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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
v.
JESSICA L. GAMROD
Appellant : No. 180 WDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 31, 2017 In the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-63-CR-0000916-2013
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., LAZARUS, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED AUGUST 13, 2019
Appellant, Jessica L. Gamrod, challenges the judgment of sentence
entered in the Washington County Court of Common Pleas, following her
conviction for criminal mischief.' We affirm.
On the evening of November 23, 2012, Appellant arrived at the
apartment of her ex -boyfriend, Frank Tustin. Appellant and Tustin informally
shared custody of their young son, and so remained in constant, if
quarrelsome, contact. On the date in question, Appellant began pounding on
the apartment door and yelling at Tustin to open it. Tustin declined to do so,
as Appellant had previously fought with Tustin about his relationship with
Celeste Marshall, who was in Tustin's apartment at the time.
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
' 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(5). J -S09008-19
Appellant continued banging on the door and shouting for five to ten
minutes. During this time, Appellant threatened to slash Tustin's car tires.
Tustin warned Appellant not to harm his car, as the apartment building had
surveillance cameras. Appellant eventually left, and Tustin and Marshall went
outside to confirm Tustin's car was undamaged. Marshall departed a few hours
later without further incident.
One or two days later, Marshall noticed a long, jagged scrape running
down the passenger side of her vehicle. She told Tustin she believed Appellant
had caused the damage. Tustin contacted the manager of his apartment
building, who checked the complex's security tapes and alerted Tustin to
footage of a woman using keys to scratch Marshall's vehicle. Marshall gave
the videotape to police.
Appellant was charged with criminal mischief, and proceeded to a bench
trial. Following trial on July 30, 2014, the court convicted Appellant. On
Appellant's request, the court ordered a pre -sentence investigation report
("PSI") and delayed sentencing. However, the probation office did not receive
the order.
After realizing Appellant had not been sentenced, the court issued a
second order for preparation of a PSI on April 4, 2017, and held sentencing
shortly thereafter. The court did not impose jail time or probation, but ordered
Appellant to pay prosecution costs and restitution of $2,087.69 - the expense Marshall and her insurance company incurred in repairing Marshall's car.
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Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, and this case is now properly before
us.
We begin with Appellant's challenge to the admission of the video
evidence from the apartment building's parking lot. She claims the video
lacked proper authentication, and was therefore inadmissible. We disagree.
The admission or exclusion of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and in reviewing a challenge to the admissibility of evidence, we will only reverse a ruling by the trial court upon a showing that it abused its discretion or committed an error of law. Thus our standard of review is very narrow. To constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.
Commonwealth v. Lopez, 57 A.3d 74, 81 (Pa. Super. 2012) (quotation
marks and citation omitted).
"Physical evidence may be properly admitted despite gaps in testimony
regarding custody." Commonwealth v. Witmayer, 144 A.3d 939, 950 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (citation omitted). Objections to the chain of custody are
properly directed to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. See id.
Even where a court rules evidence is admissible, the party opposing the
admission may still offer other evidence relevant to its weight or credibility.
See Pa.R.E. 104(e).
Demonstrative evidence, like the videotape here, "is tendered for the
purpose of rendering other evidence more comprehensible to the trier of fact."
Commonwealth v. McKellick, 24 A.3d 982, 986 (Pa. Super. 2011)
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(quotation marks and citation omitted). A party offering such evidence must
first authenticate it. See Pa.R.E. 901(a). "[A]uthentication generally entails a
relatively low burden of proof[.]" Commonwealth v. Murray, 174 A.3d 1147,
1157 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations omitted). The authentication requirement
"is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in
question is what its proponent claims." Pa.R.E. 901(a).
Demonstrative evidence may be permissibly entered into evidence, so
long as its proponent establishes that the "evidence fairly and accurately
represents that which it purports to depict." McKellick, 24 A.3d at 987
(citation omitted). Where a party wishes to authenticate video evidence, "[i]t
is not necessary that the maker of the videotape testify to the tape's accuracy;
any witness familiar with the subject matter can testify that the tape was an
accurate and fair depiction of the events sought to be shown."
Commonwealth v. Impellizzeri, 661 A.2d 422, 428 (Pa. Super. 1995)
(emphasis added; citations omitted).
Here, the Commonwealth moved to admit security footage of the
parking lot at the time Appellant allegedly damaged Marshall's car. See N.T.
