Com. v. Jenkins, J.

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: April 25, 2025
• Docket: 873 EDA 2024
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

J-S47005-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : JOE R. JENKINS : : Appellant : No. 873 EDA 2024

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 1, 2024 In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-23-CR-00005659-2018

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., SULLIVAN, J., and BECK, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED APRIL 25, 2025

Joe R. Jenkins (“Jenkins”) appeals pro se from the order denying his first

petition for relief filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”). 1

We affirm.

We set forth, in relevant part, the following factual and procedural

history. Officers from the Nether Providence Township Police Department

were conducting narcotics surveillance, when they observed a white male on

his cell phone pacing back and forth in the middle of the street, after which a

black vehicle pulled up, and the male entered the back seat. Officers

attempted to initiate a traffic stop, but the black vehicle fled at a high rate of

speed into the path of oncoming police vehicles. It maneuvered in and out of

traffic, eventually causing a multi-vehicle accident. Jenkins, the driver, was

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1 See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. J-S47005-24

attempting to exit the vehicle, when he was apprehended in possession of

what was later determined to be cocaine, a “large amount” of cash, and the

key fob from the vehicle. There were two other passengers in the vehicle.

Patrolman James Irey (“Officer Irey”) later executed a search warrant and

found a “large amount” of controlled substances and cash in the vehicle. See

generally Criminal Complaint, Affidavit of Probable Cause, 7/13/18, at 1-2.

The Commonwealth filed an information in October 2018 charging

Jenkins with several offenses, including possession of a controlled substance

with intent to deliver (“PWID”), possession of a controlled substance,

aggravated assault, fleeing or attempting to elude, several counts of recklessly

endangering another person (“REAP”), several counts of driving under the

influence (“DUI”), and related summary offenses, totaling seventeen counts.

See generally Information, 10/17/18. In January 2020, the Commonwealth

amended the information, and Jenkins entered a negotiated guilty plea to five

charges: PWID; possession of a controlled substance; DUI (first offense);

REAP; and fleeing or attempting to elude. See Sentencing Sheet, 1/22/20.

Plea counsel negotiated the sentence recommendation down from an initial

offer of seven to fourteen years of imprisonment, Jenkins pled guilty, and,

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pursuant to the agreement, he received an aggregate sentence of forty-five

to ninety-six months of incarceration. See id.2

Jenkins took no direct appeal but later filed a timely pro se PCRA petition

on February 17, 2021. In that pro se petition, Jenkins presented, inter alia,

the following grounds for relief: a violation of the Commonwealth’s obligation

to turn over evidence pursuant to Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963);

an unlawfully induced guilty plea arising from the alleged Brady violation; and

the unavailability at the time of trial of exculpatory evidence. See Pro Se

PCRA Pet., 2/17/21, at 2. The crux of these claims is that the Commonwealth

failed to disclose prior to Jenkins’s plea that one of the passengers in Jenkins’s

car, Edward Walsh (“Walsh”), was a confidential informant (“CI”) for Officer

Irey, which Jenkins asserted he later learned from the other passenger, James

Bentley (“Bentley”). According to an affidavit by Bentley, which Jenkins

attached to his petition, Bentley learned this fact from Walsh. See id. at Ex.1;

see also Pro Se Clarified/Amended PCRA Pet., 5/20/21. The Commonwealth

later conceded that it had learned for the first time during preparation of a

response to Jenkins’s PCRA petition that Walsh had in fact been working as a

2 Jenkins had filed a suppression motion challenging the search of his vehicle,

which he later withdrew in order to plead guilty. Both his plea counsel and the Commonwealth agreed that even if the suppression motion were decided in his favor, he could receive a four-to-eight-year prison sentence based on other charged offenses, and counsel stated that Jenkins was aware of this fact. See N.T., 1/22/20, at 14.

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CI, see Commonwealth’s Mot. to Dismiss, 1/17/23, at 2. However, the

Commonwealth disputed that this was a Brady violation because Walsh’s

status as a CI did not exculpate Jenkins of the offenses for which he pleaded

guilty. See, e.g., N.T., 10/13/23, at 56.

