J. S71039/14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellee : : v. : : : MARCUS R. MCMILLAN, : : Appellant : No. 368 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 30, 2013 In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division No(s).: CP-67-CR-0003797-2012
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., PANELLA, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED JANUARY 13, 2015
Appellant, Marcus R. McMillan, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the York County Court of Common Pleas following his jury trial
and convictions for, inter alia, possession with intent to deliver1 (“PWID”).
He challenges whether the Commonwealth had probable cause for the
search warrant, the sufficiency of evidence for his PWID conviction, and
whether his mandatory minimum sentence pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. §
7508(a)(2)(ii) was unconstitutional under Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. 1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30). J. S71039/14
Ct. 2151 (2013). We affirm Appellant’s conviction but vacate the judgment
of sentence and remand for resentencing.
We adopt the facts and procedural history set forth in the trial court’s
opinion. See Trial Ct. Op., 5/27/14, at 1-5. The court sentenced Appellant
to a mandatory minimum sentence of five to ten years’ imprisonment based
on 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508(a)(2)(ii). Appellant timely appealed and timely filed a
court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.
Appellant raises the following issues:
Did the trial court err when it denied [Appellant’s[ motion to suppress . . . where the search warrant used to search the vehicle Appellant was driving was based on insufficient probable cause?
Whether the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to support the jury’s finding that Appellant committed [PWID]?
Whether the mandatory minimum sentence imposed in Appellant’s case, pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7508(a)(2)(ii) (drug trafficking weight), is unconstitutional in light of the United States Supreme Court decision in Alleyne v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013).
Appellant’s Brief at 5.
We summarize Appellant’s arguments for his first two issues. He
suggests the Commonwealth lacked probable cause to obtain a warrant to
search the vehicle he was driving. He contends the court erred by relying on
the contents of the warrant, which according to the notes of testimony of the
suppression hearing, were that the police (1) heard a loud noise in the car,
-2- J. S71039/14
(2) saw the passenger make furtive movements to the center console, and
(3) located crack cocaine in an empty cigarette pack and guns nearby.
Appellant maintains the jury erred by finding sufficient evidence that he
constructively possessed the crack cocaine found near him in a clean
cigarette pack. We hold Appellant is not entitled to relief.
Initially, Appellant waived his first issue by failing to include the search
warrant as part of the record. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 715 A.2d
1101, 1105 (Pa. 1998) (holding issue is waived for failure to include in
certified record necessary documents for review); Commonwealth v.
Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 6-7 (Pa. Super. 2006) (en banc) (same). Without the
search warrant, this Court is unable to address Appellant’s first issue. See
Williams, 715 A.2d at 1105; Preston, 904 A.2d at 6-7.
With respect to Appellant’s second issue, after careful review of the
record, the parties’ briefs, and the decision of the Honorable Michael E.
Bortner, we affirm based on the trial court’s decision. See Trial Ct. Op. at 6-
10 (holding, inter alia, presence of clean cigarette pack near Appellant and
drugs within pack were bundled for sale sufficient to establish PWID).
Lastly, Appellant challenges the legality of his mandatory sentence.
He asserts that Alleyne2 required that the jury make a determination of the
amount of drugs he possessed before the court imposed the mandatory
2 Alleyne was issued prior to Appellant’s trial and conviction.
-3- J. S71039/14
minimum sentence set forth in 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508(a)(2)(ii). We agree
Appellant is entitled to relief.
Subsection 7508(a)(2)(ii) follows:
§ 7508. Drug trafficking sentencing and penalties
(a) General rule.—Notwithstanding any other provisions of this or any other act to the contrary, the following provisions shall apply:
* * *
(2) A person who is convicted of violating section 13(a)(14), (30) or (37) of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act where the controlled substance or a mixture containing it is classified in Schedule I or Schedule II under section 4 of that act and is a narcotic drug shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment and a fine as set forth in this subsection:
(ii) when the aggregate weight of the compound or mixture containing the substance involved is at least ten grams and less than 100 grams; three years in prison and a fine of $15,000 or such larger amount as is sufficient to exhaust the assets utilized in and the proceeds from the illegal activity; however, if at the time of sentencing the defendant has been convicted of another drug trafficking offense: five years in prison and $30,000 or such larger amount as is sufficient to exhaust the assets utilized in and the proceeds from the illegal activity; . . .
