J-S45005-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : WALTER RECTOR : : Appellant : No. 267 MDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 25, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-55-CR-0000402-2021
BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED JANUARY 08, 2024
Walter Rector appeals from the judgment of sentence of six months of
probation and a $100 fine imposed upon his conviction for driving under the
influence of a controlled substance (“DUI”) and a related traffic violation. We
affirm.
We glean the following facts from the certified record. On the morning
of June 12, 2021, Trooper Joseph Civello of the Pennsylvania State Police
initiated a traffic stop of a vehicle driven by Appellant because the trooper was
unable to read the last four digits of the license plate from a reasonable
distance. In speaking with Appellant during the stop, Trooper Civello observed
him to have both dilated pupils and bloodshot eyes. Based on his training as
an Advanced Roadside Impairment Driving Enforcement (“ARIDE”) officer, the
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-S45005-23
trooper believed that these were indicators of impairment. After the trooper
asked Appellant why his eyes were bloodshot, Appellant responded by stating
that he had just woken up.
Trooper Civello then directed Appellant to step outside of the vehicle so
that the trooper could conduct standard field sobriety tests. Appellant showed
signs of impairment during four of the five administered tests and admitted
that he had smoked marijuana the previous night. Additionally, the trooper
saw that Appellant’s tongue had a green tint, which the trooper testified was
suggestive of recent marijuana ingestion.
Appellant was arrested and consented to a blood draw within two hours
of the traffic stop. The blood was lab tested, and a report revealed the
presence therein of both THC and MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy. The
Commonwealth ultimately charged Appellant with DUI, careless driving, and
obscured plates.
Appellant filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained after his
arrest, including the blood test results, asserting inter alia that Trooper Civello
lacked reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before requesting that
Appellant perform the field sobriety tests. The trial court held a suppression
hearing on September 9, 2022. At the conclusion of the hearing, both
Appellant and the Commonwealth agreed that, if the court determined that
suppression was not warranted, it could proceed to a stipulated nonjury trial
based on the proffered evidence. The court took the matter under
advisement, and Appellant waived the right to have the court render a prompt
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judgment. On December 5, 2022, the court entered separate orders denying
the motion to suppress and finding Appellant guilty of DUI and obscured
plates. Appellant was later sentenced as indicated hereinabove.
This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court complied
with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Appellant raises a single issue on appeal: “Whether the
trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress evidence obtained
from him after his vehicle was stopped by a Pennsylvania State Police Officer?”
Appellant’s brief at 4.
As to this issue, our standard of review is well-settled:
An appellate court’s standard of reviewing the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Thus, our review of questions of law is de novo. Our scope of review is to consider [the evidence offered by the Commonwealth and] so much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the suppression record as a whole.
Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 209 A.3d 957, 968-69 (Pa. 2019) (citations
omitted).
In his brief, Appellant does not contest the legality of the initial stop or
the trial court’s factual findings as to what happened thereafter. Rather, the
dispute centers around the court’s conclusion that Trooper Civello had
reasonable suspicion of unlawful activity at the time he requested that
Appellant engage in the field sobriety tests.
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This Court has held that a law enforcement officer’s demand that a
driver perform standard field sobriety tests constitutes an investigative
detention, and therefore must be support by reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Cauley, 10 A.3d 321, 327 (Pa.Super.
2010) (discussing that an investigative detention arises upon an officer’s
command to undergo such testing). To meet this standard, “the officer must
point to specific and articulable facts which, together with the rational
inferences therefrom, reasonably warrant the intrusion. In addition, we must
look to the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the officer had
reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot.” Id. at 326.
In denying Appellant’s motion to suppress, the trial court stated the
following regarding this issue:
After making contact with [Appellant], the trooper observed indicators of impairment due to a controlled substance, specifically [Appellant]’s bloodshot eyes and dilated pupils. This established reasonable suspicion for the trooper to continue his investigation and requested [Appellant] to exit his vehicle and perform field sobriety tests. The court finds the trooper’s testimony credible, that he observed sufficient indicators of impairment[.]