Trial, 7/30/14, at 21. Appellant objected on the grounds that the maker of the
video was not present in the courtroom to authenticate it. See id., at 23. In
response, the Commonwealth elicited testimony from Marshall that she was
familiar with the area pictured in the video. See id., at 22. Marshall stated
that the camera displayed the side of Tustin's apartment complex, the parking
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lot for residents, and the road abutting the building. See id., at 23. Marshall
also attested that she could see her car in the video, parked parallel to Tustin's
car, in the same spot where it was parked on the night of November 23, 2012.
See id. She affirmed the area in the video looked just as it did on that night.
See id. Based on the foregoing, the trial court overruled Appellant's objection
and deemed the evidence admissible. See id., at 24. Despite Appellant's objection, the Commonwealth was not required to
present testimony from the manager of the apartment complex whose
cameras recorded the video. Rather, the Commonwealth's obligation was to
ensure a witness familiar with the subject matter - Marshall, a frequent visitor
to the apartment building - testified that the video was a fair and accurate
depiction of events. To the extent Appellant wished to discredit Marshall as an
interested party, that argument relates to the weight of the evidence and not
its admissibility. We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the videotape.
Appellant's next challenge is to the sufficiency of the evidence. Rather
than objecting to proof of a particular element of the offense, Appellant argues
her sufficiency claim in tandem with a weight of the evidence claim, despite
acknowledging different standards of review for each. We note that a
"challenge to the weight of the evidence is distinct from a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence in that the former concedes that the
Commonwealth has produced sufficient evidence of each element of the crime,
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but questions which evidence is to be believed." Commonwealth v. Richard,
150 A.3d 504, 516 (Pa. Super. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
Insofar as we are able to distinguish between Appellant's sufficiency and
weight arguments, we will address these. In her sufficiency challenge,
Appellant contests the trial court's finding that she was the perpetrator of the
damage to Marshall's car. In Appellant's view, Marshall's claim that she could
identify Appellant by the sound of her voice was unsupported by the evidence.
We disagree.
Our standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
is to determine whether, when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict
winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom are
sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each element of the crimes charged
is established beyond a reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Dale, 836
A.2d 150, 152 (Pa. Super. 2003). "The Commonwealth may sustain its burden
of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
of wholly circumstantial evidence." Commonwealth v. Bruce, 916 A.2d 657,
661 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation omitted)
"The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need
not preclude every possibility of innocence." Id. (citation omitted). Any doubt raised as to the accused's guilt is to be resolved by the fact -finder. See id.
"As an appellate court, we do not assess credibility nor do we assign weight
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to any of the testimony of record." Commonwealth v. Kinney, 863 A.2d 581, 584 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation omitted). Therefore, we will not disturb
the verdict "unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter
of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances."
Bruce, 916 A.2d at 661 (citation omitted).
"A person is guilty of criminal mischief if [she] intentionally damages
real or personal property of another[.]" 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(5). This Court
has previously held that a witness may testify to a person's identity based on
her voice alone. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 954 A.2d 1194, 1197 (Pa.
Super. 2008).
At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence from Celeste Marshall,
the victim. Marshall stated she had several previous run-ins with Appellant,
including an incident where Appellant allegedly struck Marshall. See N.T. Trial,
7/30/14, at 28. Marshall asserted Appellant had also sent her previous
harassing messages, warning her to stay away from Appellant's ex -boyfriend,
Frank Tustin. See id., at 27. Marshall claimed Appellant had also threatened
to damage Marshall's vehicle in the messages. See id.
Though Marshall could not recall the exact time, she stated that on the
evening of November 23, 2012, she saw Appellant's dark -colored minivan pull
into the parking lot outside of Tustin's apartment complex, where Marshall
had been spending time with Tustin. See id., at 30. Marshall recognized
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Appellant's vehicle after having seen Appellant driving it around the parking
lot on several previous occasions. See id., at 14, 31.
Marshall indicated that Appellant came to Tustin's apartment door and
began shouting and banging on the door. See id., at 12. Marshall was familiar with Appellant's voice from their previous altercations. See id., at 28. Marshall
heard Appellant threaten to flatten Tustin's car tires. See id., at 12.
Tustin warned Appellant not to touch his car, as the apartment building
had surveillance cameras in place. See id. After five or ten minutes of
shouting, Appellant left. See id. Tustin and Marshall then went outside to
check Tustin's car for damage, but did not examine Marshall's car. See id., at
12, 13. Marshall left Tustin's apartment later that evening, but did not inspect
her car for damage at that time either. See id., at 12.
