J-A19005-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : MAHMOUD MOHAMED AHMED : No. 1143 MDA 2021 IBRAHIM :
Appeal from the Order Entered August 5, 2021 In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0003070-2020
BEFORE: BOWES, J., KING, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED DECEMBER 13, 2022
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (“Commonwealth”) appeals from
the August 5, 2021 order granting Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim’s oral
motion in arrest of judgment on his conviction for sex assault. After careful
review, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
On February 26, 2018, Lillian and Lucas Miller invited Courtney Custer
(“victim”) and Appellee over to their house with the intent of introducing them
to each other. N.T. Jury Trial, 6/24-25/21, at 29, 95. Appellee and the victim
met and spent several hours talking. Id. at 29-30. In the early hours of
February 27, 2018, the Millers went to sleep in their bedroom. Id. at 30-31.
In the living room, the victim and Appellee put on a movie and reclined on a
double chair with an arm rest separating the two seats. Id. at 30, 32-34. A ____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-A19005-22
short time later, Appellee began kissing the victim’s neck repeatedly. Id. at
34. Despite her requests to stop, Appellee continued kissing the victim,
lowered her pajama bottoms, forcefully inserted his penis into her vagina, and
began thrusting violently. Id. at 37-40. When Appellee briefly paused to
readjust himself, the victim escaped to a nearby bathroom. Id. at 40-41.
Sometime later, Lillian found the victim in the bathroom and, after the victim
told her what happened, transported the victim to the hospital for a sexual
assault examination. Id. at 41-43, 89-90.
At the hospital, medical professionals took photographs of bruises and
scratches to the victim’s neck, chest, legs, and buttocks. Id. at 44, 74, 138-
47. An internal examination revealed blunt force trauma to the victim’s cervix.
Id. at 134. The sexual assault kit also indicated the presence of DNA that
matched Appellee. Id. at 136-38. The Pennsylvania State Police (“PSP”)
reported to the hospital and interviewed the victim, who identified Appellee as
the perpetrator. The PSP interviewed Appellee twice. Initially, he denied the
events had occurred. Id. at 165-66. However, mid-interview, Appellee
conceded that he met and had consensual sex with the victim, because she
“was asking for it.” Id. at 166-67. In his second interview, Appellee professed
his “love” for the victim, stated that he wanted her to be his wife, and showed
the officers approximately 160 unanswered text messages he had sent to her
after the incident. Id. at 46-48, 178-79, 181-86, 188, 190-91. Ultimately,
Appellee was arrested and charged with rape – forcible compulsion and sexual
assault.
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While the charges were pending, Appellee was taken into the custody of
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) and incarcerated at York
County Prison pending his removal to Egypt. Appellee initiated a voluntary
removal to expedite the process. As a result, the Dauphin County District
Attorney’s Office filed a motion with the lower court to set bail, which was
granted.
On June 24, 2021, Appellee proceeded to a jury trial. Before the jury
was brought into the courtroom, trial counsel requested that there be “no
mention of [Appellee’s] immigration status or . . . incarceration.” Id. at 5.
The Commonwealth agreed to this oral motion in limine and ensured that all
Commonwealth witnesses abided by its terms for the duration of its case-in-
chief. Id. at 6-7. After the Commonwealth concluded its case, Appellee called
his landlord as a character witness. Id. at 194-98. On cross-examination,
and after confirming that the witness identified herself as Appellee’s “current”
landlord, the Commonwealth questioned whether Appellee “currently” paid the
landlord rent. Id. at 199. In response, the landlord responded, “how can he,
he’s been in prison for a year.” Id.
The trial court immediately interrupted the questioning and issued a
cautionary instruction telling the jury to disregard the reference to Appellee’s
incarceration, as “sometimes people charged with serious offenses spend
some time incarcerated. Whether someone is incarcerated or not has nothing
to do with whether [they are] innocent or guilty of an offense.” Id. Appellee
did not object to the Commonwealth’s question or the court’s instruction.
