J-S28005-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
CHARMAINE PFENDER
Appellant No. 839 WDA 2016
Appeal from the PCRA Order May 10, 2016 In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0008537-1984
BEFORE: OLSON, MOULTON and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED MAY 03, 2017
Appellant, Charmaine Pfender, appeals from the order entered on May
10, 2016, which dismissed her fourth petition filed pursuant to the Post
Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.
Appellant was born on January 18, 1966 and “was 18 years and [six]
months old when the events giving rise to her conviction occurred.”
Appellant’s Brief at 6; Commonwealth’s Information, 8/13/84, at 1. In sum,
on August 7, 1984, Appellant killed one man and shot another; in 1985, a
jury found Appellant guilty of first-degree murder and other offenses.
On October 25, 1985, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve a
mandatory term of life in prison, without the possibility of parole, for her
first-degree murder conviction and to serve consecutive terms of
imprisonment for her other offenses. On April 4, 1988, this Court “affirm[ed
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-S28005-17
Appellant’s] judgment of sentence for murder,” but “vacate[d Appellant’s]
judgment of sentence for” the non-homicide charges and remanded the case
for resentencing on the non-homicide charges. Commonwealth v.
Pfender, 540 A.2d 543, 549 (Pa. Super. 1988). On March 17, 1989, the
trial court resentenced Appellant in accordance with our order and we
affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence on December 18, 1989.
Commonwealth v. Pfender, ___ A.2d ___, 543 Pittsburgh 1989 (Pa.
Super. 1989) (unpublished memorandum) at 1-4. Appellant did not file a
petition for allowance of appeal with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.
In the ensuing years, Appellant filed three PCRA petitions, all of which
were dismissed by the PCRA court. Appellant then filed her current PCRA
petition on March 24, 2016. The current petition constitutes Appellant’s
fourth PCRA petition – and Appellant filed the current petition over three
years after the dismissal of her third PCRA petition and over 26 years after
her judgment of sentence became final. Within the current petition,
Appellant relied upon Miller v. Alabama, where the United States Supreme
Court held that “mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18
at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on
‘cruel and unusual punishments.’” Miller v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 132
S.Ct. 2455, 2460 (2012). Appellant claimed that her mandatory sentence of
life in prison without the possibility of parole is unconstitutional under the
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as interpreted by
Miller. Specifically, Appellant claimed, her sentence is unconstitutional
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because: 1) “her youth at the time of the offense rendered her categorically
less culpable under Miller;” 2) “her experience of extreme childhood and
adolescent abuse rendered her categorically less culpable under Miller;” 3)
“the combined effect of her youth at the time of the offense and her
experience of extreme childhood and adolescent abuse rendered her
categorically less culpable under Miller;” and, 4) “Pennsylvania law
permitting the imposition of mandatory life without parole sentences on 18-
year-olds when such a sentence is now prohibited for 17-year-olds lacks a
rational basis and therefore violates the equal protection rights of
[Appellant] under the [United States] and Pennsylvania [Constitutions].”
Appellant’s Fourth PCRA Petition, 3/24/16, at 2. Moreover, Appellant
claimed that her current petition is timely, as she filed the petition within 60
days after the United States Supreme Court decided Montgomery v.
Louisiana, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 718 (2016) and held that the new
substantive rule announced in Miller applied retroactively to cases on
collateral review. See Montgomery, 136 S.Ct. at 732.
On April 20, 2016, the PCRA court provided Appellant with notice that
it intended to dismiss her PCRA petition in 20 days, without holding a
hearing, as the petition was untimely. PCRA Court Order, 4/20/16, at 1;
see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 907(1). In particular, the PCRA court noted that the
petition was untimely because Appellant was not a juvenile at the time she
committed the homicide – and, thus, the holdings of Miller and
Montgomery did not apply to her case. Id. Appellant responded to the
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PCRA court’s notice by reiterating her claim that Miller applied, as she was
“barely a legal adult” and, independently, suffered from diminished capacity
when she committed the murder. Appellant’s Response, 5/6/16, at 3 and 8.
Appellant also reiterated her claim that she is entitled to relief under the
equal protection clause, as there is no rational basis for permitting an 18-
year-and-one-day-old murder defendant to receive a mandatory sentence of
life in prison without the possibility of parole – while prohibiting the same
sentence for a 17-year-and-364-day-old defendant. Id. at 10-11. Appellant
requested an evidentiary hearing to support her claims for relief. Id. at 11.