The PCRA court appointed counsel for Jenkins, after which Jenkins

moved for counsel’s withdrawal because he privately obtained counsel;

thereafter, Jenkins requested to proceed pro se, which the court granted,

following a Grazier3 hearing, and the court also appointed standby counsel.

See Order, 6/14/23.

While the PCRA court issued a Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 notice of intent to

dismiss, it held a hearing following receipt of Jenkins’s response. See Order,

8/23/23. At the hearing, Jenkins again argued that the Commonwealth’s

failure to disclose information that Walsh was a CI constituted a Brady

violation, for which he should be able to withdraw his guilty plea, and after

which a subsequent prosecution should be barred. See N.T., 10/13/23, at 37.

Jenkins—relying on the affidavit by Bentley in which he stated that Walsh

allegedly told him (Bentley) that Officer Irey planted drugs in Jenkins’s

vehicle— argued that Officer Irey planted the drugs in Jenkins’s car, though

he offered no evidence at the PCRA evidentiary hearing to substantiate this

assertion, and Jenkins was unable to procure Walsh’s or Bentley's

3 See Commonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81 (Pa. 1998).

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attendance.4 Jenkins’s mother also testified that Jenkins accepted the plea

deal because he wanted to “get less time than [what the Commonwealth] was

[originally] offering [him].” N.T., 10/13/23, at 81.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the PCRA court took the matter under

advisement, and later issued an order denying relief. See Order, 3/1/24.

Jenkins timely appealed, and both he and the trial court complied with

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

Jenkins raises the following issue for our review:

Did the PCRA [c]ourt err when it failed to analyze the Brady violation regarding . . . Walsh and [Officer] Irey in conjunction with the Commonwealth’s actions to intentionally deny [Jenkins’s] [d]ue [p]rocess rights and a fair [t]rial pursuant to [section] 9543(a)(2)(i) and grant relief? In the alternative, did the [c]ourt err by not granting relief pursuant to [section] 9543(a)(2)(vi)?

Jenkins’s Br. at VI.

Our standard of review is as follows:

Initially, we note that our standard of review from the denial of a PCRA petition is limited to examining whether the PCRA court's determination is supported by the evidence of record and whether it is free of legal error. The PCRA court's credibility determinations, when supported by the record, are binding on this Court; however, we apply a de novo standard of review to the PCRA court's legal conclusions. ____________________________________________

4 Jenkins, however, presented testimony by plea counsel and his (Jenkins’s)

mother on the issue of whether plea counsel informed him prior to the plea that his license suspension could only begin following his release from prison. While Jenkins pursued this claim at the PCRA evidentiary hearing, he has abandoned this issue on appeal, as reflected in his statement of questions involved. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Thoeun Tha, 64 A.3d 704, 713 (Pa. Super. 2013) (stating that failure to present or develop an argument in support of a claim on appeal causes it to be waived).

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Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 203 A.3d 1033, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(internal citations and quotations omitted).

A petitioner is eligible for relief under the PCRA if he proves his

conviction resulted from, inter alia, a constitutional violation which “so

undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of

guilt or innocence could have taken place,” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9453(a)(2)(i), or if

the conviction resulted from “[t]he unavailability at the time of trial of

exculpatory evidence that has subsequently become available and would have

changed the outcome of the trial if it had been introduced.” Id.,

§ 9543(a)(2)(vi).

Both of Jenkins’s asserted grounds for relief hinge on Brady, therefore,

we set forth the applicable law below:

In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution. The Supreme Court subsequently held that the duty to disclose such evidence is applicable even if there has been no request by the accused, and that the duty may encompass impeachment evidence as well as directly exculpatory evidence. Furthermore, the prosecution’s Brady obligation extends to exculpatory evidence in the files of police agencies of the same government bringing the prosecution.

Commonwealth v. Lambert, [] 884 A.2d 848, 853-54 ([Pa.] 2005) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The prosecution’s duty under Brady is limited as “the Constitution is not violated every time the government fails or chooses not to

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disclose evidence that might prove helpful to the defense.” Kyles[v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 436-37 (1995)] . . .. “Thus, there are three necessary components that demonstrate a violation of the Brady strictures: the evidence was favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory or because it impeaches; the evidence was suppressed by the prosecution, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice ensued.” Lambert, 884 A.2d at 854 . . ..