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Instead, the prosecutor resumed her cross-examination of the witness. Id.
at 199-200. Afterwards, Appellee conducted a brief redirect examination, and
the witness was excused. Id. at 200-202.
Once the jury exited the courtroom, Appellee asked for a mistrial on the
grounds that the Commonwealth’s cross-examination of Appellee’s character
witness violated the terms of the motion in limine order. Id. at 204. The
Commonwealth responded that they posed the question to establish bias and
did not intend to elicit the response received. Id. at 204-05. The trial court
agreed that the violation was unintentional and denied Appellee’s request for
a mistrial. Id. at 206. Furthermore, the court found that the statement was
not impactful, since many members of the public were likely already aware
that suspects are often incarcerated pending trial. Id. at 206-07.
Accordingly, the court found that its cautionary instruction was sufficient to
cure any prejudice Appellee may have suffered, noting that it was immediately
issued, and jurors were nodding in the affirmative while it was delivered. Id.
at 206. Ultimately, the jury convicted Appellee of sexual assault, but was
unable to reach a unanimous verdict on the rape count. Thus, the court
granted a mistrial on the rape charge. Id. at 273.
After the verdict was announced and the jury had been dismissed,
Appellee made an oral motion for an arrest of judgment, arguing that the court
erred when it denied Appellee’s prior request for a mistrial. Id. at 278. The
Commonwealth reiterated its earlier argument, and the trial court took the
matter under advisement, requesting that the notes of testimony be
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transcribed and that the parties submit briefs in support of their respective
positions. Id. at 279. After reviewing the trial transcript and the post-verdict
briefs, the trial court issued an order and opinion granting Appellee’s oral
motion for arrest of judgment and vacating the sexual assault verdict. See
Order, 8/4/21, at 1-3. In the opinion, the trial court found that the
Commonwealth should have known that the question posed would elicit a
response that would violate the motion in limine order and that the “error was
so manifest that immediate relief [was] essential.” Id. at 2-3.
The Commonwealth filed a motion for reconsideration and the court held
a hearing. At the hearing, the parties stipulated that defense counsel did not
inform the character witness of the parameters of the motion in limine order.
See N.T. Motion Hearing, 8/19/21, at 4. Additionally, the trial prosecutor
testified consistently with her earlier statements regarding her cross-
examination of Appellee’s character witness and her attempt to elicit bias. Id.
at 7-16. Following the hearing, the court denied the motion for
reconsideration. See Order, 8/25/21, at 1. This timely Commonwealth appeal
followed.1 Both the Commonwealth and the trial court have complied with the
mandates of Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
The Commonwealth raises the following issue for our review: ____________________________________________
1 In this Court, Appellee filed a motion to quash the instant appeal. See Motion, 12/16/21. Therein, Appellee argued that the trial court’s ruling was interlocutory rather than a final order from which the Commonwealth was permitted to appeal. Id. This Court denied the motion without prejudice for Appellee to present the argument to the panel assigned to address the merits of the appeal. See Order, 2/8/22.
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Whether the trial court erred in granting Appellee’s motion for a mistrial where the testimony in question was given by Appellee’s own witness, Appellee failed to advise the witness of the limitations imposed by the motion in limine, the question posed by Appellant sought to elicit admissible evidence regarding the witness’[s] bias, and the answer given by the witness was non- responsive to Appellant’s question?
Commonwealth’s brief at 4.
Preliminarily, we consider Appellee’s argument that this appeal must be
quashed. See Appellee’s brief at 18-28. Appellee contends that the appeal
should be quashed because the Commonwealth appealed from an
interlocutory order retroactively granting a mistrial. Id. We disagree.
It is well settled that “[j]urisdiction is purely a question of law; the
appellate standard of review is de novo and the scope of review plenary.”
Commonwealth v. Seiders, 11 A.3d 495, 496–97 (Pa.Super. 2010) (citation
omitted). Generally, appellate courts have jurisdiction only over final orders.
