J-S73025-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : LENNY REID : : Appellant : No. 369 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 31, 2019 In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0000066-2017
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., LAZARUS, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED: FEBRUARY 4, 2020
Lenny Reid appeals from the judgment of sentence, entered in the Court
of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, after a jury found him guilty of one count
each of possession of a firearm prohibited,1 possession with intent to deliver
(PWID),2 and possession of drug paraphernalia.3 Upon careful review, we
affirm.
On November 10, 2016, an anonymous caller notified the City of
Harrisburg police that Reid had entered unit 5D of Hall Manor (Unit 5D). At
the time, Reid was wanted for violating his parole on a prior conviction. The
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105(a)(1).
2 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30).
3 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32). J-S73025-19
police responded by sending several officers to prevent Reid’s escape and
apprehend him pursuant to an arrest warrant. Upon arrival, officers took up
positions accounting for the layout of Unit 5D. The residence had two floors
with a front and rear entrance. The second floor was divided into a front
bedroom, a rear bedroom, and a bathroom. Officer Daniel Antoni, along with
other officers, knocked on the front door. Simultaneously, Officer Donald
Bender positioned himself behind Unit 5D. Tyra Williams, the head of the
household, opened the front door. When officers asked if anyone else was
present, Williams indicated her children were on the first floor and her friend
Mamie Barnes was upstairs with a friend. Officer Antoni informed Williams as
to the purpose behind their presence at Unit 5D and asked for her permission
to search for Reid. Williams consented.
Officers cleared the first floor; Williams and her children were the only
persons present. Officer Antoni then called for the individuals upstairs to come
down. Barnes descended with a small child and her friend Jose Aponte.
Officer Bender then radioed Officer Antoni and stated he had observed a
different individual, a dark-skinned black male,4 stick his head out of the rear
bedroom window on the second floor, look around, and close the blinds after
spotting the police.
4 Officer Antoni testified Aponte “is not a dark-skinned male.” N.T. Trial 12/12/18, at 84.
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Officer Antoni requested Officer Bender bring a K-9 in to search the
second floor. At this point, Reid showed himself, came down the stairs, and
surrendered. After the police placed Reid in custody, officers performed a
cursory check to see if anyone else was in Unit 5D. No other individuals were
present. Officer Antoni then asked Williams if he could search the house for
contraband. She consented. In the rear bedroom on the second floor, Officer
Antoni found and seized narcotics packaging supplies, a semi-automatic pistol,
heroin bundles, and a cell phone.
Prior to trial, Reid moved to exclude any reference to the purpose behind
the police’s presence at Unit 5D, namely, effectuating an arrest warrant for
his violation of parole. The court granted his request. At trial, Officer Bender
stated “the warrant was [of] a felony nature[,]” prompting defense counsel,
Aaron Holt, Esquire, to move for a mistrial on the grounds that the
Commonwealth violated the terms of the court’s pre-trial order. N.T. Trial,
12/12/18, at 37. The court denied Reid’s motion.
During closing arguments, Attorney Holt advanced the theory that
Aponte solely possessed the heroin and the handgun found in the rear
bedroom on the second floor of Unit 5D, and further alleged the police erred
by failing to investigate Aponte as a suspect. 5 See id. at 136–37 (“It was
5 Aponte testified that he and Barnes were asleep in the front, upstairs bedroom. N.T. Trial, 12/12/18, at 70. Aponte further testified he woke up to let Reid into Unit 5D, returned to the front bedroom to go back to sleep, was
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[Aponte] and him alone.”). Specifically, Attorney Holt highlighted the police’s
failure to take the following steps: (1) search Aponte for drugs or cash; (2)
search for and analyze DNA evidence from the handgun or the drugs; or (3)
obtain a warrant to search the cell phone found in the rear bedroom. The
court found it necessary to clarify points of law concerning Attorney Holt’s
above-referenced assertions relating to an officer’s authority to search
individuals and the procedure for searching a cell phone. Attorney Holt
protested vigorously at sidebar.
The jury found Reid guilty on all counts. On January 31, 2019, the court
sentenced Reid to an aggregate sentence of four to eight years’ incarceration,
followed by two years’ probation. Reid did not file post-sentence motions. He
timely filed a notice of appeal on February 27, 2019. Both Reid and the court
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Reid raises the following claims for our review:
1. When the Commonwealth elicited prior-bad-act testimony in violation of the court’s previous ruling on a motion in limine, did not the court abuse its discretion by refusing to grant defendant’s motion for mistrial?
