J-S02035-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellant
v.
VALENTINO GAGLIARDI,
Appellee No. 966 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order of February 21, 2014 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0002666-2013
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellant
ROMEO PHILLIP GAGLIARDI,
Appellee No. 981 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order of February 21, 2014 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0014776-2012
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellant
ROMEO GAGLIARDI,
Appellee No. 1004 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order of February 21, 2014 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0002665-2013 J-S02035-15
BEFORE: MUNDY, OLSON and WECHT, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED OCTOBER 05, 2015
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals as of right from the trial
court’s February 21, 2014 orders, granting the motions to suppress that
were filed by Romeo Phillip Gagliardi, Romeo J. Gagliardi, and Valentino
Gagliardi (hereinafter, collectively, “the Gagliardis”). We vacate the trial
court’s orders and remand.
On August 24, 2012, the Commonwealth applied for a warrant to
search the residence of 2627 Emily Street, in Philadelphia. Attached to the
application was an affidavit that was sworn by Philadelphia Police Officer
Bruce Cleaver. At the time Officer Cleaver swore the affidavit, Officer
Cleaver was a 14-year police veteran and was assigned to the Narcotics
Bureau. As Officer Cleaver declared in the affidavit, during his time as a
police officer, he was “involved in hundreds of narcotics arrests” and
received specialized narcotics-related training given by the Philadelphia
Police Department. Search Warrant and Affidavit, 8/24/12, at 2.
As Officer Cleaver averred, the confidential informant (“CI”) in this
case provided him with the following tip: “a [white male] in his 30’s who
goes by the name Romeo lives at 2627 Emily [Street] and sells cocaine in
South Philadelphia.”1 Using the CI, Officer Cleaver then conducted two
1 The search warrant stated that the “name of owner, occupant or possessor of” 2627 Emily Street was “Fracis Angelo.” Search Warrant and Affidavit, 8/24/12, at 1.
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controlled purchases of narcotics from Romeo. The first controlled
purchased occurred on August 23, 2012 and transpired in the following
manner: the officers gave the CI $100.00 in marked currency and watched
the CI contact Romeo to set up a drug transaction; the CI went to 26 th and
Dudley Street and waited for Romeo under a tree; Romeo exited 2627 Emily
Street and walked up to the CI; the CI gave Romeo $100.00 and Romeo
gave the CI a clear packet containing cocaine; and, the two parted ways.
Id.
Following the transaction, the police observed Romeo engage in a
second transaction, where Romeo was again the seller. According to the
affidavit, after the CI and Romeo parted, Romeo spoke on a cell phone and
“walked back to the tree where he met the [CI].” A white Honda parked
under the tree, Romeo entered the passenger-side of the vehicle, the driver
handed Romeo money, and Romeo handed the driver a clear packet.
Following the transaction, Romeo “exited the Honda[,] walked back to 2627
Emily [Street,] and entered the front door.” Id.
The next day, Officer Cleaver used the CI to conduct a second
controlled purchase of narcotics from Romeo. With respect to this second
controlled purchase: the officers gave the CI $100.00 in marked currency;
the CI contacted Romeo; the CI went to 26th and Dudley Street; Romeo
exited 2627 Emily Street and walked up to the CI; the CI gave Romeo
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$100.00 and Romeo gave the CI a clear packet containing cocaine; and,
Romeo “walk[ed] back into 2627 Emily [Street].” Id.
The affidavit concluded by stating that the CI was reliable because the
CI had, in the past, “made buys which led to numerous confiscations of
narcotics, [United States currency] and paraphernalia.” Id.
Officer Cleaver swore to the above facts on August 24, 2012 – which
was the same day as the second controlled purchase. Also on August 24,
2012, the issuing authority approved the search warrant for 2627 Emily
Street and the police executed the search warrant for the residence. As the
Commonwealth notes:
Inside the residence, the police found two pounds of high grade marijuana, 136 grams of cocaine, $9,682[.00] in cash, a digital scale, a razor blade, a PGW bill in the name of Valentino Gagliardi, and a 9 millimeter Sig Sauer handgun loaded with [11] live rounds. Romeo Phillip Gagliardi [] – the Romeo who was observed selling cocaine to the informant – was arrested. Also present when the warrant was executed were his son Romeo J. Gagliardi [] and Valentino Gagliardi. They were likewise taken into custody.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 6.