See 42 Pa.C.S. § 742. However, the appellate courts have been granted
jurisdiction to review interlocutory orders under limited circumstances,
including certain interlocutory appeals as of right. See Pa.R.A.P. 311.
The Commonwealth filed the instant appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
311(d), which permits a Commonwealth appeal from an interlocutory order in
a criminal action “where the Commonwealth certifies in the notice of appeal
that the order will terminate or substantially handicap the prosecution.”
Pa.R.A.P. 311(d); see also Commonwealth’s brief at 1. However, our
Supreme Court has consistently held that “the application of Rule 311(d) . . .
is limited to circumstances in which a pretrial ruling results in the suppression,
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preclusion or exclusion of Commonwealth evidence.” Commonwealth v.
Shearer, 882 A.2d 462, 467 (Pa. 2005); see also Commonwealth v.
Andre, 17 A.3d 951, 957 (Pa.Super. 2011) (“Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) has been
limited to pre-trial rulings precisely because to hold otherwise would permit
the Commonwealth to appeal mid-trial from adverse rulings entered by the
trial court that might hamper the prosecution.”). The challenged ruling in this
case was not a pre-trial determination. Instead, by the time the court issued
its ruling, jeopardy had long since attached, evidence had been presented,
and the jury had issued its verdict. See Commonwealth v. Hallman, 67
A.3d 1256, 1261 (Pa.Super. 2013) (“In a criminal jury trial, jeopardy attaches
when the jury is sworn.”). Thus, the order does not fall within the parameters
of Rule 311(d) as delineated by our Supreme Court. However, this does not
end our jurisdictional inquiry.
The Commonwealth’s issue pertains to whether the trial court
committed an error of law in awarding a new trial. See Commonwealth’s brief
at 4 (“whether the trial court erred . . .” (emphasis added)). Pennsylvania
Rule of Appellate Procedure 311(a)(6) confers this Court with jurisdiction in
those circumstances. See Order, 8/4/21 (granting Appellee’s motion for
arrest of judgment and vacating the sexual assault verdict); see also
Commonwealth v. Coleman, 532 A.2d 477, 482 (Pa.Super. 1987) (“[f]or
one hundred and seventy-five (175) years appellate courts of this
Commonwealth have properly entertained appeals by the Commonwealth
from orders granting a defendant arrest of judgment.”). Rule 311(a)(6) states
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that in a criminal proceeding, the Commonwealth may appeal from the
decision to grant a new trial when “the Commonwealth claims that the lower
court committed an error of law.” Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(6). While we are
cognizant that the Commonwealth neglected to invoke this rule, the issue is
jurisdictional, and we may raise it sua sponte. See Andre, supra at 957
(finding jurisdiction over an appeal pursuant to Rule 311(a)(6) after the
Commonwealth erroneously appealed pursuant to Rule 311(d)).
Furthermore, we are unpersuaded by Appellee’s argument that Rule
311(a)(6) does not apply because the court retroactively granted a mistrial,
and the declaration of a mistrial is not appealable by the Commonwealth. See
Appellee’s brief at 28. It is well-established that Rule 311(a)(6) does not
apply when a trial court declares a mistrial, because no party has been
“awarded” a new trial. Commonwealth v. Wardlaw, 249 A.3d 937, 951-53
(Pa. 2021) (differentiating between an order granting a motion for a new trial
which was appealable as of right pursuant to Rule 311(a)(6) and a mistrial
which was not). However, the court did not grant a mistrial here. See
Pa.R.Crim.P. 605(B) (“When an event prejudicial to the defendant occurs
during trial only the defendant may move for a mistrial; the motion shall be
made when the event is disclosed. Otherwise, the trial judge may declare a
mistrial only for reason of manifest necessity.”). Instead, the trial court
granted a post-trial motion for arrest of judgment and vacated the sexual
assault verdict. Thus, case law governing interlocutory appeals from mistrial
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awards is irrelevant. The ruling was immediately appealable as of right under
Rule 311(a)(6).
