Com v. Mandato, R.

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: February 14, 2022
• Docket: 1309 EDA 2021
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

J-A03019-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : ROBERT MANDATO : No. 1309 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered June 17, 2021 In the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-52-CR-0000593-2020

BEFORE: STABILE, J., DUBOW, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 14, 2022

The Commonwealth appeals from the Jun 17, 2021 Order entered in the

Court of Common Pleas of Pike County granting Appellee Robert Mandato’s

Motion to Suppress evidence obtained from a warrantless search conducted

during a traffic stop. After careful review, we affirm.

We glean the following factual and procedural history from the

suppression court’s opinion and the certified record. At approximately 1:30

a.m. on October 16, 2020, Trooper Matthew Cruver was on patrol with his

partner, Trooper Adam Thomas, when he observed a Chrysler sedan traveling

74 mph in a 65 mph zone. After confirming the car’s speed using radar,

Trooper Cruver initiated a traffic stop. Doing so activated a mobile video/audio

recording device (“MVR”) on the cruiser’s dashboard, which recorded the

entire interaction. J-A03019-22

After the Chrysler pulled over, Trooper Cruver approached Appellee, the

driver and sole occupant of the car, and asked for his license and registration.

Because the car was registered to a different person, Trooper Cruver asked

Appellee who the registered owner of the car was and where he was traveling.

Appellee explained that the car was his mother’s, and that he was traveling

from New York to Pittsburgh. During this conversation, Trooper Cruver noticed

the “strong odor of marijuana,” and that Appellee was nervous and shaking.

N.T. Suppression, 5/3/21 at 12.

Trooper Cruver asked Appellee to step out of the Chrysler for further

questioning. Once Appellee was out of the car, Trooper Cruver asked him if he

had smoked marijuana recently. Appellee replied that he had not. Trooper

Cruver then told Appellee “we’re gonna search the car; because of the smell

we have probable cause to search the car.” Suppression Ex. A, MVR, 10/16/20,

at 27:00. The trooper then asked Appellee whether, if the troopers searched

the vehicle, they would find any marijuana. Appellee responded “you’re gonna

find a lot.” Id. at 27:50. The troopers never asked for consent to search the

vehicle.

Trooper Cruver then performed field sobriety tests on Appellee. As he

did so, approximately five minutes into the traffic stop, Trooper Thomas

searched the vehicle, where he found “five to six laundry bags” of marijuana

in the trunk. N.T. Suppression at 15. After discovering the marijuana, the

troopers arrested Appellee. At some point, the troopers also called a tow truck

for the car.

-2- J-A03019-22

After the search, the troopers called for backup. Because they were the

only troopers on duty in Pike County, this involved calling in troopers from

nearby Wayne County, who arrived approximately an hour and a half later.

The cruiser’s recording of the stop shows that the troopers remained at the

scene, with Appellee in their cruiser, for this entire period.

The troopers also contacted Corporal Shawn Smith, their supervisor, to

begin applying for a warrant. Corporal Smith prepared an application for a

warrant to search the vehicle, which included the discovery of the five bags of

marijuana in its statement of probable cause. Following the county’s normal

warrant process, the district attorney approved the application at 11:55 a.m.

the next morning, and the magistrate approved the application one hour later.

The Commonwealth charged Appellee with Possession of a Controlled

Substance with Intent to Deliver, Possession of a Controlled Substance, and

Possession of a Small Amount of Marijuana for Personal Use.1 Appellee moved

to suppress the evidence seized during the warrantless search of the vehicle.

At the suppression hearing held on May 3, 2021, Trooper Cruver and

Corporal Smith testified to the above facts. Trooper Cruver also testified that

he did not intend to allow Appellee to return to the vehicle. Trooper Cruver

did not at any point testify that he believed that the conditions of the stop

were dangerous, that he had any subjective concern that the evidence would

be lost or that Appellee would flee, or that he otherwise believed at the time

____________________________________________

1 35 Pa.C.S. § 780-113(a)(30), (a)(16), and (a)(31)(i), respectively.

