J-A08018-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : BRENDAN ALEXANDE LINTON : : Appellant : No. 747 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 26, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-10-CR-0001351-2021
BEFORE: STABILE, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED: July 21, 2023
Brendan Alexande Linton (“Linton”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed following his conviction for pedalcycle operated at a safe
speed not to impede traffic.1 We affirm.
The relevant factual and procedural history of this matter is as follows.
On July 31, 2021, Linton was operating his bicycle well-below the posted
speed limits on Evans City Road (Route 68) in Butler Township, and
consequently impeding the flow of vehicular traffic. Trooper Joshua Osche
charged Linton with several summary offenses, and the matter proceeded to
a summary trial.
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 See 75 Pa.C.S.A. 3364(b)(2). J-A08018-23
At trial, Trooper Osche testified that when he observed Linton riding his
bicycle in the westbound traffic lane of Route 68, he recalled hearing
complaints of slow-moving bicycles impeding traffic in the area. See N.T.,
5/26/22, at 6. The trooper moved into the westbound traffic lane to follow
Linton’s direction of travel and activated his dashboard camera to record
Linton’s actions. Id. The trooper indicated that Route 68 is a “heavily
traveled” two-lane roadway, and that “there were several vehicles queued in
traffic following behind . . . Linton.” Id. at 8. The trooper noted that there
was an “extremely wide” berm to the side of the roadway in this area;
however, Linton took no “steps to accommodate the flow of traffic, pull over
onto the berm, or even acknowledge any other vehicles behind him.” Id. The
trooper also explained that several vehicles tried to get around Linton, but
there was oncoming traffic. Id. The trooper indicated that he also tried to
get around Linton but was unable to do so due to oncoming traffic. Id. at 9.
Ultimately, the trooper initiated a traffic stop. Id. Upon being pulled
over by the trooper, Linton refused to provide his identification and claimed
that he was not required to do so. Id. Although Linton refused to identify
himself, the trooper recalled his name from prior similar offenses, and was
able to pull up Linton’s name, address, and photograph on his computer. Id.
at 10. The trooper returned from the vehicle and asked Linton to confirm his
name and current address, which he did. Id. The trooper then informed
Linton that a citation would be mailed to him. Id. Linton was charged with
-2- J-A08018-23
pedalcycle operated at a safe speed not to impede traffic, disorderly conduct,
and investigation by police officers.
The eight-minute video taken from the trooper’s dashboard camera was
then played for the court. Id. at 12. The video showed that the trooper
followed Linton for several miles on a clear sunny day. At times, Linton
operated his bicycle in the middle of the westbound traffic lane, and at other
times, he operated it near the right side of the lane, but always within the
lane. Because of nearly continuous on-coming traffic, several cars (including
the trooper’s vehicle) could not get around Linton. As the trooper was
following him, Linton’s bicycle passed from a speed zone of 45 miles per hour
(“mph”) into a speed zone of 55-mph zone. In the video, the trooper noted
that Linton’s speed in the 55-mph zone was nineteen mph, and that it had
been as slow as twelve mph in the 45-mph zone. The video showed that there
was a wide berm on the right side of the road that Linton could have used but
did not do so. See Commonwealth Exhibit 1; see also N.T., 5/26/22, at 12-
14 (wherein the audio portions of the video were transcribed into the record).
Linton took the stand and testified that the section of the road on which
he was travelling had a berm that was “particularly hazardous.” N.T.,
5/26/22, at 25. According to Linton, there were “some cracks and piles of . .
. gravel and rock and sand and items of that nature[,]” as well as “multiple
potholes the size of my head.” Id. Linton also testified that at one point in
the video, there is a construction vehicle parked on the side of the road with
-3- J-A08018-23
flashing lights, a pedestrian getting mail out of a mailbox, and rumble strips
to the right of the roadway at an intersection. Id. at 26. Linton stated that
he had no “obligation . . . to pull over when practical [so as not to impede
traffic or] to provide vehicles a safe passage if they can’t pass [him].” Id. at
32. Linton further stated that he had no obligation to look behind himself or
take any actions to alleviate any motor vehicle traffic behind him. Id. at 34.
Following the summary trial, the trial court found Linton guilty of pedalcycle
operated at a safe speed not to impede traffic and imposed a twenty-five-
dollar fine. Linton filed a timely notice of appeal, and both he and the trial
court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Linton raises the following issue for our review:
Was the evidence presented at trial insufficient to sustain Linton’s conviction for a violation of 75 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 3364(b)(2) because it was quantitatively and/or qualitatively insufficient to support a finding that Linton operated his pedalcycle at an unsafe or unreasonable speed, or that Linton failed to use reasonable efforts so as not to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic and where it appears that liability was predicated on the mere fact that Linton was operating a pedalcycle in the road?
Linton’s Brief at 6.