Having decided that jurisdiction is proper, we turn now to the merits of
whether the trial court erred when it changed its mind post-verdict on whether
a mistrial was necessitated and granted Appellee’s motion in arrest of
judgment. See Commonwealth’s brief at 28. We review the decision to grant
a new trial for an abuse of discretion or an error of law. See Rohe V. Vinson,
158 A.3d 88, 95 (Pa.Super. 2016). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an
error of judgment; rather, discretion is abused when the law is overridden or
misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the
result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the
record.” Commonwealth v. Kriner, 915 A.2d 653, 656 (Pa.Super. 2007)
(internal quotations and citations omitted).
The Rules of Criminal Procedure provide that “[u]nder extraordinary
circumstances, when the interests of justice require, the trial judge may,
before sentencing, hear an oral motion in arrest of judgment, for a judgment
of acquittal, or for a new trial.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 704(B)(1). The Comment to
Rule 704(B) limits the grounds on which a trial court judge can grant a motion
for extraordinary relief to those “errors so manifest that immediate relief is
essential.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 704, Comment; see also Commonwealth v.
Grohowski, 980 A.2d 113, 115 (Pa.Super. 2009).
Herein, the trial court initially denied Appellee’s motion for a mistrial,
finding that the offending comment was unintentionally elicited, and any
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prejudice suffered was remedied by its curative instruction. See N.T. Jury
Trial, 6/24/21, at 206-07. After the jury rendered its verdict, the court found
it was compelled to reverse course on its prior finding due to the close jury
verdict and its own interpretation of Commonwealth v. Padilla, 923 A.2d
1189, 1193-94 (Pa.Super. 2007), which the court found required the award
of a new trial because the Commonwealth violated the motion in limine order.
See Trial Court Opinion, at, 12/8/21, at 5.
The Commonwealth contends that this decision was the result of two
errors. First, it asserts that the trial court improperly abandoned its initial
factual determination at trial based upon a split jury verdict. See
Commonwealth’s brief at 30-31. Further, it argues that the trial court’s
decision is founded upon an incorrect application of the Padilla decision,
which the court interpreted as mandating a new trial any time a motion in
limine is violated. Id. at 28-31.
Initially, we note that the only piece of evidence that the court relied
upon when reversing itself that it did not have access to when making its initial
ruling was the fact that the jury convicted Appellee on one count and hung on
the other. See Trial Court Opinion, 10/19/18, at 8. In fact, in its opinion, the
court explained that its decision to reverse itself was heavily influenced by the
jury’s mixed verdict. Id. In the trial court’s view, this verdict demonstrated
how “close” the case was, which therefore meant that the violation of the
motion in limine was more impactful than the court initially held. Id. The
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Commonwealth contends that this reasoning constituted an error of law, and
we agree.
The importance the trial court placed on the meaning behind the jury
verdict contradicts longstanding federal and state precedent cautioning
against speculating about the reasons behind an inconsistent verdict. See,
e.g., Commonwealth v. Miller, 35 A.3d 1206, 1213 (Pa. 2012) (“While
recognizing that the jury’s verdict appears to be inconsistent, we refuse to
inquire into or to speculate upon the nature of the jury’s deliberations or the
rationale behind the jury’s decision.”); see also United States v. Powell,
469 U.S. 57, 66 (1984) (“[A]n individualized assessment of the reason for the
inconsistency [in a split verdict] would be based . . . on pure speculation, or
would require inquiries into the jury’s deliberations that courts generally will
not undertake.”). Accordingly, to the extent the trial court granted a new trial
on the grounds that the jury issued a split verdict, it erred.
