J-A12035-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : GRAHAM NICHOLAS NORBY-VARDAC : : Appellant : No. 792 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 11, 2019 In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-41-CR-0001634-2017
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED: AUGUST 19, 2021
Graham Nicholas Norby-Vardac (“Norby-Vardac”) appeals from the
judgment of sentence imposed following his convictions, at docket number
CP-41-CR-0001634-2017 (“1634-2017”), of one count each of first-degree
murder, second-degree murder, burglary, robbery, criminal trespass,
possession of instrument of crime, criminal mischief, and theft by unlawful J-A12035-21
taking; and two counts of aggravated assault.1, 2 Application to Withdraw
granted, and we affirm his judgment of sentence.
In late March 2017, Norby-Vardac left his home in Alexandria, Virginia.
Norby-Vardac traveled north, via his bicycle, towards the border between the
United States and Canada. In the early morning hours of April 5, 2017, Norby-
Vardac arrived in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Norby-Vardac stopped several
individuals, asking for directions to the nearest campground. None of the
individuals were able to direct Norby-Vardac to a campground.
Several neighbors saw Norby-Vardac heading towards the home of
Donald Kleese, Jr. (“Kleese”). At approximately 1:00 p.m. on April 5, 2017,
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(a), (b), 3502(a)(1)(i), 3701(a)(1)(i), 3503(a)(1)(ii),
907(a), 3304(a)(5), 3921(a), 2702(a)(1), 2702(a)(4).
2 Norby-Vardac filed a single Notice of Appeal listing both 1634-2017 and CP-
41-CR-0001635-2017 (“1635-2017”). On June 17, 2020, this Court issued a Rule to Show Cause as to why Norby-Vardac’s appeal should not be quashed pursuant to our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 A.3d 969, 971 (Pa. 2018) (stating that where one order resolves issues on multiple lower court dockets “separate notices of appeal must be filed”). See Rule to Show Cause, 6/17/20, at 1. On June 29, 2020, Norby-Vardac filed a Response in which he conceded that his Notice of Appeal did not comply with Walker and represented that he would withdraw his appeal at 1635-2017. See Response, 6/29/20, at 1-2. On July 15, 2021, this Court issued an Order directing Norby-Vardac to file a notice of appeal at 1635-2017 or withdraw his appeal at 1635-2017. See Order, 7/15/21. On July 26, 2021, Norby-Vardac filed an Application to Withdraw his appeal as to 1635-2017, and indicated that none of his claims on appeal relate to 1635-2017. See Application to Withdraw, 7/26/21, at 1; see also Response, 6/29/21, at 1-2. We grant Norby-Vardac’s Application to Withdraw his appeal at 1635-2017, and address the claims raised in his appeal with respect to 1634-2017. We have corrected the caption accordingly.
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Christine Mertes (“Mertes”), Kleese’s neighbor, noticed that Kleese’s vehicle
was not at his home. Mertes observed that Kleese’s vehicle was still missing
at approximately 10:00 p.m. that night.
At approximately 11:00 p.m., Scott Wheeland (“Wheeland”), Kleese’s
nephew, noticed that Kleese’s living room and basement lights were on, which
was unusual for that time of night. The next morning, Wheeland observed
that the lights were still on, at which time Wheeland called Rachel Campbell
(“Campbell”), Kleese’s daughter.
At 6:20 a.m., on April 6, 2017, Campbell went to Kleese’s home to check
on him. When she arrived, she noticed that Kleese’s vehicle, a blue Subaru,
was missing; the window above the back door had been smashed out; and
the door was unlocked. Campbell called out for Kleese, but received no
response. Campbell left the house and called her sister, Margaret Bower
(“Bower”). Subsequently, when Bower arrived at the scene, the two sisters
entered the home. Campbell discovered Kleese’s body in the rear bedroom,
covered in blood, with his face battered. After Campbell told Bower that
Kleese was dead, they went outside and called 911.
Police arrived shortly thereafter and began processing Kleese’s home.
Police discovered a shovel, covered in blood, lying next to Kleese’s body.
Police observed that Kleese had significant damage to the head and neck area,
and there was a significant amount of blood in those areas of Kleese’s body.