18 Pa.C.S. § 7508(a)(2)(ii).
Recently, in a series of cases, this Court has held that mandatory
minimum sentences imposed under certain subsections of 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508
were illegal. See Commonwealth v. Cardwell, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2014
-4- J. S71039/14
WL 6656644, *6 (Pa. Super. Nov. 25, 2014) (concluding trial court erred by
imposing mandatory minimum sentence under subsection 7508(a)(4)(i));
Commonwealth v. Fennell, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2014 WL 6505791, *6
(Pa. Super. Nov. 21, 2014) (vacating mandatory minimum sentence
imposed per subsection 7508(a)(7)(i)); Commonwealth v. Thompson, 93
A.3d 478, 493 (Pa. Super. 2014) (holding mandatory minimum sentence
under subsection 7508(a)(2)(ii) was illegal); see also Commonwealth v.
Valentine, 101 A.3d 801, 812 (Pa. Super. 2014) (declaring mandatory
minimum sentence set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9712 and 9713 were
unconstitutional); Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86, 103 (Pa.
Super. 2014) (en banc) (holding unconstitutional mandatory minimum
sentence imposed under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9712.1).
The Thompson Court opined as follows:
[A]pplication of the mandatory minimum sentence in this case constituted an illegal sentence in violation of Alleyne v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013).
According to the Alleyne Court, a fact that increases the sentencing floor is an element of the crime. Thus, it ruled that facts that mandatorily increase the range of penalties for a defendant must be submitted to a fact-finder and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The Alleyne decision, therefore, renders those Pennsylvania mandatory minimum sentencing statutes that do not pertain to prior convictions constitutionally infirm insofar as they permit a judge to automatically increase a defendant’s sentence based on a preponderance of the evidence standard.
. . . Alleyne necessarily implicated Pennsylvania’s legality of sentencing construct since it held that it is improper to
-5- J. S71039/14
sentence a person to a mandatory minimum sentence absent a jury’s finding of facts that support the mandatory sentence. Application of a mandatory minimum sentence gives rise to illegal sentence concerns, even where the sentence is within the statutory limits.
Thompson, 93 A.3d at 493-94 (citations omitted). The Thompson Court
thus vacated the defendant’s sentence under subsection 7508(a)(2)(ii) as
illegal and remanded for resentencing. Id. at 494. Instantly, given the
Thompson Court opined on the exact same subsection invoked to impose
the mandatory minimum sentence on Appellant, we similarly vacate his
sentence and remand for resentencing. See id.
Commonwealth’s application for extension of time to file brief granted.
Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 1/13/2015
-6- Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF YORK COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CRIMINAL DIVISION
COMMONWEALTH
v. NO. CP-67-CR-3797-2012
MARCUS R. McMILLAN n Defend ant/Appellant r rrtD Ale) ~z -~ -r--..,. ,--.•'. ~ COUNSEL OF RECORD: 0 0 t':'::'cor: ." 0-) c) , (J,-, Jennifer M. Smith, Esquire Heather A. Reiner, Esquire g~ ~~~~: ~ ...r.. I .
Counsel for the Commonwealth Counsel for Defendant!Appejj.f* --i en CJl OPINION IN SUPPORT OF ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 1925(a) OF THE RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
The Court received a Notice of Appeal, filed on February 21, 2014, that the Defendant appeals to
the Superior Court of Pennsylvania the judgment of sentence, issued by the Court on January 29,2014.
The Court has reviewed the record, and the Defendant's Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal,
docketed on March 17, 2014. This Court now issues this Opinion in support of its judgment of sentence,
dated January 29,2014.