Our standard of review when reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence is de novo, while “our scope of review is limited to considering
the evidence of record, and all reasonable inferences arising therefrom,
viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict
winner.” Commonwealth v. Rushing, 99 A.3d 416, 420-21 (Pa. 2014).
“Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes
-4- J-A08018-23
each material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by
the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744
A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). The trier of fact is free to believe, all, part, or none
of the evidence presented when making credibility determinations. See
Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 45 (Pa. Super. 2016). “[T]his
Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder, and where
the record contains support for the convictions, they may not be disturbed.”
Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257, 261 (Pa. Super. 2016).
Pursuant to section 3364(b)(2), “[a] pedalcycle may be operated at a
safe and reasonable speed appropriate for the pedalcycle. A pedalcycle
operator shall use reasonable efforts so as not to impede the normal and
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
J-A08018-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : BRENDAN ALEXANDE LINTON : : Appellant : No. 747 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 26, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-10-CR-0001351-2021
BEFORE: STABILE, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED: July 21, 2023
Brendan Alexande Linton (“Linton”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed following his conviction for pedalcycle operated at a safe
speed not to impede traffic.1 We affirm.
The relevant factual and procedural history of this matter is as follows.
On July 31, 2021, Linton was operating his bicycle well-below the posted
speed limits on Evans City Road (Route 68) in Butler Township, and
consequently impeding the flow of vehicular traffic. Trooper Joshua Osche
charged Linton with several summary offenses, and the matter proceeded to
a summary trial.
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 See 75 Pa.C.S.A. 3364(b)(2). J-A08018-23
At trial, Trooper Osche testified that when he observed Linton riding his
bicycle in the westbound traffic lane of Route 68, he recalled hearing
complaints of slow-moving bicycles impeding traffic in the area. See N.T.,
5/26/22, at 6. The trooper moved into the westbound traffic lane to follow
Linton’s direction of travel and activated his dashboard camera to record
Linton’s actions. Id. The trooper indicated that Route 68 is a “heavily
traveled” two-lane roadway, and that “there were several vehicles queued in
traffic following behind . . . Linton.” Id. at 8. The trooper noted that there
was an “extremely wide” berm to the side of the roadway in this area;
however, Linton took no “steps to accommodate the flow of traffic, pull over
onto the berm, or even acknowledge any other vehicles behind him.” Id. The
trooper also explained that several vehicles tried to get around Linton, but
there was oncoming traffic. Id. The trooper indicated that he also tried to
get around Linton but was unable to do so due to oncoming traffic. Id. at 9.
Ultimately, the trooper initiated a traffic stop. Id. Upon being pulled
over by the trooper, Linton refused to provide his identification and claimed
that he was not required to do so. Id. Although Linton refused to identify
himself, the trooper recalled his name from prior similar offenses, and was
able to pull up Linton’s name, address, and photograph on his computer. Id.
at 10. The trooper returned from the vehicle and asked Linton to confirm his
name and current address, which he did. Id. The trooper then informed
Linton that a citation would be mailed to him. Id. Linton was charged with
-2- J-A08018-23
pedalcycle operated at a safe speed not to impede traffic, disorderly conduct,
and investigation by police officers.
The eight-minute video taken from the trooper’s dashboard camera was
then played for the court. Id. at 12. The video showed that the trooper
followed Linton for several miles on a clear sunny day. At times, Linton
operated his bicycle in the middle of the westbound traffic lane, and at other
times, he operated it near the right side of the lane, but always within the
lane. Because of nearly continuous on-coming traffic, several cars (including
the trooper’s vehicle) could not get around Linton. As the trooper was
following him, Linton’s bicycle passed from a speed zone of 45 miles per hour
(“mph”) into a speed zone of 55-mph zone. In the video, the trooper noted
that Linton’s speed in the 55-mph zone was nineteen mph, and that it had
been as slow as twelve mph in the 45-mph zone. The video showed that there
was a wide berm on the right side of the road that Linton could have used but
did not do so. See Commonwealth Exhibit 1; see also N.T., 5/26/22, at 12-
14 (wherein the audio portions of the video were transcribed into the record).
Linton took the stand and testified that the section of the road on which
he was travelling had a berm that was “particularly hazardous.” N.T.,
5/26/22, at 25. According to Linton, there were “some cracks and piles of . .
. gravel and rock and sand and items of that nature[,]” as well as “multiple
potholes the size of my head.” Id. Linton also testified that at one point in
the video, there is a construction vehicle parked on the side of the road with
-3- J-A08018-23
flashing lights, a pedestrian getting mail out of a mailbox, and rumble strips
to the right of the roadway at an intersection. Id. at 26. Linton stated that
he had no “obligation . . . to pull over when practical [so as not to impede
traffic or] to provide vehicles a safe passage if they can’t pass [him].” Id. at
32. Linton further stated that he had no obligation to look behind himself or
take any actions to alleviate any motor vehicle traffic behind him. Id. at 34.