Additionally, there was blood on the pillows and the end of the mattress. A
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bloody pair of pants were lying next to Kleese, with his wallet still inside of the
pocket. Additionally, the Police recovered four firearms, including a shotgun,
from Kleese’s bedroom. Police reported Kleese’s blue Subaru as stolen.
At approximately 10:36 a.m, Agent Stephen Habinski (“Agent
Habinski”), a customs officer for the Canada Border Service Agency (“CBSA”),
conducted an inspection check on Norby-Vardac, who was driving the stolen
blue Subaru. Norby-Vardac informed Agent Habinski that he did not have a
passport and was going to Canada on business for a few days. Norby-Vardac
was unable to identify the city in Canada that he planned to visit, or where he
would be staying. Accordingly, Agent Habinski directed Norby-Vardac to pull
over to the immigration counter for further questioning.
Agent Doug Hornyak (“Agent Hornyak”), another customs officer for
CBSA, was working at the immigration counter. Agent Hornyak informed
Norby-Vardac that, due to his lack of money and employment, he may be
denied entry into Canada. Agent Hornyak asked Norby-Vardac how he had
traveled to the border, and Norby-Vardac responded that he had borrowed his
grandfather’s car. Agent Hornyak searched the vehicle and recovered the
vehicle’s registration showing that Kleese was the owner. At this time, Agent
Hornyak learned that the blue Subaru was stolen. Agent Jordan Richards
(“Agent Richards”), another customs officer for CBSA, arrested Norby-Vardac.
Agent Richards asked Norby-Vardac if he should be concerned for the owner
of the vehicle, to which Norby-Vardac responded that “no one was supposed
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to be in there.” Norby-Vardac was subsequently turned over to the Buffalo
Police Department.
Buffalo Police Officer Scott Malec (“Officer Malec”) questioned Norby-
Vardac about the blue Subaru. Norby-Vardac claimed he had found it in the
middle of Pennsylvania, in an area with few houses. According to Norby-
Vardac, the vehicle was abandoned and the keys were lying nearby. Norby-
Vardac informed Officer Malec that he had been biking for days, from Virginia,
and was attempting to meet someone in Canada.
Next, Norby-Vardac told Officer Malec that although he knew of Kleese’s
house, he did not enter the house because it looked abandoned. However,
after a few more minutes of questioning, Norby-Vardac admitted that he had
broken the back window with a shovel and forced his way into Kleese’s home.
At this point, Norby-Vardac claimed that he took the car keys and left
immediately thereafter. However, upon further questioning, Norby-Vardac
admitted that he had searched the entire house for food. Officer Malec asked
Norby-Vardac to describe how Kleese died, to which Norby-Vardac responded
that Kleese was already dead when Norby-Vardac had entered the home.
After a couple more minutes of questioning, Norby-Vardac stated that,
at approximately 8:30 a.m. on April 5, 2017, after he had entered Kleese’s
home, Norby-Vardac found Kleese holding a shotgun, and that Kleese
attempted to shoot Norby-Vardac, but missed. According to Norby-Vardac,
he then knocked the shotgun out of Kleese’s hands and hit Kleese in the head
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with a shovel to prevent him from for reaching for another weapon. Norby-
Vardac told Officer Malec that he did not intend to kill anyone.
On April 7, 2017, Pennsylvania State Police (“PSP”) Troopers Rob Reeves
(“Trooper Reeves”) and Daniel Switzer (“Trooper Switzer”) arrived at the
Buffalo Police Department to interview Norby-Vardac. Norby-Vardac detailed
a similar series of events to Troopers Reeves and Switzer. In particular,
Norby-Vardac explained that he had been traveling from Virginia to Canada,
via bicycle, in order to meet with someone. According to Norby-Vardac, he
had asked several individuals for help in Williamsport, but no one helped him.
In regard to Kleese, Norby-Vardac explained that he had panicked upon
discovering that someone was in the house, and that he did not want to kill
Kleese. At this time, Norby-Vardac further admitted to strangling Kleese, after
hitting him with the shovel, because Norby-Vardac did not want Kleese to call
the police.