I. Procedural History
From August 12 to August 14,2013, the Court held ajury trial for the Defendant in this case. On
August 14, the jury found the Defendant guilty of possession with intent to deliver cocaine, under 35 P.S.
§ 780-113(a)(30) and found the Defendant not guilty of numerous firearm charges. Thejury further found
that the amount of cocaine was more than 10 grams but less than 100 grams. The jury did not find that a
firearm was in close proximity. On October 30,2013, the Defendant returned to court for sentencing in
this matter. Due to the weight of the cocaine found by the jury, the Commonwealth filed notice that they
I Ir) I '·.X '--I Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
were seeking the mandatory sentence pursuant to 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 7508. The Court sentenced the
Defendant in accordance with this mandatory, and it imposed a sentence of 5 to 10 years in a state
cOlTectional institution and a $30,000 fine.
The Defendant filed a post-sentence motion on November 8, 2013. The Court conducted a
hearing on the Defendant's motion on January 29,2014, and heard argument from both palties. At the
conclusion of the hearing, the Court denied the Defendant's post-sentence motion.
The Defendant filed a notice of appeal on February 21, 2014. The Court issued an order on
February 25,2014, for the Defendant to file a Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. On April
17,2014, the Court received the Defendant's 1925(b) statement.
The Defendant now challenges four issues on appeal. First, the Defendant argues that the Court
elTed by denying the Defendant's oral motion to suppress. Second, the Defendant argues that the
Commonwealth presented insufficient evidence for the jury to find the Defendant guilty ofPWID beyond a
reasonable doubt. Third, the Defendant argues that the jury's verdict with regard to PWID goes against the
weight of the evidence presented at trial. Fourth, the Defendant argues that the Court elTed by imposing
the mandatory minimum sentence under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 7508 because the statute is unconstitutional.
II. Facts
At approximately 12:17 p.m. on the afternoon of April 10, 2012, the York City police received an
anonymous phone call regarding an incident OCCUlTing at 412 East College Avenue. (N,T., Trial 8112-
8/14/2013, pp. 86-87). The caller informed police that three black males were smoking marijuana in a
green truck parked at that location. Id at 87. Officers Meeker and Glatfelter responded to that location
and approached the vehicle in question, which at that point had only two black, male occupants. Jd at 88.
After obtaining and running the identification from both the driver (Defendant) and passenger, Officer 2 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
Glatfelter infonned Officer Meeker that the passenger had warrants out for his arrest. Id. at 90. At that
point, both officers knew they had to take the passenger into custody. Id.
Officer Meeker re-approached the vehicle on the passenger side and infonned the passenger that
he had warrants and needed to be taken into custody. Id. at 91. On his approach to the vehicle, Officer
Meeker testified that he observed the passenger looking over his shoulder and shifting around in his seat.
Id at 106. He also explained that he heard a very loud, metallic "thunk" on what he thought to be the
floorboard. Id Officer Meeker testified that he had previously heard similar noises, and his experience as
a police officer told him that it may be a gun. Id
Because the thought of a gun raised concern for officer safety in a high crime area, Officer Meeker
commanded the passenger to show his hands. Id at 107-08. At that time, the passenger's left hand was
concealed near the center console of the vehicle. Id at 108. Officer Meeker was concerned that the
passenger was concealing a weapon. Id Officer Meeker then drew his sideann and repeated his command
for the passenger to show his hands. Id The passenger then started to exit the vehicle; however, Officer
Meeker explained that he continued to keep his left hand concealed between the passenger seat and center
console. Id Officer Meeker then testified that he grabbed the passenger and pulled him out of the vehicle.
Id
While attempting to take the passenger into custody, a struggle ensued between both officers and
the passenger. Id at 91. At this point in time, the main attention of both officers was on the passenger and
handcuffing him. Id at 93. Both officers explained that the Defendant (driver) was not their main focus.