Marshall testified that one or two days later, she noticed the passenger
side of her vehicle bore a large, jagged scrape. See id., at 14. Marshall
believed Appellant was responsible for the damage, and called Tustin to tell
him about the scratch. See id.
Tustin and Marshall then contacted Tustin's apartment building
manager, who checked the security tapes taken from the building's
surveillance cameras. See id., at 16, 17. The Commonwealth introduced a
copy of the surveillance tape into evidence. See id., at 21. Marshall confirmed
the video showed her vehicle, parked in the spot she had used on the night of
November 23. See id., at 23. Marshall identified Appellant as the woman in
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the video scratching her car. See id., at 25, 28. Marshall then explained one
of the Commonwealth's exhibits was a receipt from the repair estimate she
submitted to her car insurance agent. See id., at 19.
The Commonwealth also presented testimony from Police Sergeant
Anthony Popeck, who filed a report of the incident. Popeck affirmed he
observed damage on Marshall's vehicle, in the form of a "scratch mark all of
the way down the passenger's side of her vehicle." Id., at 35. He also stated
he reviewed the security tapes from Tustin's apartment complex. See id., at
37. Popeck recounted a telephone conversation he had with Appellant in the
course of his investigation. See id., at 36. Appellant admitted to having prior
problems with Marshall, and stated she "didn't like [] Marshall messing around
with her man[,]" Tustin. Id. However, Appellant did not admit to having
damaged Marshall's vehicle. See id., at 41.
In her defense, Appellant presented testimony from her stepfather,
Joseph Smith, who stated he had been doing repairs on Appellant's vehicle in
his shop around the time of the incident. See id., at 45. Smith claimed Appellant's van had been towed to his shop on November 16, 2012, before
the incident, but the order he wrote for repairs to the vehicle was dated
November 29, 2012. See id. Smith also admitted that he believed Appellant
had a second vehicle at the time. See id., at 49. Appellant testified she had been home with her children at the time of
the incident. See id., at 55. She stated that while she was familiar with
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Marshall, she had not seen Marshall that day or damaged her vehicle. See id.
Appellant's husband, Ryan Wingertsahn, also testified that Appellant was
home all evening. See id., at 77. Finally, Appellant's former neighbor testified
she had seen Appellant between 8:20 and 8:30 p.m. that evening. See id., at 88-89. However, the neighbor stated she had no idea of Appellant's
whereabouts before or after that sighting. See id., at 91.
Viewing the above evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth as verdict -winner, we agree the Commonwealth presented
sufficient evidence to sustain Appellant's conviction for criminal mischief.
While Appellant's counsel elicited a statement on cross-examination that
Marshall did not have "a relationship" with Appellant, the evidence clearly
shows Marshall was familiar with Appellant and could accurately identify her.
Id., at 29. Appellant does not contest any other elements of the offense - that Marshall's personal property was damaged, or that the damage was
intentional. Thus, we find she is due no relief on her sufficiency challenge.
We turn to Appellant's claim that her conviction is against the weight of
the evidence.
An appellant wishing to challenge the weight of the evidence must
properly preserve his claim for review. Such a claim must be preserved orally
prior to sentencing, by a written motion before sentencing, or in a post -
sentence motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A).
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We do not review challenges to the weight of the evidence de novo on
appeal. See Commonwealth v. Rivera, 983 A.2d 1211, 1225 (Pa. 2009).
"Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of discretion,
not of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight of
the evidence." Commonwealth v. Chine, 40 A.3d 1239, 1243 (Pa. Super.
2012) (citation omitted).
In order to grant a new trial on the grounds that the verdict is against
the weight of the evidence, "the evidence must be so tenuous, vague and
uncertain that the verdict shocks the conscience of the court." Id., at 1243-
1244 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A verdict shocks the
judicial conscience when "the figure of Justice totters on her pedestal," or
when "the jury's verdict, at the time of its rendition, causes the trial judge to
lose his breath, temporarily, and causes him to almost fall from the bench[.]"
Commonwealth v. Davidson, 860 A.2d 575, 581 (Pa. Super. 2004)
(citations omitted). We note, "[o]ne of the least assailable reasons for granting
or denying a new trial is the lower court's conviction that the verdict was or
was not against the weight of the evidence." Id., at 581-582 (citation
Appellant preserved her weight claim for our review in her post -sentence
motion. However, as noted above, Appellant's weight argument is carelessly
commingled with her sufficiency claim. See Appellant's Brief, at 15.