-3- J-A03019-22

that that there was any immediate need to conduct the search. Corporal Smith

also testified regarding the “general process” for obtaining a late-night

warrant in Pike County, which he estimated generally takes about four hours

and involves paging an on-call attorney and magistrate, but did not testify

that he followed that procedure in this instance. Id. at 27-28. The suppression

court also took judicial notice that Pike County is a large, rural county with a

small staff of troopers and magistrates. The Commonwealth admitted the MVR

recording of the stop and the warrant application into evidence.

After the hearing, the suppression court granted the motion. This timely

appeal followed. The Commonwealth presents the following issue:

Whether the totality of the circumstances of the only state troopers in an entire county on midnight patrol, who discover probable cause to believe a vehicle contains evidence of a crime during a routine traffic stop, and the driver is not in custody, present exigent circumstances to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle?

Commonwealth’s Br. at 4.

On review of a grant of a suppression motion, our review “is limited to

determining whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by

the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are

correct.” Commonwealth v. Stem, 96 A.3d 407, 409 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(citation omitted). “The scope of review from a suppression ruling is limited

to the evidentiary record created at the suppression hearing.”

-4- J-A03019-22

Commonwealth v. Neal, 151 A.3d 1068, 1071 (Pa. Super. 2016).2 We defer

to the suppression court, “as factfinder[,] to pass on the credibility of

witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.” Commonwealth v.

Elmobdy, 823 A.2d 180, 183 (Pa. Super. 2003). “[H]owever, we maintain de

novo review over the suppression court's legal conclusions.” Commonwealth

v. Brown, 996 A.2d 473, 476 (Pa. 2010) (citation omitted). Once a defendant

files a motion to suppress, “it is the Commonwealth's burden to prove, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that the challenged evidence was not obtained

in violation of the defendant’s rights.” Commonwealth v. Wallace, 42 A.3d

1040, 1047–48 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H).

At the suppression hearing, Appellee conceded that Trooper Cruver had

probable cause to initiate the stop and to search the car. Likewise, the

Commonwealth does not dispute that the troopers performed a search of the

vehicle without a warrant. The sole area of dispute is whether exigent

circumstances existed to support the Trooper’s warrantless search of

Appellee’s vehicle.

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 8 of our state Constitution protect citizens from unreasonable searches

and seizures. In re D.M., 781 A.2d 1161, 1163 (Pa. 2001). The Pennsylvania

2 Ordinarily, we would be limited to reviewing only the evidence that the defendant presented and uncontroverted evidence that the Commonwealth presented. Commonwealth v. Trahey, 228 A.3d 520, 529 (Pa. 2020). Because only the Commonwealth presented evidence at the suppression hearing, however, we may consider all of the Commonwealth’s evidence. Id.

-5- J-A03019-22

Constitution’s protections are broader than those of the United States

Constitution in this regard and extend to protect an “individual’s privacy

interest in all of his or her possessions or things in any place they may be,

which would include, by necessity, when they are located inside of an

automobile.” Commonwealth v. Alexander, 243 A.3d 177, 202–03 (Pa.

2020) (quoting Commonwealth v. Gary, 91 A.3d 102, 143 (Pa. 2014) (Todd,

J., dissenting)). The exclusionary rule safeguards these protections by barring

the use of illegally obtained evidence in state prosecutions. Commonwealth

v. Arter, 151 A.3d 149, 153–54 (Pa. 2016). The Pennsylvania courts do not

recognize a good faith exception to the exclusionary rule in regards to Article

I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Commonwealth v. Edmunds,

586 A.2d 887, 905-906 (Pa. 1991).

Owing to these broader protections under our state Constitution,

Pennsylvania Courts apply a “limited automobile exception” when reviewing

warrantless searches of automobiles, requiring the Commonwealth to prove

the existence of both probable cause and exigent circumstances in order to

overcome a motion to suppress. Alexander, 243 A.3d at 207. “Obtaining a

warrant is the default rule. If an officer proceeds to conduct a warrantless

search, a reviewing court will be required to determine whether exigent

circumstances existed to justify the officer’s judgment that obtaining a

warrant was not reasonably practicable.” Id. at 208.