The PCRA court finally dismissed Appellant’s petition on May 10, 2016
and Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. Appellant raises five claims to
this Court:
[1.] Did the PCRA court err in rejecting Appellant’s claim that Miller v. [Alabama’s] Constitutional requirement of consideration of age-related factors prior to imposing life without parole sentences applies to [Appellant] who was considered a child under Pennsylvania law and possessed those characteristics of youth identified as Constitutionally significant for sentencing purposes by the [United States] Supreme Court?
[2.] Did the PCRA court err in rejecting Appellant’s claim that the rule of law announced in Miller requires retroactive invalidation of a mandatory life without parole sentence imposed on an offender with diminished culpability caused by extreme childhood physical, psychological, and sexual abuse?
[3.] Did the PCRA court err in rejecting Appellant’s claim that the combined effect of [Appellant’s] youth and her experience of extreme childhood and adolescent physical,
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psychological, and sexual abuse render her less culpable under Miller and therefore require reversal of her sentence?
[4.] Did the PCRA court err in rejecting Appellant’s claim that Pennsylvania law permitting mandatory sentences of life without parole for crimes committed by 18-year-olds lacks a rational basis given Miller’s prohibition against such sentences for offenders aged 17 and younger and therefore violates the equal protection clauses of the Pennsylvania and [United States] Constitutions?
[5.] Did the PCRA court abuse its discretion in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing where [Appellant] had raised issues of material fact that entitle her to relief?
Appellant’s Brief at 4 (internal bolding and some internal capitalization
omitted).
“As a general proposition, we review a denial of PCRA relief to
determine whether the findings of the PCRA court are supported by the
record and free of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 108 A.3d
821, 830 (Pa. 2014).
Before this Court can address the substance of Appellant’s claims, we
must determine if this petition is timely.
[The PCRA requires] a petitioner to file any PCRA petition within one year of the date the judgment of sentence becomes final. A judgment of sentence becomes final at the conclusion of direct review . . . or at the expiration of time for seeking review.
...
However, an untimely petition may be received when the petition alleges, and the petitioner proves, that any of the three limited exceptions to the time for filing the petition, set forth at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(i), (ii), and (iii), are met. A petition invoking one of these exceptions must be filed within [60] days of the date the claim could first have
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been presented. In order to be entitled to the exceptions to the PCRA’s one-year filing deadline, the petitioner must plead and prove specific facts that demonstrate his claim was raised within the [60]-day timeframe.
Commonwealth v. Lawson, 90 A.3d 1, 4-5 (Pa. Super. 2014) (some
internal citations omitted) (internal quotations omitted).
Appellant’s judgment of sentence became final at the end of the day
on January 17, 1990, which was 30 days after this Court affirmed
Appellant’s judgment of sentence and the time for filing a petition for
allowance of appeal with our Supreme Court expired. See 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9545(b)(3) (“A judgment becomes final at the conclusion of direct review,
including discretionary review in the Supreme Court of the United States . . .
, or at the expiration of time for seeking the review”); see also Pa.R.A.P.
1113(a). The PCRA explicitly requires that a petition be filed “within one
year of the date the judgment becomes final.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1).
As such, Appellant had until January 17, 1991 to file a timely PCRA petition.
Since Appellant filed her current petition on March 24, 2016, the current
petition is patently untimely and the burden thus fell upon Appellant to plead
and prove that one of the enumerated exceptions to the one-year time-bar
applied to her case. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1); Commonwealth v.
Perrin, 947 A.2d 1284, 1286 (Pa. Super. 2008) (to properly invoke a
statutory exception to the one-year time-bar, the PCRA demands that the
petitioner properly plead and prove all required elements of the relied-upon
exception).
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Here, Appellant purports to invoke the “newly recognized constitutional
right” exception to the time-bar. This statutory exception provides:
(1) Any petition under this subchapter, including a second or subsequent petition, shall be filed within one year of the date the judgment becomes final, unless the petition alleges and the petitioner proves that:
(iii) the right asserted is a constitutional right that was recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania after the time period provided in this section and has been held by that court to apply retroactively.
(2) Any petition invoking an exception provided in paragraph (1) shall be filed within 60 days of the date the claim could have been presented.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b).
As our Supreme Court explained:
Subsection (iii) of Section 9545(b)(1) has two requirements. First, it provides that the right asserted is a constitutional right that was recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania after the time provided in this section. Second, it provides that the right “has been held” by “that court” to apply retroactively. Thus, a petitioner must prove that there is a “new” constitutional right and that the right “has been held” by that court to apply retroactively. The language “has been held” is in the past tense. These words mean that the action has already occurred, i.e., “that court” has already held the new constitutional right to be retroactive to cases on collateral review. By employing the past tense in writing this provision, the legislature clearly intended that the right was already recognized at the time the petition was filed.