Subsequently, upon conducting an inventory search of the blue Subaru,
PSP recovered various articles belonging to Norby-Vardac including a ski
mask, laundry bag, sleeping bag, and a jar of change. The PSP also performed
a DNA swab on Norby-Vardac’s fingernails, which was sent for DNA analysis
along with numerous items from Kleese’s house including, but not limited to
the shovel, an orange jacket found next to Kleese, pillows, bedsheets, and the
bloody pants.
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The PSP Forensic DNA Division performed a DNA analysis on, inter alia,
the above-mentioned items. Kleese’s DNA was found on the handle and head
of the shovel, as well as on a long-sleeve shirt that Norby-Vardac had worn.
A mixture of DNA, comprised mostly of Kleese’s DNA, was found on Norby-
Vardac’s pants.
Samuel Land, M.D. (“Dr. Land”),3 performed the autopsy on Kleese. Dr.
Land concluded that Kleese suffered blunt force trauma to his head and neck,
as a result of “chop wounds” from a sharp-edged, heavy object. Additionally,
Dr. Land concluded that such wounds, consistent with the use of a shovel,
were sufficient to cause death. Dr. Land further explained that Kleese had
suffered wounds to his neck area including, inter alia, a fractured hyoid bone,
which could have been caused via strangulation or by blunt force trauma to
the neck. Dr. Land determined that such neck wounds were sufficient to cause
death. Additionally, Dr. Land noted that Kleese had several defensive wounds
on his hands and arms. Ultimately, Dr. Land opined that Kleese’s manner of
death was homicide, caused by blunt force trauma to the head and neck.
On April 11, 2017, the Commonwealth charged Norby-Vardac with, inter
alia, the above-mentioned offenses. On June 7, 2017, the trial court ordered
John K. Northrop, M.D. (“Dr. Northrop”),4 to conduct a competency evaluation
3 Dr. Land is a forensic pathologist and works for Health Network Laboratories
in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
4 Dr. Northrop is an expert in the fields of psychiatry and neurology.
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of Norby-Vardac. On July 1, 2017, Dr. Northrop met with and interviewed
Norby-Vardac, and thereafter issued his July 9, 2017, report indicating that
Norby-Vardac was competent to stand trial.
Norby-Vardac hired his own expert, Pogos H. Voskanian, M.D. (“Dr.
Voskanian”),5 who interviewed and evaluated Norby-Vardac for competency.
On November 15, 2017, Norby-Vardac filed a Notice of Defense of Insanity or
Mental Infirmity and Notice of Expert Evidence as to Mental Condition (“Notice
of Insanity Defense”), in which he argued, inter alia, that Dr. Voskanian had
diagnosed Norby-Vardac with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia.
Additionally, Norby-Vardac asserted, Dr. Voskanian concluded that Norby-
Vardac was not competent to stand trial.
Additionally, on November 15, 2017, Norby-Vardac filed an Omnibus
Pre-Trial Motion in which he argued, inter alia, that he was not competent to
stand trial, and requested a competency hearing based upon Dr. Voskanian’s
and Dr. Northrop’s findings.
On February 28, 2018, based upon Norby-Vardac’s request for a
competency hearing, the Commonwealth filed a Motion for Continuance, in
which it requested time to retain another expert to evaluate Norby-Vardac’s
competency. The trial court granted the Commonwealth’s Motion, and the
5 Dr. Voskanian is an expert in the fields of psychiatry and forensic psychiatry.
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Commonwealth retained John Sebastian O’Brien, II, M.D. (“Dr. O’Brien”),6 as
its expert. On June 18, 2018, Dr. O’Brien interviewed Norby-Vardac, and
subsequently issued an expert report indicating that Norby-Vardac was
competent to stand trial.
On August 30, 2018, the trial court conducted a pre-trial Competency
Hearing to determine whether Norby-Vardac was competent to stand trial,
after which the parties submitted briefs. On October 16, 2018, the trial court
determined that Norby-Vardac was competent to stand trial and denied Norby-
Vardac’s Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion.
After additional pre-trial matters not relevant to the instant appeal,
Norby-Vardac proceeded to a bench trial on June 24, 2019, June 27, 2019,
and December 11, 2019.7 On December 11, 2019, at the conclusion of the
bench trial, the trial court convicted Norby-Vardac of the above-mentioned
offenses. That same day, the trial court sentenced Norby-Vardac to an
aggregate term of life in prison.