Commonwealth v. Conforti, 303 A.3d 715, 725–26 (Pa. 2023).

Relevant to this case is Brady’s prejudice requirement, which our

Supreme Court has articulated as follows:

The last requirement of a Brady claim is prejudice. Under Brady, prejudice occurs when a defendant shows a reasonable probability that had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. In other words, the undisclosed evidence must be material to guilt or punishment. . . .

Id. at 730 (internal citations and quotations omitted). The mere possibility

that an item of undisclosed information might have helped the defense, or

might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not establish “materiality”

in the constitutional sense. See Commonwealth v. Cam Ly, 980 A.2d 61,

76 (Pa. 2009). Instead, as noted above, materiality for Brady purposes

requires a showing of a reasonable probability that the result of the

proceedings could have been different. See Commonwealth v. Haskins, 60

A.3d 538, 547 (Pa. Super. 2012).

Jenkins argues the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose Walsh’s status

as a CI constituted a Brady violation because it was favorable to him as it

would have allowed him to impeach Officer Irey; the prosecution suppressed

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this information; and prejudice ensued because Officer Irey’s testimony was

“material to the finding of [Jenkins’s] guilt.” Jenkins’s Br. at 19. Jenkins

argues that it was only Officer Irey’s testimony that supported his convictions,

and the non-disclosure of Walsh as a CI would be not only impeachment

evidence, but also useful for bolstering Jenkins’s version of events, namely,

that either Walsh or Officer Irey planted the drugs in Jenkins’s vehicle. See

id. Jenkins also argues he would have filed a suppression motion challenging

the search warrant for the vehicle. See id. at 20-25. Jenkins additionally

asserts his impeachment of Officer Irey would have established at trial that

the drugs were not his, and that Officer Irey would have had no credibility

before the jury. See id. at 25-26, 27-29.

The PCRA court considered Jenkins’s arguments and rejected them. In

relevant part, the court concluded that Jenkins failed to show how the non-

disclosure of Walsh’s status as a CI would likely compel a different outcome,

given Jenkins’s convictions stemmed from his “intervening criminal acts,” and

were not dependent on Walsh (specifically, Jenkins’s commission of fleeing or

eluding, REAP, DUI, and possession of a controlled substance, and PWID).

See PCRA Ct. Op., 5/15/24, at 14-15.

Following our review, we conclude the PCRA court’s conclusions are

supported by the record and applicable law. We note that at the hearing,

Jenkins conceded that he had a controlled substance on his person at the time

of the incident and that he could “plead guilty to that without a problem,” and

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he additionally admitted his culpability for the car chase that resulted in his

fleeing or eluding and REAP convictions. See N.T., 10/13/23, at 45. Indeed,

in response to the PCRA court’s question of which convictions he was

challenging, Jenkins conceded that his challenge was limited to the drugs in

the car. See id. at 63. Accordingly, we limit our discussion to that conviction.

To the extent that Jenkins argues the nondisclosure of Walsh as a CI

affected Jenkins’s ability to file a suppression motion challenging the search

of his vehicle, we note, initially, that Jenkins has failed to show that the

probable cause to search his vehicle hinged in any way on Walsh, rather than

the apparent controlled substance, “large amount” of cash, and key fob to the

vehicle found on Jenkins’s person following the crash at the end of the car

chase.5 Further, Jenkins had a pending suppression motion at which he

generally challenged the probable cause to search his vehicle, see Omnibus

Pre-Trial Mot., 1/23/19, at ¶¶ 5-7, and he expressly gave up his right to

litigate that motion in order to plead guilty following extensive plea

5 We note that the use of a CI does not negate probable cause; rather, the

trial court must assess the informant’s veracity, reliability, and basis of their knowledge. See Commonwealth v. Bernard, 218 A.3d 935, 940-41 (Pa. Super. 2019). Additionally, where there are alleged omissions in an affidavit of probable cause in support of a search warrant, the fact of an omission is not dispositive; rather, we consider (1) whether the officer withheld a highly relevant fact within his knowledge, where any reasonable person would have known that this was the kind of thing the judge would wish to know and (2) whether the affidavit would have provided probable cause if it had contained a disclosure of the omitted information. See Commonwealth v. Gould, 187 A.3d 927, 940 (Pa. Super. 2018).