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Commonwealth v. Copenhefer, 941 A.2d 646, 649-650 (Pa. 2007),
quoting Commonwealth v. Abdul-Salaam, 812 A.2d 497, 501 (Pa. 2002)
(internal corrections omitted). Moreover, since the plain statutory language
of section 9545 demands that the PCRA petition “allege” all elements of the
statutory exception, it is clear that – to properly invoke the “newly
recognized constitutional right” exception – the petitioner must plead each of
the above-stated elements in the petition. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1).
Within Appellant’s PCRA petition, Appellant claims that her sentence is
unconstitutional and subject to correction based on the holding of Miller v.
Alabama. Appellant also claims that her petition is timely, as she filed her
petition within 60 days of the date the United States Supreme Court decided
Montgomery v. Louisiana and held that the new substantive rule
announced in Miller applied retroactively to cases on collateral review. See
Montgomery, 136 S.Ct. at 732.
We agree that Appellant filed her petition within 60 days after the
Supreme Court decided Montgomery and that, in Montgomery, the
Supreme Court held that the new rule of law announced in Miller applies
retroactively to cases on collateral review.1 See Montgomery, 136 S.Ct. at
732. Thus, if the right announced in Miller applies to Appellant’s claim or
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1 The United States Supreme Court decided Montgomery on January 25, 2016. Appellant filed the current petition on March 24, 2016, which was 59 days after the Supreme Court decided Montgomery.
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claims, the petition is timely as to that specific claim. See Abdul-Salaam,
812 A.2d at 501-502 (“[a] ruling concerning the retroactive application of
[a] new constitutional right must be made prior to the filing of the petition
for collateral relief”); see also Commonwealth v. Porter, 35 A.3d 4, 13-
14 (Pa. 2012) (“the[] provisions [in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1) and (2)
(relating to the PCRA’s time-bar exceptions)] are claim-specific, as they
would have to be, given the [60-]day restriction”). However, we conclude
that, since Appellant was over 18-years-old when she committed the
murder, Miller does not apply to her case; as such, Appellant’s petition is
untimely and the PCRA court properly dismissed the petition. To be sure,
this Court has already issued controlling precedent on every claim that
Appellant brings to this Court.
We will consider Appellant’s first three claims together. As Appellant
claims, her youth at the time of the murder, the characteristics of youth she
possessed at the time, and her “experience of extreme childhood and
adolescent physical, psychological, and sexual abuse” – individually and as
combined – “render her less culpable under Miller” and require the
invalidation of her mandatory sentence of life in prison without the
possibility of parole. See Appellant’s Brief at 11-34. This Court does not
have jurisdiction to consider the merits of Appellant’s claims.
Appellant’s claims rest upon the premise that this Court must look
beyond Miller’s categorical holding that “mandatory life without parole for
those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth
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Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’” Miller, 132
S.Ct. at 2460. According to Appellant, this Court must look to Miller’s
reasoning – and to its recognition that “youth is more than a chronological
fact” and that juveniles have a “lessened culpability” and a greater “capacity
for change.” Id. at 2461 and 2467 (internal citations, quotations, and
corrections omitted); see also Appellant’s Brief at 11-34. Appellant claims
that Miller’s actual holding eschews a categorical, age-based cut-off and,
instead, prohibits mandatory sentences of life in prison without the
possibility of parole for all individuals who possess the “mitigating attributes
of youth” and for all individuals who “suffer[] from severe hardship and
abuse.” See Appellant’s Brief at 11-34.
At the outset, Appellant has overstated Miller’s holding. Miller’s
holding was simply (and explicitly) that “mandatory life without parole for
those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the
Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’”
Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2460 (emphasis added). To be sure, we have
recognized this fact. Commonwealth v. Furgess, 149 A.3d 90, 94 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (“[t]he Miller decision applies to only those defendants who
were under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes”) (internal quotations
and citations omitted). Thus, the entire basis for Appellant’s first three
claims on appeal is unsound and not supported by the law or our controlling
precedent.