On February 21, 2014, the Gagliardis made joint, oral motions to
suppress the evidence in their cases. The Gagliardis argued that the search
warrant for 2627 Emily Street was not supported by probable cause, as the
affidavit of probable cause did not describe the basis of the CI’s knowledge
and did not establish a nexus between the contraband and the house. N.T.
Motion, 2/21/14, at 5.
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On February 21, 2014, the trial court granted the Gagliardis’ motions
and suppressed the evidence seized from 2627 Emily Street. Id. at 14.
Within the trial court’s later-filed opinion, the trial court declared that the
search warrant was defective because there were “insufficient facts
contained in the affidavit of probable cause that could allow anyone to draw
the legally correct deduction that there was a strong probability that illegal
activities were being conducted from the premises searched[] or that any
evidence of that illegal activity would be found there at the time of the
search.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/14, at 16.
First, the trial court declared, the affidavit was insufficient because it
failed to establish that the tip was reliable. Id. at 7. With respect to this
issue, the trial court declared that the affidavit: “did not say how or when
the [CI] became aware that Romeo lived at 2627 [Emily Street] and was
selling drugs;” did not specify when the CI informed the police of Romeo’s
address or that Romeo was selling drugs; did not describe how the CI
contacted Romeo to arrange the buys; and, stated only that the CI
previously “made buys” for the police, which “assisted in some unspecified
number of previous confiscations.” Id. Since the trial court concluded that
the tip was unreliable, the trial court held that the affidavit failed to
“indicat[e] that Romeo did, in fact, live or have some other possessory
interest in” 2627 Emily Street. Id. at 7-8. According to the trial court,
“[f]or all one can glean from [the affidavit] . . . [Romeo] could simply have
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been visiting someone [at 2627 Emily Street] and made the [] sales with
whatever drugs he happened to have on his person while he just happened
to be at that particular location.” Id. at 6-7.
Second, the trial court concluded that the affidavit did not establish a
nexus between 2627 Emily Street and the contraband. Id. at 6. According
to the trial court, this was because: none of the transactions occurred inside
of the house; “the [CI] did not say that Romeo was selling drugs from, or
storing them at, 2627 Emily [Street];” “[a]side from the fact that [Romeo]
was seen leaving and reentering the house before and after making drugs
sales, there is no indication whatsoever that he was, in fact, connected to
the premises in any legally controlling capacity;” and, following the first
controlled transaction between the CI and Romeo, Romeo conducted a
second transaction without returning to the house, “thus indicating that
Romeo did not have to return to the premises to replenish his stock and
could very possibly have only been selling whatever drugs he happened to
have on his person at any given time.” Id. at 6-7.
The Commonwealth filed timely notices of appeal from the trial court’s
interlocutory suppression orders and, within each notice of appeal, the
Commonwealth certified that the relevant suppression order terminated or
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substantially handicapped the prosecution. See Pa.R.A.P. 311(d).2 Now
before this Court, the Commonwealth raises the following claim:
Did the [trial] court err by invalidating a search warrant for a house on the ground that the police supposedly lacked probable cause despite arranging controlled buys in which a defendant was observed leaving the house, selling cocaine, and then returning to the house on two days in succession?
Commonwealth’s Brief at 3.
After viewing the evidence in a common-sense, non-technical manner,
we conclude that substantial evidence in the record supports the issuing
authority’s decision to issue a warrant – and that the trial court thus erred
when it granted the Gagliardis’ motions to suppress.
To begin, we conclude that the trial court’s faulty suppression ruling
was occasioned by the fact that the trial court applied an incorrect standard
of review to the issuing authority’s probable cause determination.
According to our Supreme Court, when deciding whether to issue a
search warrant, “the task of the issuing authority is simply to make a
practical, common-sense decision whether, given all of the circumstances set
forth in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of
knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.” Commonwealth v. Gray, 503 A.2d 921, 925 (Pa. 1986),
2 On October 3, 2014, we granted the Commonwealth’s petition to consolidate the appeals involving the individual Gagliardis. Order, 10/3/14, at 1.