Id. Officer Glatfelter testified that the Defendant did walk up to the driver side rear of the vehicle at one
point, and the Defendant complied when Officer Glatfelter commanded him to get back. Id at 93. A shOlt
time later, the Defendant returned on the passenger side of the vehicle, and the Defendant appeared to be 3 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
videotaping the incident with his cell phone. Id at 93. Officer Glatfelter explained that he saw the
Defendant's hand outstretched in front of him. Id at 94. When asked to get back again, the Defendant
complied. Id
Once the passenger was handcuffed and other officers had arrived, Officer Glatfelter informed the
other officers that the Defendant had been videotaping the incident and that he wanted the phone as
evidence. Id at 95, 118. Officer Hartman testified that the phone was important because it would show
the struggle and the assault on the two officers. Id at 118-19. Officer Glatfelter informed the other
officers that the man with the phone was a black male with dreadlocks and wearing black. Id at 96, 119.
Officer Hartman began to canvas the area and eventually found the Defendant standing near the breezeway
between 410 and 412 East College Avenue. Id 121-22. Officer Hartman testified thatthe only people in
the backyard (location of incident) at that time were the officers, the arrested passenger, the Defendant, and
a resident of 412 East College. Id at 121.
After the police retrieved the Defendant's cell phone, the officers told him he was free to leave the
area, and the officers continued to look for the keys to the vehicle. Id. at 122-23. While looking for the
car keys, Officer Aikey found an empty Newport cigarette pack with 9.8 grams of crack cocaine inside it.
Id at 164. The 9.8 grams consisted 00 separate, individual packages. Id at 224. The empty pack was
found near the breezeway entrance to the backyard. Id Officer Kirby testified that when he al1'ived on
scene and came through the breezeway, the Defendant had been standing very near to the location where
the cocaine was found. Id at 172-74. Officer Kirby also realized that the Defendant had removed his vest.
Id Officer Hartman testified that the Newport cigarette pack was not dirty after being retrieved from the
ground. Id at 130. At that time, the Defendant was placed under al1'est. Id at 131.
After being placed under al1'est, the Defendant was searched, and the officers found $50.00 in 4 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
cash. Id at 134. The car keys were not found; however, the police did obtain a search warrant for the
vehicle. Id at 135. The vehicle was registered to the Defendant's sister. Id at 147-48. When the vehicle
was searched, police found an empty Newport cigarette pack and 2.8 grams of unpack aged crack cocaine
in the center console. Id at 135. Officer Hartman testified that crack cocaine is usually smoked, and no
use paraphernalia was found either inside or outside of the vehicle. Id at 150. At trial, the
Commonwealth's expert witness on possession with intent to deliver testified that, in his expelt opinion,
the crack cocaine found was possessed to sell. Id at 213-232.
III. Matters Complained of on Appeal
A. Suppression Motion
The Defendant argues that the Court erred by denying his oral suppression motion presented to the
Court before the start of the trial. Specifically, the Defendant argues that the Court erred when it found
that sufficient probable cause existed for the officers to search the Defendant's vehicle. We disagree and
conclude that probable cause did exist to search the Defendant's vehicle.
In order to search the Defendant's vehicle, the officers needed probable cause to obtain a search
warrant. Probable cause is determined by the totality ofthe circumstances. Commonwealth v. Clark, 735
A.2d 1248, 1252 CPa. 1999). Probable cause is governed by an objective standard, and it "must be viewed
from the vantage point of a prudent, reasonable, cautious police officer on the scene at the time of the
arrest guided by his experience and training." Id.
In this case, after viewing the totality of the circumstances, the Court concludes that the officers
did have probable cause to obtain a search warrant for the Defendant's vehicle. The Court supports its
original ruling on the suppression issue and finds that it was not an abuse of discretion. The Court stated
5 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
its rationale for finding probable cause in the instant case on the record before trial. (See N.T., Trial, pp.
69-70). The Court defers to its original reasoning and concludes that the officers had probable cause to
search the Defendant's vehicle after obtaining a search warrant. For this reason, the Court properly
admitted the evidence seized as a result of that search.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence for Possession with Intent to Deliver
The Defendant argues that the evidence presented by the Commonwealth at trial was insufficient
for the jury to find the Defendant guilty ofPWID beyond a reasonable doubt. The Defendant contends
that the evidence was insufficient to prove either constructive possession of the cocaine or intent to deliver
it. We disagree.