We also agree with the Commonwealth that the trial court misapplied
the holding of Padilla as mandating the issuance of a new trial when the
Commonwealth violates a motion in limine. See Trial Court Opinion,
10/19/21, at 4-6. In that case, Padilla filed a motion in limine seeking “to
preclude evidence of his prior incarceration and parole status, the issuance of
a [Protection From Abuse] order against him, and his use of marijuana,” which
the trial court granted. Id. at 1192. Nevertheless, a police officer testified
“in response to an open-ended question [on direct examination] about what
he found when he arrived at the scene[,]” as follows:
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When I got there I found – I was met at the door by the mother who was very upset, yelling and carrying on, practically mad at me, but she started to tell me how everybody was downstairs. She went and picked up this guy [Padilla]. He’s a family friend. Apparently he just got out of jail, and so she was doing him a favor.
Id. Defense counsel immediately requested a sidebar, which was conducted
within earshot of the jury, and moved for a mistrial. Id. During the sidebar,
the trial court initially stated its intention to grant the mistrial before the
Commonwealth persuaded the court that a curative instruction would be
sufficient. Id. at 1192-93. The court concluded the sidebar by denying the
motion for mistrial and issuing a curative instruction directing the jurors to
disregard the remarks made by the witness. Id. at 1192-93. Afterwards, the
Commonwealth resumed its direct examination by repeating the officer’s
testimony that “Mom was upset.” Id. at 1196. Appellant was convicted and
appealed the denial of his request for a mistrial.
On appeal, we reversed, determining that the officer’s statement was
clearly prejudicial because the trial court had entered an “explicit order that
no reference whatsoever must be made to [Padilla’s] time in jail” and the
witness clearly communicated to the jury that Padilla had been previously
incarcerated. Id. at 1193. However, the Padilla Court’s prejudice analysis
was not limited to the fact that the pretrial ruling had precluded the at-issue
testimony. Id. at 1196. The Court also considered that the jury had
overheard the side bar conference addressing the matter, the inadequacy of
the curative instruction issued, and the problematic subsequent questioning
by the prosecutor. Ultimately, the court found the instruction was too vague
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to remedy the infraction. Id. Accordingly, a proper application of Padilla
should view the violation of a pretrial order prohibiting a prejudicial remark as
an important factor in our analysis, but not as an automatic determination
that the error was prejudicial and a new trial must be ordered.
For example, in Commonwealth v. Hudson, 955 A.2d 1031, 1034
(Pa.Super. 2008), the trial court granted a defense motion in limine seeking
the preclusion of any evidence of Hudson’s prior convictions. Nevertheless,
at trial, a witness testified that Hudson “had to go see his parole officer or
probation officer.” Id. Following an objection, the trial court immediately
issued a curative instruction. On appeal, this Court held as follows:
Based upon this record, we conclude that [the] testimony regarding Hudson’s probation or parole officer was inadvertent, even when viewed in light of Hudson’s motion in limine. The prosecutor did not ask a question that could have been reasonably foreseen to elicit evidence of Hudson’s prior criminal activities. Furthermore, [the] testimony constituted a mere passing reference to Hudson’s prior criminal activity that the trial court’s cautionary instruction adequately cured. Judge Johnson not only clearly instructed the jury to disregard the testimony when deliberating on the verdict, he also expressly instructed them that they had no basis upon which to determine whether the testimony itself was true. When viewed in light of the substantial circumstantial evidence presented by the Commonwealth at trial indicating Hudson’s guilt, we conclude that Hudson did not suffer improper prejudice from this reference to his prior criminal activity.
Id. at 1035.
We find that the case sub judice is distinguishable from Padilla on the
facts, and more in line with our decision in Hudson. As in Padilla, the pretrial
motion in this case did constitute an absolute ban on prior-bad-acts evidence,
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such that the violation of this order prejudiced Appellant. See Padilla, supra
at 1193. However, such a finding does not conclude our analysis. Id. at
1196. Unlike in Padilla, this was a passing reference that was immediately
interrupted by the following, detailed cautionary instruction:
We’ll just stop this here. All right. I’m not sure what the purpose of asking whether he’s paying rent currently because it doesn’t go to reputation.