Following the summary trial, the trial court found Linton guilty of pedalcycle
operated at a safe speed not to impede traffic and imposed a twenty-five-
dollar fine. Linton filed a timely notice of appeal, and both he and the trial
court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Linton raises the following issue for our review:
Was the evidence presented at trial insufficient to sustain Linton’s conviction for a violation of 75 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 3364(b)(2) because it was quantitatively and/or qualitatively insufficient to support a finding that Linton operated his pedalcycle at an unsafe or unreasonable speed, or that Linton failed to use reasonable efforts so as not to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic and where it appears that liability was predicated on the mere fact that Linton was operating a pedalcycle in the road?
Linton’s Brief at 6.
Our standard of review when reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence is de novo, while “our scope of review is limited to considering
the evidence of record, and all reasonable inferences arising therefrom,
viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict
winner.” Commonwealth v. Rushing, 99 A.3d 416, 420-21 (Pa. 2014).
“Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes
-4- J-A08018-23
each material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by
the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744
A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). The trier of fact is free to believe, all, part, or none
of the evidence presented when making credibility determinations. See
Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 45 (Pa. Super. 2016). “[T]his
Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder, and where
the record contains support for the convictions, they may not be disturbed.”
Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257, 261 (Pa. Super. 2016).
Pursuant to section 3364(b)(2), “[a] pedalcycle may be operated at a
safe and reasonable speed appropriate for the pedalcycle. A pedalcycle
operator shall use reasonable efforts so as not to impede the normal and
reasonable movement of traffic.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3364(b)(2).
Linton concedes that he was travelling between twelve and nineteen
miles per hour on Route 68 but argues that he was not impeding traffic “as
several vehicles were able to pass him.” Linton’s Brief at 17. Linton further
claims that it was necessary for him to travel in the traffic lane to avoid
hazards, including a parked construction vehicle, a pedestrian, potholes, and
a set of rumble strips.2 Linton also relies heavily on the PennDot bicycle
manual and contends that his bicycle is a vehicle.
2 Linton additionally claims that there was a sign saying, “keep off the shoulder.” Linton’s Brief at 17. However, at trial, Linton was cross-examined regarding the location of the sign and conceded that this sign was far off in (Footnote Continued Next Page)
-5- J-A08018-23
The trial court determined that Linton’s issue was meritless. The court
reasoned:
The trooper’s testimony and the [dashboard camera] video plainly point out the [Linton] was in violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3364(b)(2). The roadway in question has posted 45 and 55 [mph] limits. [Linton] was traveling from 12 [mph] to 25 [mph]. Clearly, [Linton] was impeding “the normal and reasonable movement of traffic.” Additionally, the drivers of the motor vehicles who attempted to pass and who indeed did drive around [Linton] were potentially placing themselves, [Linton,] and the oncoming traffic in grave danger. Lastly, [Linton] should have moved to the berm area to the right of the white fog line when motor vehicles were behind him.
Trial Court Opinion, 8/15/22, at 2-3.
Based on our review, we conclude that the evidence of record was
sufficient to support a conviction under section 3364(b)(2). The
Commonwealth was required to establish either that the bicycle or pedalcycle
was not operated at a safe and reasonable speed appropriate for that
pedalcycle, or that the pedalcycle operator failed to use reasonable efforts so
as not to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic. Here, the
Commonwealth presented both the testimony of the trooper and the video,
both of which established that Linton was impeding traffic on a busy two-lane
roadway by traveling in the traffic lane at a speed of twelve mph in a 45-mph
zone and nineteen mph in a 55-mph zone. The testimony and video also
clearly establish that Linton failed to use reasonable efforts so as not to
the distance ahead on the roadway and had no bearing on the section of roadway at issue in this litigation. See N.T., 5/26/22, at 34.
-6- J-A08018-23
impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic by using the wide
berm next to him. Although Linton testified at trial that there were hazards
on the berm (such as piles of cracks, gravel, rock, sand, and potholes the size
of his head), he provided no evidence at trial of any such hazard (i.e.,
photographs). Indeed, neither Linton nor his counsel pointed out any such
hazards in the eight-minute video which, at all times, showed the berm area.
Thus, the only evidence of any such hazards on the berm area was Linton’s
self-serving testimony which the trial court apparently found non-credible.
Moreover, although the video does show a construction vehicle, a pedestrian,
and rumble strips, Linton failed to demonstrate why he could not simply go
around the single vehicle, the single pedestrian, and the rumble strips, and
return to the berm over the remainder of the lengthy stretch of the roadway
on which he was travelling. Accordingly, Linton’s sufficiency challenge merits
no relief.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 7/21/2023
-7-