Where the challenge is to sufficiency of evidence, the evidence must be reviewed "in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be
drawn fi'om the evidence." Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (pa. 2000); see Commonwealth
v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 805 (Pa. Super. 2008). For the conviction to be upheld, the evidence must
be sufficient to allow the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. In
proving the crime, the Commonwealth may rely solely on circumstantial evidence, and the fact-finder is
permitted to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. Id. at 806; see also Commonwealth v. Markman,
916 A.2d 586,598 (Pa. 2007). Any doubts about the defendant's guilt are to be resolved by the fact-finder
unless the evidence was so weak and inconclusive that no probability of fact could be drawn from the
evidence. Commonwealth v. Habay, 934 A.2d 732, 735 (Pa. Super. 2007). "The trier of fact bears the
responsibility of assessing the credibility of the witnesses and weighing the evidence presented."
Commonwealth v. Newton, 994 A.2d 1127, 1131 (Pa. Super. 2010) (quoting Commonwealthv. Pruitt, 951
A.2d 307, 313 (Pa. 2008)). 6 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
To satisfy the elements of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, the
Commonwealth must prove that the defendant possessed a controlled substance and intended to deliver
that same controlled substance. 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30); see also Commonwealth v. Bricker, 882 A.2d
1008 (Pa. Super. 2005). When the defendant was not found with the controlled substance on his person,
"the Commonwealth [is] required to establish that [defendant] had constructive possession of the seized
items" or controlled substance. Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 AJd 426, 430 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citing
Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 831 A.2d 607, 611 (Pa. Super. 2003)). "Constructive possession is a legal
fiction." Commonwealth v. Johnson, 26 A.3d 1078, 1093 (Pa. 2011)(citations omitted). Pennsylvania
courts have defined constructive possession "the ability to exercise a conscious dominion over the illegal
substance: the power to control the [illegal substance] and the intent to exercise that control."
Commonwealth v. Johnson, 26 A.3d 1078, 1093 (Pa. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Valette, 613 A.2d
548,550 (Pa. 1992)). The intent to maintain a conscious dominion can be proved and inferred from the
totality of the circumstances. Johnson, 26 A.3d at 1094 (quoting Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469 A.2d
132, 134 (Pa. 1983). As such, the Commonwealth may prove constructive possession of a controlled
substance by circumstantial evidence. Id
The second element the Commonwealth must prove is intent to deliver the controlled substance
possessed by the defendant. Under Pennsylvania law, "the fact-finder may infer intent to deliver drugs
from the facts and circumstances surrounding the case." Commonwealth v. Heater, 899 A.2d 1126, 1131
(Pa. Super. 2006) (citing Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 831 A.2d 607, 611 (Pa. Super. 2003)). Many
relevant factors may be considered when determining if intent to deliver exists in a particular case, and
these factors include: "the manner of packaging, the absence of paraph emalia for drug use, the behavior of
the defendant, the presence of large amounts of cash, and expert opinion testimony." Heater, 899 A.2d at 7 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
1131 (citations omitted).
As stated previously, the Court must first determine whether the Defendant constructively
possessed the cocaine seized by police, which includes both the cocaine found in the car and in the empty
cigarette pack. More specifically, the issue is whether the circumstances show that the Defendant had the
ability to exercise conscious dominion over the cocaine. See Johnson, supra. The Defendant argues that
the evidence presented was not sufficient to prove constructive possession beyond a reasonable doubt. We
disagree.
The evidence presented at trial revealed that the police located the 9.8 grams of cocaine in the
cigarette pack very near to where the police saw the Defendant standing. (N. T., Trial 8/12-8/14/2013, pp.