2. Was it not improper for the court in instructing the jury to include sua sponte commentary disputing the legal validity of certain claims argued by defense counsel when there was no factual or legal basis for the court to instruct the jury in such terms and when the court assumed the role of an advocate? ____________________________________________
unaware of what Reid was doing at Unit 5D, and never entered the back bedroom. Id. at 71, 76.
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Brief of Appellant, at 5.
First, Reid argues Officer Bender violated the pre-trial ruling precluding
evidence of Reid’s prior bad acts by stating the Harrisburg Police were
attempting to effectuate a “warrant [of] a felony nature” and that the trial
court subsequently abused its discretion by failing to declare a mistrial. See
Brief of Appellant, at 26–27.
We have outlined the relevant standard of review as follows:
The denial of a motion for a mistrial is assessed on appellate review according to an abuse of discretion standard. It is primarily within the trial court’s discretion to determine whether [a] defendant was prejudiced by the challenged conduct. On appeal, therefore, this Court determines whether the trial court abused that discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; rather, discretion is abused when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the record.
Commonwealth v. Padilla, 923 A.2d 1189, 1192 (Pa. Super. 2007)
(citations and quotations omitted); see also Commonwealth v.
Boczkowski, 846 A.2d 75, 95 (Pa. 2004) (“A trial court need only grant a
mistrial where the alleged prejudicial event may reasonably be said to deprive
the defendant of a fair and impartial trial.”).
Orders resolving motions in limine bind parties at trial in an identical
fashion to suppression orders. Padilla, supra at 1194 (“[B]oth a suppression
motion and a motion in limine settle, before trial, issues regarding the
exclusion or admission of evidence.”). These motions exist, in part, to provide
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a pre-trial opportunity to exclude evidence “that may prove to be so prejudicial
that no instruction could cure the harm to the defendant, thus reducing the
possibility that prejudicial error [would require] the trial court to either declare
a mistrial in the middle of the case or grant a new trial at its conclusion.” Id.
“Determining whether prejudice has occurred is a fact[-]specific
inquiry.” Commonwealth v. Metzer, 634 A.2d 228, 235 (Pa. Super. 1993).
Our analysis is guided, in part, by the scope of the prohibition established by
the trial court’s pre-trial ruling. See Padilla, supra at 1195–96 (comparing
effect of relatively narrow restrictions established by pre-trial orders in
Commonwealth v. Treiber, 874 A.2d 26 (Pa. 2005) and Commonwealth
v. Edwards, 762 A.2d 382 (Pa. Super. 2000) with “much broader” ruling
“prohibiting any reference to . . . incarceration and parole” in Padilla). Pre-
trial orders excluding evidence of prior bad acts are guided by the long-
established prohibition against “evidence of crimes other than those charged
in the case . . . [being] presented at trial to prove the defendant’s criminal
character or his tendency towards committing criminal acts.” Padilla, supra
at 1194 (quotation omitted). Passing references to prior criminal activity,
however, do not require reversal “unless the record illustrates definitively that
prejudice results. Prejudice results where the testimony conveys to the jury,
either expressly or by reasonable implication, the fact of another criminal
offense.” Id. at 1195 (quotations omitted).
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Treiber, supra and Edwards, supra provide examples of narrowly-
tailored orders resolving motions in limine. In Treiber, supra, the trial court
issued a pre-trial order precluding evidence of a previous fire in the
defendant’s home.6 Treiber, supra at 31. The court, however, admitted a
threatening letter authored by the defendant to his girlfriend, in which he
stated, “[g]et rid of the dogs or I[’]ll kill them and burn you out again.” Trial
counsel objected to the word “again[,]” arguing it referred to the defendant
setting other fires and contended the word should have been redacted. Id.
Our Supreme Court found the “the threat note had no relationship to the in
limine ruling as no specific prior fire was mentioned, nor was there any
evidence related to the [previous] fire.” Id. The Court reasoned, as the word
“again” failed to convey any information to the jury about a prior crime, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence. Id.