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negotiations with the Commonwealth. See N.T., 1/22/20, at 32 (Jenkins

acknowledging he was giving up the right to have the trial court decide his

suppression motion).

Additionally, and crucially, both the Commonwealth and Jenkins’s plea

counsel agreed that even if the trial court suppressed the drugs found in the

car, Jenkins “can still be found guilty of the other offenses and that puts

[him] in the range of four years, which is what the Commonwealth

[was] offering.” See id. at 14 (emphasis added). Jenkins’s attorney

confirmed at the time that Jenkins was aware of the fact that, depending on

how the court sentenced him, should he proceed to trial on the remaining

offenses and be convicted, he could receive a four-to-eight-year prison

sentence. See id. At the PCRA hearing, Jenkins elicited testimony from his

mother that, “The reason you pled guilty is because you wanted to get less

time than the time that they was offering you, which was like about 14 years

or more,” to which Jenkins replied, “Right.” See N.T., 10/13/23, at 81.

Accord N.T., 1/22/20, at 5 (Commonwealth stating that the initial offer to

Jenkins was seven to fourteen years of incarceration); id. at 6

(Commonwealth agreeing to offer an aggregate sentence of four to ten years

of imprisonment); id. at 27 (describing how the Commonwealth and Jenkins’s

counsel negotiated the aggregate sentence down to, inter alia, forty-five to

ninety-six months of imprisonment).

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The foregoing shows that Jenkins opted to plead guilty to guarantee the

negotiated forty-five-to-ninety-six-month sentence of incarceration rather

than risk moving forward with a suppression hearing where he might not

prevail, but even if he did, he could receive a similar sentence thereafter.

Thus, Jenkins’s Brady claim fails because he cannot establish prejudice, i.e.,

materiality, namely, that the earlier disclosure of Walsh as a CI would have

likely resulted in a different outcome at his plea hearing or, alternatively, at a

trial.

To the extent that Jenkins argues, separately, that the non-disclosure

of Walsh as a CI constituted grounds for relief as after-discovered evidence

pursuant to section 9543(a)(2)(vi), we note that this claim likewise merits no

relief.

In order to obtain relief based upon exculpatory, after-discovered

evidence, a party must demonstrate that: (1) the evidence has been

discovered after trial and it could not have been obtained at or prior to trial

through reasonable diligence; (2) the evidence is not cumulative; (3) it is not

used solely to impeach credibility; and (4) it would likely compel a different

verdict. See Commonwealth v. Foreman, 55 A.3d 532, 537 (Pa. Super.

2012).

Jenkins does not explain how the nondisclosure of Walsh as a CI is

anything more than evidence for impeachment of Officer Irey—and, as stated

above, Jenkins has also likewise failed to advance any evidence showing that

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the prior disclosure of the mere fact that Walsh was a CI, or that Officer Irey

had not previously mentioned it, would have likely compelled a different

outcome either at the plea hearing or at a trial. Jenkins points to Bentley’s

affidavit in which he asserts that Walsh told him (Bentley) that Officer Irey

planted the drugs for which Jenkins was convicted. However, the

Commonwealth disputes these facts, and as noted above, Jenkins failed to put

on any such evidence at the hearing on his petition. Accordingly, Jenkins has

failed to show the existence of after-discovered evidence that would compel a

different verdict had the case gone to trial. Cf. Commonwealth v. Heaster,

171 A.3d 268, 273 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2017) (noting the applicability of after-

discovered evidence claims to convictions resulting from guilty pleas); see

Commonwealth v. Spotz, 896 A.2d 1191, 1219-20 (Pa. 2006) (failure to

present at a PCRA hearing evidence necessary for a claim is fatal to that

claim). For these reasons, his argument fails.

Order affirmed.

Date: 4/25/2025

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