6 Dr. O’Brien is an expert in the fields of psychiatry and forensic psychiatry.
7 The gap between June 27, 2019, and December 11, 2019, was caused by
Dr. Land’s unavailability until December.
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On December 23, 2019, Norby-Vardac filed a Post-Sentence Motion8
and, on February 3, 2020, Norby-Vardac filed a Supplemental Post-Sentence
Motion. In his Motions, Norby-Vardac argued, inter alia, that the trial court
erred in determining that Norby-Vardac was competent to stand trial; the
evidence was insufficient to sustain convictions of first-degree murder,
second-degree murder, robbery, and burglary; the trial court erred by not
finding Norby-Vardac guilty but mentally ill; and that trial court erred in
precluding Marlys Norby (“Marlys”), Norby-Vardac’s mother, from testifying
about Norby-Vardac’s mental condition. After a hearing, the trial court denied
Norby-Vardac’s Post-Sentence Motions.
Norby-Vardac filed a timely Notice of Appeal and a court-ordered
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement of errors complained of on appeal.
Norby-Vardac raises the following claims for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred in determining [that Norby-Vardac was] competent to proceed to trial?
2. Whether the trial court erred in finding sufficient evidence to establish [that Norby-Vardac was] guilty of first[-]degree murder, second[-]degree murder, robbery and burglary?
3. Whether the trial court erred in failing to find [Norby-Vardac] guilty but mentally ill?
8 We note that Norby-Vardac’s Post-Sentence Motion was due on December
21, 2019, a Saturday, and accordingly, his Post-Sentence Motion was timely filed. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908 (providing that “[w]henever the last day of any such time period shall fall on a Saturday or Sunday … such day shall be omitted from the computation.”).
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4. Whether the trial court erred in sustaining objections by the Commonwealth to [Marlys] testifying as to [Norby-Vardac]’s mental health treatments and conditions?
Brief for Appellant at 8 (issues re-ordered).
In his first claim, Norby-Vardac contends that he was not competent to
stand trial, because he was unable to assist in his own defense. Id. at 14-15.
Norby-Vardac acknowledges that all three expert reports indicated that Norby-
Vardac was capable of understanding the nature and object of the
proceedings. Id. However, Norby-Vardac points to Dr. Voskanian’s expert
report, which indicates that Norby-Vardac “lives in a fantasy world [that]
affect[s] his ability to communicate with his attorney.” Id. at 15-16. Norby-
Vardac acknowledges that the record indicates he can understand, factually,
the nature of the charges and proceedings; however, Norby-Vardac argues
that he cannot rationally understand the charges and proceedings. Id. at 16-
17. Norby-Vardac claims that his “ability” to drift between the real world and
his fantasy worlds demonstrates that he is not capable of rationally
understanding the proceedings, which prevents him from assisting in his own
defense. Id. at 16-18. Norby-Vardac asserts that all three of the experts
diagnosed him with severe mental health issues, and accordingly, he was not
competent to stand trial. Id. at 17-18.
Our standard of review of a trial court’s ruling on competency is for
abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Delbridge, 859 A.2d 1254, 1257
(Pa. 2004). Our scope of review is plenary, and this Court may review the
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entire record in making its decision. Id. When reviewing a competency claim,
we are guided by the following principles:
A defendant is presumed competent and it is his burden to show otherwise, the determination of which is within the sound discretion of the trial court. When a competency hearing takes place, incompetency may be established by a preponderance of the evidence. The sensitive nature of competency determinations requires the appellate courts to afford great deference to the conclusions of the trial court, which has had the opportunity to observe the defendant personally. When the record supports the trial court’s determination, we will not disturb it.
Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 64 A.3d 715, 720 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(citations omitted).
Pennsylvania’s definition of incompetence is statutory:
[W]henever a person who has been charged with a crime is found to be substantially unable to understand the nature or object of the proceedings against him or to participate and assist in his defense, he shall be deemed incompetent to be tried, convicted or sentenced so long as such incapacity continues.
50 P.S. § 7402(a). In order to establish incompetence, an appellant has the
burden of proving he was either unable to understand the nature of the
proceedings against him or to participate in his own defense.