164, 172-74). The Defendant, the arrested passenger, and the police officers were the only people in the
backyard area at the time the cocaine was located. Id. at 121. Officer Kirby testified that the Defendant
had removed his vest after more police had arrived on scene. Id. at 172-74. Officer Kirby further
explained that the cigarette pack was not dirty when it was found. Id. at 130. These facts provide
sufficient evidence for ajury to find that the 9.8 grams of cocaine packaged in the cigarette pack were
property of the Defendant. Common sense tells the COUli, and most likely the jury, that the Defendant
walked over to the breezeway to get rid of the 9.8 grams of cocaine. The circumstances show that this
cocaine was the Defendant's property. See Johnson, supra. The fact that the cocaine was separated into
three individual packages inside the cigarette pack shows the Defendant's "conscious dominion" over the
9:8 grams of cocaine. See Johnson, supra. The individual packaging and the use of the empty cigarette
pack to disguise the drugs shows the required intent to control the cocaine. As such, the Court concludes
that the Defendant constructively possessed the 9.8 grams of cocaine found by police in the empty
cigarette pack. 8 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
The Court also concludes that the Defendant possessed or constructively possessed the 2.8 grams
of cocaine in his car. The cocaine was found unpackaged in his center console. This fact alone shows that
the Defendant had a conscious dominion over the cocaine in his own car. The Court concludes that the
Defendant constructively possessed both weights of cocaine found by the police, and as such, the Court
concludes that the evidence was sufficient to establish this element ofPWID beyond a reasonable doubt.
The Court must next consider whether the Defendant possessed intent to deliver the cocaine found
in both his car and the empty cigarette pack. To analyze this element, the Court must consider the totality
of the circumstances and review the applicable factors mentioned previously.
As mentioned before, many relevant factors may be considered when determining if intent to
deliver exists in a particular case, and these factors include: "the manner of packaging, the absence of
paraphernalia for drug use, the behavior of the defendant, the presence of large amounts of cash, and
expert opinion testimony." Heater, 899 A.2d at 1131 (citations omitted). The Commonwealth called
Detective Andrew Shaffer to testifY as an expert witness in the area of possession with intent to deliver. In
this case, the cocaine found in the cigarette pack was individually packaged into three separate baggies.
Officer Shaffer testified that drugs are commonly packaged in items, such as cigarette packs, to disguise its
true identity, and he further explained that each individual package of cocaine in the cigarette pack seemed
split into "eight balls," a common term for a particular weight on the street. (N. T., Trial, 8/12-8/14/2013,
pp. 216-17, 224. The police found no use paraphernalia in this case, and Officer Shaffer testified that
crack cocaine must be smoked in order for a user to feel its effects. Id at 150, 215-16. Officer Shaffer,
after viewing all the factors of this individual case, testified that in his expert opinion, the cocaine found
was possessed with the intent to deliver it. Id at 213-232.
The Court finds that the testimony presented at trial provides enough circumstances to infer intent 9 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
to deliver cocaine in this case. Since the Commonwealth is entitled to all reasonable inferences, the Court
concludes the evidence presented was sufficient for ajury to find the element of intent to deliver beyond a
reasonable doubt. Since the evidence was sufficient to establish both possession and intent to deliver, the
Court concludes that the jury had sufficient evidence to find the Defendant gUilty of PWID beyond a
reasonable doubt.
C. Weight of the Evidence
The Defendant argues that the Jury's verdict goes against the weight of the evidence presented
during trial. Specifically, the Defendant contends that no credible or reliable evidence exists to prove that
the Defendant committed PWID in this case.
"The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact who is free to believe all, palt, or
none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses." Commonwealth v. Champney, 832
A.2d 403,408 (Pa. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v. Johnson, 668 A.2d 97, 101 (Pa. 1995), cert. denied,
519 U.S. 827 (1996)). "The trial court should grant a new trial only where the verdict is so contrary to the
evidence as to shock one's sense of justice and not where the evidence is conflicting or where the trial
judge would have reached a different conclusion on the same facts." Lombardo v. DeLeon, 828 A.2d 372,
374 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2003) (citing Davis v. Mullen, 773 A.2d 764, 766 (Pa. 2001)).
