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 937-938 (Pa. 2009) (“This
Court has made it clear that per curiam orders have no stare decisis
effect.”).
Our next opportunity to address the issue currently before us came in
Commonwealth v. Mielnicki, 53 A.3d 930 (Pa. Super. 2012) (unpublished
memorandum). There, the Commonwealth charged the defendant, Adam
Mielnicki, with 100 counts of sexual abuse of children, 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 6312(d), for possessing child pornography between December 8, 2009 and
February 18, 2010. The information also charged Mielnicki with separate
counts of disseminating child pornography by means of a computer facility,
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18 Pa.C.S.a. § 7512(a), during this same period. Mielnicki thereafter pled
guilty to five counts of sexual abuse of children and the trial court ordered
lifetime registration under § 9795.1(b)(1). After the trial court denied
reconsideration of its registration order, Mielnicki appealed.
On appeal, Mielnicki argued that the trial court erred in ordering
lifetime registration in view of his concurrent pleas to multiple counts of
sexual abuse of children which stemmed from a single investigation. Again,
we affirmed the trial court based upon our decision in Merolla.
Commonwealth v. Mielnicki, 53 A.3d 930 (Pa. Super. 2012) (unpublished
memorandum) at 3-5. On July 2, 2013, our Supreme Court granted
Mielnicki’s petition for allowance of appeal. Commonwealth v. Mielnicki,
71 A.3d 245 (Pa. 2013). After argument, however, the Court, on December
15, 2014, dismissed the appeal as improvidently granted. Commonwealth
v. Mielnicki, 105 A.3d 245 (Pa. 2013).
The Commonwealth Court also examined the question presently before
us in A.S. v. Pennsylvania State Police, 87 A.3d 914 (Pa. Commwlth.
2014). The Commonwealth Court summarized the facts in that case as
follows:
This action arose out of the interactions between A.S., who was 21 years old at the time of the incident, and a 16–year–old female minor who engaged in consensual sexual relations. Because the age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16, the consensual sex between those individuals was not a crime. See Section 3122.1 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3122.1. While it is not a crime to have sex with a 16–year–old minor, somewhat anomalously, it is a crime to photograph or cause to
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be photographed a 16-year-old having consensual sex and causing a minor to take photographs of herself engaging in the sexual acts. A.S. admitted that he met the victim online, developed a relationship with her which led to consensual sex, and that he persuaded the victim to take photographs of herself in various sexual positions with her digital camera. He also used the minor's digital camera to photograph the two engaging in sexual relations.
As a result of this conduct, A.S. pled guilty in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County (trial court) to one count of violating Section 6312(b) of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6312(b) (sexual abuse of children), one count of violating Section 6318(a)(5), 18 Pa.C.S. § 6318(a)(5) (unlawful contact with a minor), and one count of violating Section 6301, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6301 (corruption of minors). As a result of [A.S.’s] guilty pleas, the trial court sentenced A.S. to two concurrent 5- to 23–month terms of imprisonment and a consecutive 5–year probationary term.
A.S., 87 A.3d at 916-917 (record citations omitted).
At sentencing, the trial court advised A.S. that he would be subject to
the reporting requirements set forth in § 9795.1. According to the
Commonwealth Court, the sentencing hearing transcript established that the
trial court, the prosecuting attorney, and A.S. all believed that A.S. would be
subject to a ten-year, not lifetime, registration requirement. On August 2,
2002, upon his release from imprisonment, A.S. registered with the
Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) as a sex offender as required by Megan's
Law II. Following the expiration of the ten-year period in August 2012, A.S.
asked the PSP to remove his name from the sex offender registry. PSP
refused, explaining that, because A.S. pled guilty to one count each of
sexual abuse of children and unlawful contact with a minor, he was subject
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to lifetime registration under § 9795.1(b)(1) as “an individual with two or
more convictions of ... the offenses set forth in subsection (a).” 10 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9795.1(b)(1).
Based on PSP's refusal to remove his name from the registry, A.S. filed
a mandamus petition asking the Commonwealth Court to order PSP to
change A.S.'s lifetime registration designation under § 9795.1(b) to a
10-year registration designation under § 9795.1(a). Adopting the rationale
set forth in Chief Justice Castille’s OISR in Gehris, the Commonwealth Court
granted A.S.’s motion for summary relief.11 See A.S., 87 A.3d at 920-923.
We carefully reviewed the relevant appellate decisions that have
considered the issue before us. Decisions issued by the Commonwealth
Court do not constitute binding precedent for the Superior Court. Wells
Fargo Bank N.A. v. Spivak, 104 A.3d 7, 16 (Pa. Super. 2014). However, a
prior published opinion issued by a panel of this Court constitutes binding
precedential authority. See Commonwealth v. Beck, 78 A.3d 656, 659
(Pa. Super. 2013) (“[a] panel [of this Court] is not empowered to overrule ____________________________________________
10 Sexual abuse of children and unlawful contact with a minor were each listed offenses under § 9795.1(a)(1) of the Sentencing Code. 11 On April 25, 2014, our Supreme Court noted probable jurisdiction for purposes of reviewing the Commonwealth Court’s decision in A.S. See A.S. v. Pennsylvania State Police, 24 MAP 2014 (Pa. April 25, 2014). Our independent research into the status of A.S. has revealed that the Supreme Court deferred briefing in that matter pending resolution of Mielnicki. However, in light of Mielnicki’s dismissal, the Court reset the briefing schedule in A.S. The briefing schedule in A.S. has now closed.
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another panel of the Superior Court”). In Merolla, this Court considered the
issue now before us and held that simultaneous convictions for two listed
offenses qualified as two convictions for purposes of the sexual offender
registration law. Appellant clearly fits that criterion in this case.
Accordingly, we conclude, based upon Merolla, that Appellant is not entitled
to relief on his claims.12
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 6/2/2015
12 Since Morella held that multiple simultaneous convictions supported lifetime registration under a similar predecessor statute, we need not remand this matter for further proceedings to determine whether Appellant’s conduct constituted a “single criminal episode” for purposes of SORNA’s registration requirements. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/25/14, at 6.
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