Commonwealth v. Santiago, 855 A.2d 682, 694 (Pa. 2004).
Instantly, the trial court, in its Opinion and Order, summarized the
Competency Hearing expert testimony and the expert reports, which we
incorporate fully herein by reference. See Trial Court Opinion, 10/16/18, at
2-8. Additionally, our review of the record confirms the trial court’s
determinations regarding Norby-Vardac’s competency, and its legal conclusion
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is sound. We therefore affirm on the basis of the trial court’s Opinion with
regard to this claim. See id. at 2-11.
In addition, we note the following. A key consideration of competency
hearings is whether the defendant is competent at the time of trial. See
Stevenson, supra. Instantly, Dr. O’Brien and Dr. Northrop indicated that
Norby-Vardac’s competency was improving since the start of his pre-trial
incarceration. See Dr. O’Brien’s Evaluation, 8/20/18, at 13-14; Dr. Northrop’s
Evaluation, 7/9/17, at 19. Further, Dr. Voskanian indicated that Norby-
Vardac’s medications have made him calmer, easier to speak with, and have
aided in his competency. See N.T. (Competency Hearing), 8/30/18, at 6.
Thus, the record does not support Norby-Vardac’s claim. See Stevenson,
supra.
In his second claim, Norby-Vardac argues that the Commonwealth failed
to present sufficient evidence to sustain his convictions of second-degree
murder, robbery, burglary, and first-degree murder. Brief for Appellant at 16-
17. In regard to second-degree murder, Norby-Vardac contends that the
Commonwealth failed to provide sufficient evidence that a felony was in
progress at the time that Norby-Vardac killed Kleese. Id. at 19-20. In
particular, Norby-Vardac argues that the only evidence is his own confession,
in which he stated his belief that the house was abandoned. Id. at 20.
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Regarding robbery, Norby-Vardac asserts that there is no evidence that
anything was stolen from the house, nor that Norby-Vardac had attempted to
steal anything from the house. Id.
With regard to burglary, Norby-Vardac argues that the Commonwealth
failed to establish that he had the intent of committing any crime when he
entered Kleese’s home. Id. at 20-21. Norby-Vardac contends that, at the
time he entered Kleese’s home, “he was starving, exhausted, and in need of
help.” Id. at 21. Further, Norby-Vardac believed that the building was
abandoned. Id. Norby-Vardac claims that the Commonwealth did not present
any eye-witness testimony, or any other evidence aside from Norby-Vardac’s
confession. Id.
In regard to first-degree murder, Norby-Vardac argues that none of the
Commonwealth’s witnesses saw him kill Kleese. Id. at 17-18. Additionally,
Norby-Vardac claims that his own confession, which the Commonwealth used
to show intent, only amounted to “panic and fear … [which] would qualify for
[] murder of the third degree,” not first degree. Id. at 18-19.
When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we
determine
whether[,] viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be
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resolved by the fact-finder[,] unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the finder of fact[,] while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, or part or none of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39-40 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation
omitted).
Norby-Vardac raises four sufficiency challenges. See Brief for Appellant
at 16-21. We will address Norby-Vardac’s sufficiency claims with regards to
burglary, robbery,9 and second-degree murder together, as they are related.
The Crimes Code defines burglary, in relevant part, as follows:
§ 3502. Burglary
(a) Offense defined.—A person commits the offense of burglary if, with the intent to commit a crime therein, the person:
(1)(i) enters a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied portion thereof, that is adapted for overnight accommodations in which at the time of the offense any person is present and the person commits, attempts or threatens to commit a bodily injury crime therein
9 We observe that Norby-Vardac’s argument, with regards to his robbery conviction, is devoid of any citation to relevant legal authority or case law. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (requiring an appellant to support his argument with “such discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”). Nevertheless, we decline to find Norby-Vardac’s claim waived, because it is strongly intertwined with his sufficiency challenge regarding second-degree murder.