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quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). However, as our
Supreme Court held, with respect to a court that is reviewing an issuing
authority’s probable cause determination:
[the] reviewing court is not to conduct a de novo review of the issuing authority’s probable cause determination, but is simply to determine whether or not there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the decision to issue a warrant. . . . In so doing, the reviewing court must accord deference to the issuing authority’s probable cause determination, and must view the information offered to establish probable cause in a common-sense, non-technical manner.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 988 A.2d 649, 655 (Pa. 2010) (internal
citations, quotations, and corrections omitted).3
3 As we have stated, with respect to an appeal from a suppression court ruling:
Our review is limited to determining whether the record supports the findings of fact of the suppression court and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those findings are correct. We are bound by the factual findings of the suppression court, which are supported by the record, but we are not bound by the suppression court’s legal rulings, which we review de novo.
Commonwealth v. James, 69 A.3d 180, 186 (Pa. 2013) (internal quotations, citations, and corrections omitted).
In the case at bar, the suppression court made no factual findings. Rather, it was tasked with making the legal determination as to whether – when looking at the four corners of the affidavit – “a substantial basis exists to support the magistrate’s probable cause finding.” Since “we are not bound by the suppression court’s legal rulings,” our standard of review of the suppression court’s ruling is de novo. Id. Thus, as was true with the suppression court, we are required to “determine whether or not there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the [issuing authority’s] decision to issue a warrant.” Jones, 988 A.2d at 655.
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Thus, although “[r]easonable minds frequently may differ on the
question whether a particular affidavit establishes probable cause,” the
deference afforded a magistrate judge ensures that, “[i]f a substantial basis
exists to support the magistrate's probable cause finding, [the trial court]
must uphold that finding even if a different magistrate judge might have
found the affidavit insufficient to support a warrant.” United States v.
Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 914 (1984); United States v. Miknevich, 638 F.3d
178, 182 (3rd Cir. 2011) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
In this case, the trial court’s stated reasoning reveals that it failed to
afford deference to the issuing authority’s probable cause determination and
that it might have even held the Commonwealth to a higher burden than
“probable cause.”
During the pre-trial motion hearing, the trial court declared: “the
question for the [trial c]ourt is whether there is a fair possibility that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in the particular place.” N.T.
Motion, 2/21/14, at 13. Utilizing this standard, the trial court then
suppressed the evidence that was seized from 2627 Emily Street. Id. at 14.
However, under our Supreme Court’s precedent, the trial court’s statement
of the question before it was incorrect. Certainly, as phrased, the trial
court’s statement suggests that it believed it was required to conduct a de
novo review of the issuing authority’s probable cause determination. As our
Supreme Court held, however, the issue before the trial court was not “a de
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novo review of the issuing authority’s probable cause determination, but
[was] simply . . . whether or not there is substantial evidence in the
record supporting the decision to issue a warrant.” Jones, 988 A.2d at 655
(emphasis added).
Further, within the trial court’s opinion, the trial court apparently holds
the Commonwealth to a higher burden than probable cause. Indeed, at
various times in the trial court’s opinion, the trial court declares that the
affidavit of probable cause was required to establish: “that a specific
criminal act is very probably being conducted at a specific location;” “that
there was a strong probability that illegal activities were being conducted
from the premises searched;” and, “that there was a preponderant
probability that the items to be seized or ‘Romeo’ would be at the
residence searched.” See Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/14, at 6 and 16
(emphasis added). Again, the issue before the trial court was “simply to
determine whether or not there is substantial evidence in the record
supporting the decision to issue a warrant.” Jones, 988 A.2d at 655.
However, even if the trial court were conducting a de novo review of the
search warrant, probable cause merely required that the affidavit establish
“a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.” Gray, 503 A.2d at 925 (emphasis added).
We conclude that, when the issuing authority’s probable cause
determination is reviewed under the proper standard, it is apparent that
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substantial evidence in the record supports the issuing authority’s decision to
issue a warrant.
First, the trial court erred in concluding that the affidavit fails to
establish that the CI’s tip was reliable. Our Supreme Court explained:
a determination of probable cause based upon information received from a confidential informant depends upon the informant’s reliability and basis of knowledge viewed in a common sense, non-technical manner. Thus, an informant’s tip may constitute probable cause where police independently corroborate the tip, or where the informant has provided accurate information of criminal activity in the past, or where the informant himself participated in the criminal activity. The corroboration by police of significant details disclosed by the informant in the affidavit of probable cause meets the Gates threshold. Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 907 A.2d 477, 488 (Pa. 2006), quoting United States v. Tuttle, 200 F.3d 892, 894 (6th Cir. 2000) (“[I]nformation received from an informant whose reliability is not established may be sufficient to create probable cause where there is some independent corroboration by police of the informant’s information.”). . . The linch-pin that has been developed to determine whether it is appropriate to issue a search warrant is the test of probable cause. Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the affiant’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that a search should be conducted.