In the instant case, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of numerous officers that were
present before or during the Defendant's arrest. The Commonwealth also presented expert testimony from
Detective Shaffer, who was qualified as an expert in possession with intent to deliver. The jury found this
testimony to be credible, and as the fact-finder, the jUly was free to believe all, part or none of the officers'
testimony. See Champney, supra. The jury's decision to believe the testimony of these officers and give
that testimony enough weight to find each element ofPWID does not shock the Court's sense of justice. 10 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
As such, the Defendant was not entitled to a new trial, and the Court concludes that the jury's verdict does
not go against the weight of the evidence presented at trial.
D. Legality of Mandatory Minimum Sentence
Lastly, the Defendant argues that the Court committed legal error by imposing the mandatory
rriinimum sentence pursuant to 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 7S08(a)(2)(ii). Specifically, the Defendant argues that the
decision in Alleyne v. United States makes this statute unconstitutional, and as such, the statute and
application ofthe mandatory minimum sentence violated the Defendant's right to trial by jury and right to
due process. 133 S. Ct. 21S1, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013). We disagree.
The Court stated its position, in full, during the sentencing hearing, which was held before the
Court on October 30,2013. The Commonwealth did file its notice that they were seeking the mandatory
pursuant to § 7S08. At the sentencing hearing, the Court stated the following:
THE COURT: We don't need ajudge in this case. There is no role for the jUdge ... [TJhe legislature has taken this out of the hands of judges. They have decided that they know better. The mandatory penalty is S to 10 years, and the Commonwealth is invoking it. We have to follow it and if I were not to, the case could come back on appeal and I would be directed to impose the mandatory sentence [ ... J THE COURT: Over 10 grams of cocaine. That by itself triggers the mandatory which the Commonwealth has filed and invoked. The basis for invoking it is the conviction for possession with intent to deliver cocaine, and more specifically, that the amount was between 10 and 100 grams. The Court is duty bound to impose the mandatory minimum of S to 10 years. We would note that the Defendant does have a prior drug conviction from 2006 [ ... J.
See N.T., Sentence 10/30/2013, pp. 2-3. The Court clearly stated its reasons during the sentencing
hearing, and in fact, the Court has no discretion during sentencing in the instant case. During the hearing
on the Defendant's post-sentence motion, the Court explained the compliance with the Alleyne decision as
follows: 11 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
THE COURT: Well, we note the jury found the Defendant not guilty of seven different charges of fireanns, so the jury did a good job of separating these things but they did however find, actually eight. They did find him guilty ofPWID cocaine. They found it was over ten grams, so that finding was made by the jury. They found there was [not] a fireann in close proximity, which would have further enhanced it. The Alleyne decision has been complied with.
See N.T., Post-Sentence Motion 1129/2014, p. 7.
The Court sentenced the Defendant according to the current state of the law in both Pennsylvania
and the United States. The Court complied with the requirements enunciated in the Alleyne decision. As
such, the Court concludes that the Defendant's sentence was proper and defers to its original ruling and
rationale stated on the record.
IV. Conclusion
Based upon the reasons stated above, this Court respectfully urges affinnance the Court's
judgment of sentence, entered on October 31, 2013.
BY THE COURT,
- DATED: May 1.-1 r-, 2014 MICHAEL E. BORTNER, JUDGE
12 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM
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Serviced TO: BY: . Mail CERT Mail Inler- Office Hand DEL FAX E- MAIL I r------------------, D RE-SCAN needed I 1. ~ I I I Reason: :')-14 I 2. I s: o r/ .;() lilJ(r ~ =r Q) CD 3. m RETURN TO RECORDS UNIT -------------------- I I
I attest and certify that as Deputy Clerk of Courts I have properly Serviced and Docketed the documents related to this case action and have verified the completeness and image quality of the scanned documents. Docketed in CPCMS
D Scanned Images OK - Verified / aC'd Signature or Stamp - Deputy Clerk of Courts
Don O'SheJI - York County Clerk of Courts L1 541591 Tuesday, May 27,201404:15:55 PM