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18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(1)(i). Additionally, “[i]t is a defense to prosecution
for burglary if[,] … at the time of the commission of the offense[,] … [t]he
building or structure was abandoned.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(b)(1); see also
Commonwealth v. Henderson, 419 A.2d 1366, 1367 (Pa. Super. 1980)
(explaining that an abandoned structure is one that has been “wholly forsaken
or deserted” and cannot be proven merely because a building is uninhabited;
evidence that the build or structure is being maintained is enough to render
the defense of abandonment inapplicable). A “bodily injury crime” is defined
as “[a]n act, attempt or threat to commit an act which would constitute a
misdemeanor or felony under … Chapter 25 (relating to criminal homicide)[,]
Chapter 27 (relating to assault)[, or] … Chapter 37 (relating to robbery).” 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(e)(1).
Regarding robbery, in relevant part, the Crimes Code provides that a
“person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of committing a theft, he … inflicts
serious bodily injury upon another[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(i).
Further, as to second-degree murder, in relevant part, the Crimes Code
provides that “[a] criminal homicide constitutes murder of the second degree
when it is committed while defendant was engaged as a principal or an
accomplice in the perpetration of a felony.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(b). For the
purposes of second-degree murder, a “felony” is defined as, inter alia, robbery
or burglary. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(d). “[While] first-degree murder requires a
specific intent to kill (actual malice), the malice essential to the crime of
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second-degree murder is imputed to the defendant from the intent to commit
the underlying felony, regardless of whether the defendant actually intended
to physically harm the victim.” Commonwealth v. Mikell, 729 A.2d 566,
569 (Pa. 1999).
Instantly, the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, reveals that Norby-Vardac, en route to Canada on his bicycle,
arrived in Williamsport in search of food and shelter. N.T. (Bench Trial),
12/11/19, at 38; N.T. (Bench Trial), 6/27/19, at 43. After a couple of hours,
Norby-Vardac came upon Kleese’s home and broke the back window with a
shovel. N.T. (Bench Trial), 6/27/19, at 42-43. Norby-Vardac entered the
home with the intent to find and take food and money. Id. at 11 (wherein
Commonwealth Exhibit 55, Officer Malec’s interview of Norby-Vardac, was
entered into evidence); see also Commonwealth Exhibit 55, at 20:01:55
(wherein Norby-Vardac told Officer Malec that he broke into Kleese’s house
with a shovel in order to look for food and money). However, Norby-Vardac
encountered Kleese in the home, who aimed a shotgun at Norby-Vardac. N.T.
(Bench Trial), 6/27/19, at 42-43; see also Commonwealth Exhibit 55, at
20:30:00 (wherein Norby-Vardac described Kleese holding a shotgun and
firing it at Norby-Vardac). Norby-Vardac disarmed Kleese, hit him in the head
and neck with a shovel, and then strangled Kleese until he died. See
Commonwealth Exhibit 55, at 20:03:00 – 20:38:35 (wherein Norby-Vardac
explained that he disarmed Kleese, hit him in the head with a shovel, then
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strangled Kleese); see also N.T. (Bench Trial), 6/27/19, at 36 (wherein
Commonwealth Exhibit 57A was admitted into evidence); Commonwealth
Exhibit 57A, at 12:33:45-13:12:00 (wherein Norby-Vardac told Trooper
Reeves that he broke into Kleese’s home with a shovel, hit Kleese in the head
after disarming him, and strangled Kleese). Afterwards, Norby-Vardac
searched Kleese’s home, and ultimately stole Kleese’s car keys, car, and
various coins. Commonwealth Exhibit 55 at 20:39:00; Commonwealth Exhibit
57A at 13:12:00.
Based upon the foregoing, the Commonwealth presented sufficient
evidence to sustain Norby-Vardac’s convictions of burglary, robbery, and
second-degree murder. In particular, the evidence established that Norby-
Vardac had entered the home with the intent to take money and food from
the house. Commonwealth Exhibit 55 at 20:01:55; Commonwealth Exhibit
57A at 12:33:45-13:12:00; see Henderson, supra; see also Henderson,
419 A.2d at 1368 (stating that because the “defense of abandonment has no
mental element,” a mistake of fact regarding whether a building or structure
has been abandoned is irrelevant to the defense of abandonment”).
Additionally, the evidence established that, upon entering Kleese’s home,
Norby-Vardac caused significant bodily harm to Kleese in the furtherance of
acquiring these items. N.T. (Bench Trial), 6/27/19, at 42-43; Commonwealth
Exhibit 55 at 20:03:00–20:38:35; see also 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(i).