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What Appellant really asks this Court to do is extend Miller’s holding,
so that it encompasses individuals who were 18 years old or older at the
time of their crimes, but who possessed the “mitigating attributes of youth”
and who “suffered from severe hardship and abuse.” See Appellant’s Brief
at 11-34. We have rejected this argument in two prior opinions and we
reject the argument here. Commonwealth v. Cintora, 69 A.3d 759, 764
(Pa. Super. 2013) (“[a]ppellants . . . contend that because Miller created a
new Eighth Amendment right, that those whose brains were not fully
developed at the time of their crimes are free from mandatory life without
parole sentences, and because research indicates that the human mind does
not fully develop or mature until the age of 25, it would be a violation of
equal protection for the courts to treat them or anyone else with an
immature brain, as adults. Thus, they conclude that the holding in Miller
should be extended to them as they were under the age of 25 at the time of
the murder and, as such, had immature brains. However, we need not
reach the merits of [a]ppellants’ argument, as their contention that a newly-
recognized constitutional right should be extended to others does not
render their petition timely pursuant to section 9545(b)(1)(iii)”) (emphasis
in original); Furgess, 149 A.3d at 94 (“[a]ppellant argues that he [] may
invoke Miller because he was a ‘technical juvenile,’ and he relies on
neuroscientific theories regarding immature brain development to support
his claim that he is eligible for relief. But, rather than presenting an
argument that is within the scope of the Miller decision, this argument by
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[a]ppellant seeks an extension of Miller to persons convicted of murder
who were older at the time of their crimes than the class of defendants
subject to the Miller holding. . . . We rejected reliance on this same
argument for purposes of Section 9545(b)(1)(iii) in [Cintora]. . . . Cintora
remains controlling on this issue, and [a]ppellant’s assertion of the time-bar
exception at Section 9545[(b)(1)(iii)] must be rejected”) (emphasis in
original).
Put simply, the newly-recognized constitutional right exception to the
PCRA’s one-year time-bar applies only to the specific “right” the Supreme
Court recognized – and not to an extension of the right, based upon the
underlying reasoning contained within the Supreme Court’s opinion. 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(iii) (“[a]ny petition under this subchapter, including
a second or subsequent petition, shall be filed within one year of the date
the judgment becomes final, unless the petition alleges and the petitioner
proves that . . . the right asserted is a constitutional right that was
recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court
of Pennsylvania after the time period provided in this section and has been
held by that court to apply retroactively”) (emphasis added). Since the right
recognized in Miller was that “mandatory life without parole for those under
the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment’s
prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments’” – and, since Appellant was
older than 18 at the time she committed the murder, Miller does not apply
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to her case. Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2460. We thus do not have jurisdiction to
consider the merits of Appellant’s first three issues on appeal.
For Appellant’s fourth issue on appeal, Appellant claims that
“Pennsylvania law permitting mandatory sentences of life without parole for
crimes committed by 18-year-olds lacks a rational basis given Miller’s
prohibition against such sentences for offenders aged 17 and younger and
therefore violates the equal protection clauses of the Pennsylvania and
[United States] Constitutions.” Appellant’s Brief at 34-36. Again, this Court
has already held that we do not have jurisdiction to consider the merits of
this claim. Cintora, 69 A.3d at 764 (“[a]ppellants’ third issue, of ‘whether
mandatory life without parole terms for adults in homicide case violates
state and federal equal protection clauses as well as article 7 of the universal
declaration of human rights,’ likewise does not merit our review, as it too
cannot evade the timeliness requirements of the PCRA”).
Moreover, Appellant’s claim fails under the plain language of Section
9545(b)(1)(iii), as Appellant’s equal protection claim, again, seeks an
extension of the right recognized in Miller and is merely utilizing Miller to
derive another constitutional right. Simply stated, Appellant’s equal
protection claim does not assert that she is entitled to relief under the actual
right that Miller recognized and, thus, Appellant’s claim does not fall under
the newly-recognized constitutional right exception to the PCRA’s time-bar.
See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(iii) (“[a]ny petition under this subchapter,
including a second or subsequent petition, shall be filed within one year of
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the date the judgment becomes final, unless the petition alleges and the
petitioner proves that . . . the right asserted is a constitutional right that
was recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania after the time period provided in this section and has
been held by that court to apply retroactively”) (emphasis added).
Finally, Appellant claims that the PCRA court erred when it dismissed
her fourth PCRA petition without holding a hearing. This claim is meritless.
Commonwealth v. Marshall, 947 A.2d 714, 723 (Pa. 2008) (“[a]ppellant’s
petition was untimely, and accordingly the PCRA court properly determined
that it had no jurisdiction to entertain it. We therefore also must conclude
that the PCRA court did not err in dismissing [a]ppellant’s petition without a
hearing”).
To conclude, Appellant's PCRA petition is manifestly untimely and
Appellant did not properly plead any of the statutory exceptions to the one-
year time-bar. Therefore, neither the PCRA court nor this Court has subject
matter jurisdiction to consider the merits of Appellant's claims. The PCRA
court thus did not err when it dismissed Appellant's petition without holding
a hearing. Commonwealth v. Jackson, 30 A.3d 516, 523 (Pa. Super.
2011); Pa.R.Crim.P. 907(1).
Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 5/3/2017
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