Exigent circumstances exist when there is a “compelling need for official

action and no time to secure a warrant.” Commonwealth v. Trahey, 228

-6- J-A03019-22

A.3d 520, 530 (Pa. 2020) (citation omitted). While this definition is

intentionally broad, this “compelling need” generally exists “either because

evidence is likely to be destroyed, or because there exists a threat of physical

harm to police officers or other innocent individuals.” Commonwealth v.

Stewart, 740 A.2d 712, 717 (Pa. Super. 1999) (citation omitted). “In

evaluating the presence of an exigency, we consider the totality of the

circumstances.” Trahey, 228 A.3d at 530. This, in turn, requires courts to

conduct a “careful case-by-case assessment of exigency,” rather than

applying broad per se standards. Id. at 531 (citation omitted).

In its opinion accompanying its grant of the suppression motion, the

suppression court found that, “[a]t the time of the warrantless search,

[Appellee] was outside of the vehicle and under the observation of the

[t]roopers, the car was in a stationary position[, Appellee] would not be

permitted to get back into the vehicle[, and Appellee] already admitted that

the [t]roopers would find a large amount of marijuana in the vehicle[;]” thus

“both the vehicle and any alleged evidence which might be recovered from a

search of the vehicle were securely out of the Defendant’s reach.” Suppression

Ct. Op. at 5. As a result, it concluded, “suppression is warranted in the instant

case as exigent circumstances did not exist.” Id.

We agree with the suppression court’s conclusions. At the time the

troopers performed the search, Appellee was outside of the vehicle and fully

cooperating with the officers, so there was no reasonable basis to believe that

he might flee. Likewise, as the trial court noted, Trooper Cruver did not testify

-7- J-A03019-22

to any subjective concern that the evidence might be lost, that the search was

necessary to address a safety threat, or that there existed any other

circumstances that compelled the officers to immediately search the vehicle

instead of waiting for a warrant. As such, the Commonwealth failed to meet

its burden of proving that exigent circumstances existed to justify the

warrantless search. The suppression court thus appropriately ordered the

evidence suppressed.

In its brief, the Commonwealth argues that exigent circumstances

existed because the police had no advance notice that the vehicle contained

contraband prior to the stop, and so had no opportunity to obtain a warrant

in advance, forcing them to wait several hours for a warrant given the late

hour and Pike County’s limited infrastructure. As a result, it argues, troopers

were faced with the “Hobson’s choice” of (1) conducing the warrantless

search, (2) “leaving [Appellee] with the vehicle while they left to pursue

obtaining a search warrant[,]” or (3) “detain[ing Appellee at the roadside]

while tying up troopers from two counties for a minimum of four hours to

obtain a search warrant.” Commonwealth’s Br. at 19.3 This argument is

unavailing. As the suppression court noted, the Commonwealth does not

argue that waiting for a warrant would have posed a danger to the troopers ____________________________________________

3 We note that the Commonwealth ignores another option available to the troopers: arrest Appellee based on his admission that he was transporting a large amount of marijuana and impound the vehicle while waiting for the magistrate to approve the warrant application. In re I.M.S., 124 A.3d 311, 317 (Pa. Super. 2015) (“officer had probable cause to arrest [the defendant] after he admitted to possessing drugs”).

-8- J-A03019-22

or risked the destruction of the evidence; at most, it argues that waiting for

the warrant would have been inconvenient. This does not meet the

Commonwealth’s burden of demonstrating a compelling need for official action

and a lack of time to secure a warrant. Moreover, the circumstances that the

Commonwealth argues create exigency—that the officers had no advance

notice of the contraband and that waiting for a warrant would tie up the

county’s scarce resources—apply to virtually every late-night traffic stop

conducted in a rural county. As such, the Commonwealth fails to articulate the

kind of case-specific circumstances necessary to show exigency. Its

arguments, thus, fail.

At the suppression hearing, the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden

of proving the existence of exigent circumstances justifying the warrantless

search of Appellee’s vehicle. As a result, the suppression court did not abuse

its discretion in granting the Motion to Suppress.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 2/14/2022

-9-