Indeed, Norby-Vardac struck Kleese on the head and neck with a shovel,
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before strangling Kleese and fracturing his hyoid bone, which resulted in
Kleese’s death. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(b), (d); see Mikell, supra. Because,
the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to sustain Norby-Vardac’s
convictions of burglary, robbery, and second-degree murder, we cannot grant
him relief on these claims. See Melvin, supra.
As to Norby-Vardac’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
underlying his conviction of first-degree murder, the Crimes Code provides
that “[a] criminal homicide constitutes murder of the first degree when it is
committed by an intentional killing.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a). Our Supreme
Court has stated that in order “[t]o convict a defendant of first[-]degree
murder, the Commonwealth must prove: [(1)] a human being was unlawfully
killed; [(2)] the defendant was responsible for the killing; and [(3)] the
defendant acted with malice and a specific intent to kill. Commonwealth v.
Houser, 18 A.3d 1128, 1133 (Pa. 2011) (internal citations omitted).
A killing is intentional if it is done in a “willful, deliberate and
premediated fashion.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(d). The period of reflection
needed to establish deliberation and premeditation may be as brief as a
fraction of a second. Commonwealth v. Rivera, 983 A.2d 1211, 1220 (Pa.
2009). Indeed, the deliberation and premeditation needed to establish intent
exist whenever the assailant possesses the conscious purpose to bring about
death. Id. The Commonwealth may use circumstantial evidence to establish
the elements of first-degree murder, including the element of intent. Id.
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Regarding the element of intent, we observe the following:
When there is no direct evidence of intent to kill, the fact-finder may glean the necessary intent from the act itself and from all surrounding circumstances. Specific intent to kill can be proven where the defendant knowingly applies deadly force to the person of another. Death caused by strangulation is sufficient to infer the specific intent required for a conviction of first[-]degree murder.
Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 701 A.2d 492, 500 (Pa. 1997) (citations
omitted; emphasis added).
Our review of the record reveals that each of the elements of first-
degree murder was established beyond a reasonable doubt. As described
above, the evidence established that Norby-Vardac struck Kleese in the head
and neck with a shovel, and then strangled him until he died. see Hawkins,
supra. It is without contest that Kleese died as a result of these injuries, and
that both the shovel strike and subsequent strangling were performed on vital
parts of Kleese’s body. See Rivera, supra. Accordingly, the Commonwealth
presented sufficient evidence to sustain Norby-Vardac’s conviction of first-
degree murder and we can grant him no relief.
In his third claim, Norby-Vardac contends that the trial court erred when
it failed to find him guilty but mentally ill. Brief for Appellant at 23-24.
Section 314 of the Crimes Code, in relevant part, provides as follows:
(a) General rule.--A person who timely offers a defense of insanity in accordance with the Rules of Criminal Procedure may be found “guilty but mentally ill” at trial if the trier of fact finds, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the person is guilty of an offense, was mentally ill at the time of the commission of the offense and
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was not legally insane at the time of the commission of the offense.
***
(c) Definitions.--For the purposes of this section …:
(1) “Mentally ill.” One who as a result of mental disease or defect, lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
(2) “Legal insanity.” At the time of the commission of the act, the defendant was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 314(a), (c)(1)-(2).
“Under Section 314(a), a defendant who pleads not guilty may be found
by a fact-finder to be guilty but mentally ill only if the defendant ‘offers a
defense of insanity.’” Commonwealth v. Andre, 158 A.2d 1260, 1263-64
(Pa. Super. 2017) (emphasis added; citations omitted). “The reason for this
rule is that, under Pennsylvania law, mental illness is not a defense to criminal
liability unless the mental illness rises to the level of legal insanity under
Section 314(c)(2).” Andre, 158 A.2d at 1264 (emphasis omitted).
Section 315(a) of the Crimes Code provides that “[t]he mental
soundness of an actor engaged in conduct charged to constitute an offense
shall only be a defense to the charged offense when the actor proves by a
preponderance of evidence that the actor was legally insane at the time of the
commission of the offense.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 315(a).