In Edwards, supra, the defendant was wanted for a January 8, 1995
robbery. Edwards, supra at 384. He was arrested on January 29, 1995,
following a “scuffle” in a department store, during which a gun fell out of his
waistband. Id. The defendant was subsequently charged with robbery and
possession of an instrument of crime for the January 8 incident, but was not
charged for his conduct on January 29. Id. In a pre-trial ruling, the trial court
precluded the Commonwealth from introducing testimony “that would
6The defendant in Treiber was charged with, inter alia, burning his own home down. Treiber, supra at 29.
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establish directly or by inference that [defendant] was arrested for other
offenses arising out of the [January 29] incident[.]” Id at 388. The court
permitted a police officer and a department store employee to testify
regarding the January 29 incident, describing the scuffle, the gun, and the
defendant being transported to the police station. Id. This Court concluded
“the Commonwealth complied with the [t]rial [c]ourt’s ruling and did not elicit
facts . . . to indicate that Appellant had been arrested or charged with criminal
offenses in connection with [the January 29] incident.” Id. Therefore, we
concluded the testimony was not prejudicial, as it “did not expressly or by
reasonable implication communicate to the jury the involvement of Appellant
in another criminal offense.” Id. at 388–89.
The two cases above are brought into sharp relief by Padilla, supra,
which involved a far broader pre-trial ruling prohibiting “any reference to
[Appellant’s] incarceration and parole[.]” Padilla, supra at 1195. At trial,
an officer described arriving at the scene of the crime by stating, in relevant
part, “[a]pparently [Appellant] just got out of jail[.]” Id. at 1192. This Court,
taking the “much broader” ruling into account, found the officers remarks “a
direct reference to Appellant’s recent incarceration.” Id. at 1196. We,
therefore, concluded the testimony “expressly and by reasonable implication[]
communicated to the jury Appellant’s involvement in another criminal
offense.” Id.
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Instantly, Attorney Holt anticipated the prejudicial impact of Reid’s
status as a parolee during pre-trial motions. See N.T. Trial 12/12/18, at 12.
He sought to preclude any mention of Reid’s status as a parolee on the record
in the following exchange:
[Attorney Holt:] . . . And there’s another issue as well. The reason the officers went to the home is that somebody said that . . . Reid had a warrant out for his arrest. He was on state parole at the time. I guess he absconded.
So I don’t want any mention of—a motion in limine—to limit the testimony as to why the officers were present in the home. I don’t think that’s relevant or germane to the fact at issue.
The court: Well, there’s always a need for context. So let’s find out—how were you[, the Commonwealth,] planning on explaining the officers present at—
[The Commonwealth:] Your Honor, my plan was to refer to . . . Reid as a person of interest that the police were interested in speaking with and that they had received a tip that he was there— or not even a tip. It doesn’t have to be a tip. Just that they were aware that a person they were interested in speaking with was at this residence and we were interested in speaking with him.
[Attorney Holt:] Could I confer with my client for just a moment?
The court: Absolutely.
[Attorney Holt:] All right, Your Honor, if we could just not get into the fact that he was on parole at the time, that would be fine by me. The fact that he had a warrant, I mean the jury can know that but what the warrant was for is not relevant.
The court: All right. Well, if indeed it was for a parole violation being probably being more prejudicial than probative, all right. So let’s just keep it as a warrant and not mention that it was parole and we’re good.
N.T. Trial, 12/12/18, at 11–12 (capitalization adjusted).
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Officer Bender, the first witness presented by the Commonwealth,
affirmed his presence at the scene resulted from “a wanted person with a
warrant being at [Unit] 5D[.]” N.T. Trial, 12/12/18, at 32–33. Attorney Holt
moved for a mistrial after the following exchange:
[Commonwealth:] And what would be—what would be the purpose of the K-9 unit coming in to assist with that, what would procedure be?
[Officer Bender:] Procedure for this would be that the warrant was [of] a felony nature which is required for use of a K-9 in this application [sic]. So having that the first floor was already cleared by officers, I was at the bottom of the stairs and I gave two[ . . . 7]
Id. at 37.
Reid argues the court erred by failing to grant a mistrial as the
Commonwealth’s questioning “elicited the type of prejudicial reference—a
warrant of a felony nature—that the pretrial ruling was designed to prevent.”