Sometimes people charged with serious offenses spend some time incarcerated. Whether someone is incarcerated or not has nothing to do with whether they’re innocent or guilty of an offense.
So I’m instructing the jurors as a matter of law that any reference to incarceration should be not taken adversely if, indeed, he is or he isn’t. Very well.
N.T. Jury Trial, 6/24-25/21, at 199. This instruction was clear, specific,
properly instructed the jury to disregard the improper evidence, and reminded
the jury that the statement may or may not be true. See also
Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 753 (Pa.Super. 2014) (finding
that if evidence is inadvertently presented to the jury, the trial court may cure
the improper prejudice with an appropriate cautionary instruction so long as
the court’s instruction is clear and specific).
Importantly, here, as in Hudson, there was no deliberate attempt by
the prosecutor to elicit the at-issue remark. Indeed, Appellee does not claim
that the remark was intentionally elicited and the trial court has consistently
deemed the interaction unintentional. N.T. Jury Trial, 6/24-25/21, at 206;
see also Trial Court Opinion, 10/19/21, at 10-11. Moreover, in contrast to
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Padilla, Appellee waited to object until after the jury left the room, there was
no side bar where the jury overheard the trial court vacillate between granting
and denying the motion for a mistrial, and the Commonwealth did not revisit
the inadmissible statement when it resumed its questioning or at any other
point in the presence of the jury. N.T. Jury Trial, 6/24-25/21, at 199. Thus,
there was no additional, related prejudice to Appellee caused by the
Commonwealth or the trial court that the instruction needed to remedy.
Instead, the only additional reference to Appellee’s incarceration status came
from defense counsel during closing argument:
And you can’t take concepts from outside this courtroom and apply them, prejudices that you might walk in here with and apply them to this case. You have to take it from the real evidence that came in in this case, because despite it coming out yesterday that [Appellee] may or may not have been incarcerated, that’s nothing for you to consider. He’s innocent. That’s nothing for you to consider. The Court will tell you that. Because he didn’t take the stand, that’s nothing for you to consider against him. That’s a tactical decision and a right he has that you all have as well. And unless and until they meet their burden without that information and you all agree with that, he remains innocent and he is not guilty.
And also proper evidence that came out that you can consider is his character evidence that we put on the stand. Despite that woman being attacked because she could barely understand these complicated rules, what did we get out of Ms. Bruno? He is a nonviolent, peaceful person. She’s known him for four years. She allows him to live in one of her rental properties. She’s his landlord. That’s their relationship.
Nothing was discredited about his reputation, just about some complication where she could barely understand the question, but his character was not challenged in those questions.
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Id. at 212-13 (emphasis added). Notably, the impact of this reference by
defense counsel is not discussed in the trial court’s opinion, despite the
implication that defense counsel did not believe revisiting the information
would be harmful to Appellee.
Finally, the evidence presented by the Commonwealth in this case was
substantial. In addition to the victim’s compelling testimony about the
assault, the sexual assault nurse examiner identified photographs that
corroborated the victim’s description of events and testified that the victim
suffered blunt force trauma to her cervix. Id. at 134-36. Furthermore,
Appellee’s DNA was found inside the victim’s vagina and Appellee initially
denied even meeting the victim. Id. at 137-38, 165-66.
For these reasons we conclude that the landlord’s unsolicited passing
reference to Appellee’s incarceration status did not raise to the level of an
“error so manifest that immediate relief [was] essential.” Pa.R.Crim.P.
704(B)(1). We find that the trial court erred when it abandoned the factual
determinations it had previously made, placing improper weight on the jury’s
verdict. We also find that the court erred when it incorrectly interpreted
Padilla as mandating a new trial in this circumstance. Accordingly, we
reverse the trial court’s order granting Appellee’s post-verdict motion for a
new trial, and remand for the reinstatement of the sexual assault verdict and
sentencing.
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Order reversed. Case remanded for reinstatement of guilty judgment
and sentencing. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 12/13/2022
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