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Instantly, in its Order and Opinion denying Norby-Vardac’s Post-
Sentence Motions, the trial court addressed this claim as follows:
[Norby-Vardac] filed a timely Notice of [Insanity Defense] in compliance with Pa.R.Crim.P. 568 on November 15, 2017. In that [N]otice, [Norby-Vardac] stated “[Dr.] Voskanian’s conclusion regarding the mental state at the time of the offense is that [Norby-Vardac] was under extreme duress and lacked the capacity to form a specific intent to kill.” [Notice of Insanity Defense, 11/15/17, at 2.] Additionally, Eric Vardac ([Norby- Vardac]’s father) and Marlys were listed as individuals [Norby- Vardac] intended to call []in support of Dr. Voskanian’s conclusions.[] As noted in [the trial c]ourt’s Order granting [Norby-Vardac]’s Motion to Reconsider precluding [Dr.] Voskanian’s testimony at trial, [Dr.] Voskanian did not reach a conclusion as to an insanity defense. Order[,] 8/7/19, at 1. In his report, [Dr.] Voskanian specifically stated that he could not, “opine regarding an insanity defense. However, based on the date contained in this report, it is my opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that [Norby-Vardac] was under extreme duress (in light of his mental illness) and lacked the capacity to form a specific intent to kill.” Defendant Exhibit #2, at 35[; see N.T. (Competency Hearing), 8/30/19, at 29 (wherein Dr. Voskanian’s expert report was entered into evidence).] A diminished capacity defense is “an extremely limited defense available only to those defendants who admit criminal liability but contest the degree of culpability based upon an inability to formulate the specific intent to kill.” Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 25 A.3d 277, 312 (Pa. 2011). This is not the same as raising an insanity defense as they are two separate principals of law, [and] Dr. Voskanian] verified [that] he could not reach a conclusion as to insanity. Since a defense of insanity was never raised, it would have been improper to allow Marlys to testify regarding [Norby-Vardac]’s mental condition, as it was irrelevant and it would have been similarly improper to find [Norby-Vardac] guilty, but mentally ill.
Trial Court Order and Opinion, 5/8/20, at 20-21 (emphasis added).
Our review of the record confirms the trial court’s determinations.
Because Norby-Vardac failed to raise, let alone establish the defense of
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insanity, the trial court could not find him guilty but mentally ill. See Andre,
158 A.2d at 1263-64 (stating that a defendant may be found guilty but
mentally ill only if he “offers a defense of insanity”). Accordingly, we cannot
grant Norby-Vardac relief on this claim.
In his fourth claim, Norby-Vardac contends that the trial court erred
when it sustained the Commonwealth’s objections and prohibited Marlys from
testifying as to Norby-Vardac’s mental health treatments and conditions. Id.
at 21-23. In particular, Norby-Vardac argues that Marlys’s testimony was
relevant, because it would have aided the trial court in finding Norby-Vardac
guilty but mentally ill. Id. at 22.
Relevance is the threshold for admissibility of evidence.
Commonwealth v. Cook, 952 A.2d 594, 612 (Pa. 2008). Pursuant to
Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 401, evidence is relevant if “(a) it has the
tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the
evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.”
Pa.R.E. 401. “Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material
fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or
supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.”
Drumheller, 808 A.2d at 904. “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as
otherwise provided by law. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.”
Pa.R.E. 402. “Thus, while the general rule of the admissibility of relevant
evidence is subject to various exceptions, the rule that irrelevant evidence is
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not admissible is categorical. Accordingly, [t]he threshold inquiry with
admission of evidence is whether the evidence is relevant.” Commonwealth
v. Cook, 952 A.2d 594, 612 (Pa. 2008) (internal quotations and citations
Instantly, as discussed above, Norby-Vardac did not preserve a defense
of insanity, and the trial court was therefore prohibited from finding Norby-
Vardac guilty but mentally ill. See Trial Court Order and Opinion, 5/8/20, at
20-21; see also Andre, supra; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 314(a). Therefore, Marlys’s
testimony would not have been relevant to assist the trial court in finding
Norby-Vardac guilty but mentally ill, and accordingly, this claim lacks merit.
See Pa.R.E. 402; see also Andre, supra; Drumheller, supra.
Application to Withdraw granted. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 08/19/2021
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