Brief of Appellant, at 26 (quotation omitted). We disagree. We find the above-
mentioned pre-trial ruling to be narrowly tailored such that it permitted
mention of the police’s presence for the purpose of effectuating a warrant and
precluded testimony revealing the warrant’s origin—a parole violation.
Compare Treiber, supra at 31 (precluding mention of prior arson) and
Edward, supra at 388 (precluding testimony expressing or implying
Appellant was charged for conduct during incident leading to his arrest) with
7At this point, Attorney Holt’s objection interrupted Officer Bender. N.T. Trial, 12/12/18, at 37.
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Padilla, supra at 1195 (prohibiting “any reference to [Appellant’s]
incarceration and parole[.]”).
The exchange to which Attorney Holt objected related to the procedure
under which the Harrisburg Police deploy their K-9 unit. See N.T. Trial,
12/12/18, at 37. Officer Bender did not portray Reid as a parolee. See id. at
37. Rather, Officer Bender’s limited disclosure informed the jury he was
present at Unit 5D because of an arrest warrant. N.T. Trial, 12/12/18, at 37.
The jury later learned the warrant was for Reid’s arrest, that Reid was
arrested, and that, prior to Reid’s arrest, he had been in a room containing
contraband. Id. at 39, 87–90. Officer Bender’s statement, however, did not
expressly or by reasonable implication communicate any information
regarding Reid’s violation of parole or his involvement in any criminal episode
other than the one at trial; the statment, therefore, did not prejudice his case.
Compare Padilla, supra at 1192, 1196 (finding statement that Appellant
“just got out of jail” prejudicial as it was “a direct reference to Appellant’s
recent incarceration”) with Edward, supra at 388 (finding witnesses’
testimony detailing fight leading to appellant’s arrest, gun dropped by
appellant, and transporting appellant to police station did not prejudice
defendant because witnesses did not specifically mention arrest or indicate
filing criminal charges). Consequently, the court did not abuse its discretion
by denying Reid’s motion for a mistrial. See Padilla, supra at 1192.
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Next, Reid argues the court abused its discretion by providing
commentary during its jury instruction, without a factual or legal basis, which
undermined Attorney Holt’s closing argument. Brief of Appellant, at 30.
We review the trial court’s jury instructions as follows:
[T]he reviewing court must consider the charge as a whole to determine if the charge was inadequate, erroneous, or prejudicial. The trial court has broad discretion in phrasing its instructions, and may choose its own wording so long as the law is clearly, adequately, and accurately presented to the jury for its consideration. A new trial is required on account of an erroneous jury instruction only if the instruction under review contained fundamental error, misled, or confused the jury.
Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 986 A.2d 759, 792 (Pa. 2009) (citations and
quotations omitted).
“It is properly the function of the trial judge to define and frame for the
jury those factual issues which are contested and which require the weighing
of conflicting evidence.” Commonwealth v. Kelly, 446 A.2d 941, 944 (Pa.
Super. 1982); see Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(E) (“The trial judge may give any other
instructions to the jury . . . at anytime during the trial as the judge deems
necessary and appropriate for the jury’s guidance in hearing the case.”). Such
instruction is proper, “provided[:] (1) there is reasonable ground for any
statement [the court] may make; and (2) [the court] clearly leaves to the jury
the right to decide all the facts and every question involved in the case
regardless of any opinion of the court thereon.” Commonwealth v. Nesbitt,
419 A.2d 64, 67 (Pa. Super. 1980).
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Instantly, Attorney Holt advanced the theory that the Harrisburg Police
failed to investigate whether the confiscated contraband belonged to one of
the other individuals in Unit 5D—particularly Aponte—stating as follows during
closing argument:
You heard testimony from the officer that when . . . Barnes and . . . Aponte walked down the stairs[,] neither of those individuals were searched. Although they did not see which room those individuals came out of, the officers did not take the opportunity to stop them, pat these individuals down, see if [Aponte] had drugs on his person, see if he had four or five grand in his pocket.
...
You also heard testimony that there was a cell phone in that back bedroom—a cell phone. I mean, this is—it does—the Commonwealth—the officer was practically given a gift wrapped way of corroborating who was in that back bedroom.