Trial Court Opinion, 12/5/22, at unnumbered 3 (cleaned up).
Appellant argues that the perception of bloodshot eyes and dilated
pupils was insufficient to constitute reasonable suspicion of criminality. See
Appellant’s brief at 9-11. He notes that the trooper did not attest to any
additional indicia of Appellant’s impairment, such as erratic driving or an odor
of marijuana. Id. at 10. Appellant further cites a decision from the
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Commonwealth Court for the proposition that “the showing of glassy eyes
alone is insufficient to support the conclusion that an officer had reasonable
grounds to believe that a licensee was intoxicated at a given point in time.”
Id. at 11 (discussing Stancavage v. Com., Dept. of Tranp., 986 A.2d 895,
899 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2009)). As such, he contends that his arrest was unlawful,
since it relied upon field sobriety testing administered without supporting
reasonable suspicion. See Appellant’s brief at 11.
Upon review, we conclude that the court’s factual findings are supported
by the record and its legal conclusions are correct. Based on the totality of
the circumstances, Trooper Civello had reasonable suspicion that Appellant
was driving impaired at the time he administered the standard field sobriety
tests.
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J-S45005-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : WALTER RECTOR : : Appellant : No. 267 MDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 25, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-55-CR-0000402-2021
BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED JANUARY 08, 2024
Walter Rector appeals from the judgment of sentence of six months of
probation and a $100 fine imposed upon his conviction for driving under the
influence of a controlled substance (“DUI”) and a related traffic violation. We
affirm.
We glean the following facts from the certified record. On the morning
of June 12, 2021, Trooper Joseph Civello of the Pennsylvania State Police
initiated a traffic stop of a vehicle driven by Appellant because the trooper was
unable to read the last four digits of the license plate from a reasonable
distance. In speaking with Appellant during the stop, Trooper Civello observed
him to have both dilated pupils and bloodshot eyes. Based on his training as
an Advanced Roadside Impairment Driving Enforcement (“ARIDE”) officer, the
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-S45005-23
trooper believed that these were indicators of impairment. After the trooper
asked Appellant why his eyes were bloodshot, Appellant responded by stating
that he had just woken up.
Trooper Civello then directed Appellant to step outside of the vehicle so
that the trooper could conduct standard field sobriety tests. Appellant showed
signs of impairment during four of the five administered tests and admitted
that he had smoked marijuana the previous night. Additionally, the trooper
saw that Appellant’s tongue had a green tint, which the trooper testified was
suggestive of recent marijuana ingestion.
Appellant was arrested and consented to a blood draw within two hours
of the traffic stop. The blood was lab tested, and a report revealed the
presence therein of both THC and MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy. The
Commonwealth ultimately charged Appellant with DUI, careless driving, and
obscured plates.
Appellant filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained after his
arrest, including the blood test results, asserting inter alia that Trooper Civello
lacked reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before requesting that
Appellant perform the field sobriety tests. The trial court held a suppression
hearing on September 9, 2022. At the conclusion of the hearing, both
Appellant and the Commonwealth agreed that, if the court determined that
suppression was not warranted, it could proceed to a stipulated nonjury trial
based on the proffered evidence. The court took the matter under
advisement, and Appellant waived the right to have the court render a prompt
-2- J-S45005-23
judgment. On December 5, 2022, the court entered separate orders denying
the motion to suppress and finding Appellant guilty of DUI and obscured
plates. Appellant was later sentenced as indicated hereinabove.
This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court complied
with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Appellant raises a single issue on appeal: “Whether the
trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress evidence obtained
from him after his vehicle was stopped by a Pennsylvania State Police Officer?”
Appellant’s brief at 4.
As to this issue, our standard of review is well-settled:
An appellate court’s standard of reviewing the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Thus, our review of questions of law is de novo. Our scope of review is to consider [the evidence offered by the Commonwealth and] so much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the suppression record as a whole.
Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 209 A.3d 957, 968-69 (Pa. 2019) (citations
omitted).
In his brief, Appellant does not contest the legality of the initial stop or
the trial court’s factual findings as to what happened thereafter. Rather, the
dispute centers around the court’s conclusion that Trooper Civello had
reasonable suspicion of unlawful activity at the time he requested that
Appellant engage in the field sobriety tests.
-3- J-S45005-23
This Court has held that a law enforcement officer’s demand that a
driver perform standard field sobriety tests constitutes an investigative
detention, and therefore must be support by reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Cauley, 10 A.3d 321, 327 (Pa.Super.
2010) (discussing that an investigative detention arises upon an officer’s
command to undergo such testing). To meet this standard, “the officer must
point to specific and articulable facts which, together with the rational
inferences therefrom, reasonably warrant the intrusion. In addition, we must
look to the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the officer had
reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot.” Id. at 326.
In denying Appellant’s motion to suppress, the trial court stated the
following regarding this issue:
After making contact with [Appellant], the trooper observed indicators of impairment due to a controlled substance, specifically [Appellant]’s bloodshot eyes and dilated pupils. This established reasonable suspicion for the trooper to continue his investigation and requested [Appellant] to exit his vehicle and perform field sobriety tests. The court finds the trooper’s testimony credible, that he observed sufficient indicators of impairment[.]
Trial Court Opinion, 12/5/22, at unnumbered 3 (cleaned up).
Appellant argues that the perception of bloodshot eyes and dilated
pupils was insufficient to constitute reasonable suspicion of criminality. See
Appellant’s brief at 9-11. He notes that the trooper did not attest to any
additional indicia of Appellant’s impairment, such as erratic driving or an odor
of marijuana. Id. at 10. Appellant further cites a decision from the
-4- J-S45005-23
Commonwealth Court for the proposition that “the showing of glassy eyes
alone is insufficient to support the conclusion that an officer had reasonable
grounds to believe that a licensee was intoxicated at a given point in time.”
Id. at 11 (discussing Stancavage v. Com., Dept. of Tranp., 986 A.2d 895,
899 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2009)). As such, he contends that his arrest was unlawful,
since it relied upon field sobriety testing administered without supporting
reasonable suspicion. See Appellant’s brief at 11.
Upon review, we conclude that the court’s factual findings are supported
by the record and its legal conclusions are correct. Based on the totality of
the circumstances, Trooper Civello had reasonable suspicion that Appellant
was driving impaired at the time he administered the standard field sobriety
tests. Appellant’s pupils were dilated despite the daylight, and his eyes were
bloodshot with the only explanation from Appellant being that he had just
woken up. Based on his ARIDE training, the trooper credibly testified that
both conditions were demonstrative of marijuana use. Accordingly, it is clear
that Trooper Civello was able to point to “specific and articulable facts” that
warranted the intrusion of an investigative detention. Cauley, supra at 326.
Further, we are unpersuaded by Appellant’s reliance on the
Commonwealth Court’s decision in Stancavage. Putting aside the fact that
the holding does not bind this Court, see Commonwealth v. Fitzpatrick,
159 A.3d 562, 571 n.7 (Pa.Super. 2017), the case is materially
distinguishable. There, the Commonwealth Court considered whether an
officer had “reasonable grounds” to make an arrest for DUI, which is distinct
-5- J-S45005-23
from our review as to whether there was reasonable suspicion sufficient to
support an investigative detention. Moreover, the officer in that case noted
only a single, more subjective sign of impairment before administering field
sobriety tests, the driver’s glassy eyes. As already discussed, here there was
testimony concerning not only Appellant’s dilated pupils and bloodshot eyes,
but also Trooper Civello’s training and experience, which connected these
specific observations to marijuana usage.
For all the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in denying
Appellant’s suppression motion, and we therefore have no cause to disturb his
conviction.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 01/08/2024
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