Appellant's weight claim reiterates her belief that the surveillance video should J -S09008-19
have been accorded no weight because of its allegedly improper
authentication. As we have already disposed of this authentication claim
above, we will not consider additional authentication claims in the guise of a
challenge to the weight of the evidence.
Appellant also asserts the "credible testimony" from Joseph Smith that
Appellant's van was in his shop at the time of the incident should have
outweighed the surveillance video. Appellant's Brief, at 14. Rather than
challenge a distinct abuse of the trial court's discretion, Appellant seeks to
have this Court instead reweigh two pieces of evidence presented at trial and
decide in her favor. This we decline to do.
Here, the trial court itself examined the surveillance video, and
determined it showed a female "similar in stature to [Appellant] intentionally
doing damage to [Marshall's] car." Trial Court Opinion, filed 8/24/18, at 7.
The trial court also found convincing the footage showing the woman entering
a minivan, which Marshall had identified as belonging to Appellant. See id.,
at 10. The court then listened to testimony from Appellant's stepfather, Joseph
Smith, that Appellant's minivan was in his shop that week, and found that
testimony incredible. See id., at 11.
We do not find the foregoing evidence to be "so tenuous, vague and
uncertain" that it shocks the conscience of this Court. Chine, 40 A.3d at 1243-
1244 (citation omitted). Moreover, Appellant presents a false comparison
between these two pieces of evidence. In addition to the surveillance video,
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the trial court heard and credited extensive testimony from Marshall,
regarding her rocky relationship with Appellant. And the court noted
Appellant's threats to Tustin and Marshall to inflict car damage on the night of
the incident. Thus, we cannot conclude the trial court committed an abuse of
discretion in denying Appellant's post -sentence motion.
Finally, we evaluate Appellant's claim that the court erred in denying
her request for discharge due to the delay in sentencing.
Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 704 provides that "sentence in
a court case shall ordinarily be imposed within 90 days of conviction[.]"
Pa.R.Crim.P. 704. A court's failure to comply with Rule 704 by holding a
sentencing hearing within ninety days does not automatically require
discharge. See Commonwealth v. Null, 186 A.3d 424, 433 (Pa. Super.
2018). "Discharge is appropriate only when a delay of more than ninety days
prejudices the defendant." Id. (citation omitted). This Court does not "look at the sentencing delay in a vacuum."
Commonwealth v. McLean, 869 A.2d 537, 540 (Pa. Super. 2005). When
determining whether discharge is appropriate, we must consider: 1) the
length of the delay; 2) the reason for the delay; 3) the appellant's timely or
untimely assertion of her rights; and 4) any prejudice to the appellant's
interests protected by speedy trial and due process rights. See
Commonwealth v. Diaz, 51 A.3d 884, 889 (Pa. Super. 2012). "The court
should examine the totality of the circumstances, as no one factor is
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necessary, dispositive, or of sufficient importance to prove a violation." Id.,
at 887. (citation omitted). This Court has previously found that even a delay
of over two years does not necessarily require discharge. See
Commonwealth v. Brockway, 633 A.2d 188, 191 (Pa. Super. 1993)
(holding defendant's failure to be sentenced for over two years after conviction
does not demonstrate prejudice requiring discharge).
Here, Appellant requested that a PSI report be provided to the court
before her sentencing. The court acceded to her request, and ordered the
probation office to prepare the report. However, the probation office never
received the order. After realizing two years later Appellant's sentence had
not yet been imposed, the court issued a second order requesting a PSI and
scheduling sentencing proceedings. It was only then that Appellant asserted her right to be sentenced within ninety days under Rule 704 by filing a motion
for discharge, which the court denied. The court then imposed a sentence of
restitution.
The delay in Appellant's sentencing was lengthy - over two years after
the date of her conviction. However, the delay began due to Appellant's
request that the court order a PSI, and continued due to a clerical error. During
the pendency of sentencing, Appellant failed to invoke her right to sentencing
until the court identified the error and issued a second order. This failure to
assert her rights militates against a finding that the delay in sentencing caused
Appellant any prejudice. See id. at 190-191. Indeed, during the hearing on
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her motion for discharge, Appellant failed to demonstrate any prejudice
resulting from the failure to timely sentence her. See N.T. Hearing, 5/31/17,
at 18-19. Thus, based on Appellant's failure to timely assert her rights or prove
any resulting prejudice to her rights from the delay, we decline to grant relief
on this issue. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Prothonotary
Date: 8/13/2019
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