[An officer] could have just as easily executed a search warrant, gotten into that phone. There may have been pictures of [Aponte] in that phone. There could have been text messages from [Aponte] to whomever. There could have been [e]-mails, social media accounts that they could have gone through, the whole nine.
N.T. Trial, 12/12/18, at 138.
The court responded to Attorney Holt’s above-recounted argument
during its jury charge as follows:
I don’t normally comment on arguments of counsel[,] but in certain cases I just want to make sure that there’s no confusion. I know there was some reference to whether the police searched the people coming down the steps.
Just be aware that a police officer going into a private home with permission to search for someone that they have a warrant for
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does not give authority to the police to search anybody else in that house.
I mean, there’s limitations on what they can do. They need to have their own independent probable cause. So there [were] a lot of things that were raised that the police may or may not have done such as fingerprinting and all the rest. That’s fair game.
But to say that they didn’t search private citizens in someone’s home when they really don’t have a legal authority to do it is kind of a tough one. I want to make sure we keep things in fair game as far as argument.
Similarly[,] in searching a phone, [] a judge would have to sign an order like that[;] that’s only done when there’s specific probable cause that [can] justify the invasion of the privacy of someone’s phone and the contents of it. So that actually isn’t done for the convenience of an investigation. There has to be probable cause to believe there is evidence on a particular phone.
Id. at 174–75.
Reid asserts “[t]here was no factual or legal basis for the court to give
those instructions[,]” arguing the court’s instruction informed the jury
“categorically that there was no way for the police to have searched Aponte”
and suggested “that the police could not have procured a search warrant with
respect to the phone.” Id. at 34–35.
Reid mischaracterizes the court’s statements. The above-recounted
instructions describe discrete criminal procedure concepts—searching
individuals in a home and searching cell phones. Id. at 174–75. In explaining
these concepts, the court did not make a definitive pronouncement as to how
they would be applied; instead, as the following passage reveals, the court
attempted to clarify any potential misconceptions created by Attorney Holt’s
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closing argument and direct the jury towards making findings-of-fact relevant
to the case at hand:
[T]he statements that I made are how the [c]ourt views the law as it comes to whether someone can be searched in someone’s home or whether a phone can be searched in a private home as opposed to something that was tied to a specific criminal investigation.
I told you the law isn’t what I want it to be. . . . And that’s why I have to rule the way I truly do. But I don’t want it to interfere with your fact-finding function and that is you’ve got to concentrate on the evidence that was there or the evidence that’s not there, but you can’t take a legal conclusion and try to build something beyond [that.]
Id. at 187.
The police had consent to search Unit 5D for contraband. See N.T. Trial.
12/12/18, at 86–87 (affirming Williams gave consent for police to “search the
house for anything illegal.”). This, however, did not give the police the
authority to search everyone in the house, as there neither existed probable
cause for an “all persons present” search warrant nor reasonable suspicion to
suspect anyone posed a danger to the police. See Commonwealth v.
Wilson, 631 A.2d 1356, 1358 (Pa. Super. 1993) (noting disfavor for “all
persons present” warrants; requiring “affidavit of probable cause [containing]
sufficient fact to justify a search of everyone found on the premises.”); see
also Commonwealth v. Bozeman, 205 A.3d 1264, 1274 (requiring officers
“articulate specific facts from which he could reasonably infer that the
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individual was armed and dangerous” for Terry8 frisk). Likewise, the court
correctly stated a search of a cell phone requires a warrant supported by
probable cause. See Commonwealth v. Fulton, 179 A.3d 475, 487 (Pa.
2018) (“[A] warrant is generally required for law enforcement to search a cell
phone.”).
While neither description—either that pertaining to police authority for
searching citizens in private homes while effectuating an arrest warrant or
that contemplating the requirements for searching a cell phone—constitutes
an exhaustive doctrinal explanation, the court’s commentary served only to
frame issues brought into question by Attorney Holt’s closing argument. See
Kelly, supra at 944 (permitting court to “define and frame for the jury those
factual issues which are contested”). As the court possessed the authority to
instruct the jury on these subjects, and as nothing in its instructions was
“inadequate, erroneous, or prejudicial[,]” we find no abuse of discretion in the
court’s charge. Fletcher, supra at 792. Reid’s second claim, therefore, fails.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
8 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 02/04/2020
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