Commonwealth v. Clark, 28 A.3d 1284, 1288 (Pa. 2011) (emphasis
omitted) (some internal quotations and citations omitted).
Here, the trial court concluded that this tip was unreliable because the
affidavit failed to disclose the basis of the CI’s knowledge and because the
affidavit merely declared that the CI had, in the past, “made buys which led
to numerous confiscations of narcotics, [United States currency] and
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paraphernalia.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/14, at 7. We agree that the
affidavit fails to state the basis of the CI’s knowledge and does not establish
the reliability of the CI, himself. See Wayne R. LaFave, 2 SEARCH & SEIZURE
§ 3.3(b) (5th ed.) (“[t]he mere fact that the informant was given money and
sent to a particular place to meet a suspect and then returned with
narcotics, all under the close surveillance of police, alone indicates very little
about the informer’s credibility in the role of a reporter of facts when he is
not under such close supervision. However, it would be a different matter if
the informant had initiated this prior activity, as where he advises the officer
that he can make a buy from a certain individual and then does so”). Yet, in
arriving at its final conclusion that the tip was unreliable, the trial court
discounted the fact that the police independently corroborated significant
portions of the CI’s tip, by utilizing the CI to conduct two controlled
purchases of cocaine from “Romeo” on two consecutive days. Thus, we
conclude that the trial court erred when it declared that the CI’s tip was
unreliable.
The CI’s tip in this case consisted of the following five parts: “[1)] a
[white male; 2)] in his 30’s[; 3)] who goes by the name Romeo[; 4)] lives at
2627 Emily [Street; and, 5)] sells cocaine in South Philadelphia.” Search
Warrant and Affidavit, 8/24/12, at 2. Looking to the four corners of the
affidavit, the police independently corroborated almost the entirety of the
tip, since – on two consecutive days – the police conducted two controlled
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purchases of cocaine, whereby the police witnessed: a white male, who was
“identified by the [CI] as the male he knew as Romeo,” exit 2627 Emily
Street, walk up to the CI, sell the CI cocaine, and then walk back into 2627
Emily Street. Id. This independent police corroboration of significant
aspects of the tip provided the issuing authority with a substantial basis for
concluding that the entirety of the tip was reliable. See Gates, 462 U.S. at
244 (holding that if “an informant is right about some things, he is more
probably right about other facts”); Clark, 28 A.3d at 1288 (“[I]nformation
received from an informant whose reliability is not established may be
sufficient to create probable cause where there is some independent
corroboration by police of the informant’s information”).
Indeed, in concluding that the affidavit failed to “indicat[e] that Romeo
did, in fact, live or have some other possessory interest in” 2627 Emily
Street, the trial court not only failed to give deference to the issuing
authority’s probable cause determination, but the trial court also failed to
view the totality of the circumstances in a practical, common-sense manner.
Like the trial court said, it is, of course, possible that “Romeo” might have
“simply [] been visiting someone [at 2627 Emily Street] and made the []
sales with whatever drugs he happened to have on his person while he just
happened to be at that particular location.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/14, at
6-7. However, given that the CI told the police that Romeo “lives at 2627
Emily [Street],” that the police independently corroborated other, significant
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aspects of the CI’s tip, and that – on two consecutive days – the police
watched as Romeo exited 2627 Emily Street, completed the controlled
purchase, and then returned to 2627 Emily Street, we conclude that –
viewing the totality of the circumstances in a practical, common-sense
manner – the issuing authority had substantial evidence to believe that, at
the time the search warrant was authorized, “Romeo” lived at 2627 Emily
Street and sold cocaine in South Philadelphia. The trial court’s conclusion to
the contrary was erroneous.
The trial court also concluded that the affidavit of probable cause did
not establish a nexus between the Gagliardis’ house and the sale or storage
of contraband. Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/14, at 6-7. However, viewing the
totality of the circumstances in a practical, common-sense manner, we
conclude that substantial evidence in the record supports the issuing
authority’s conclusion that there was a “fair probability” that contraband
would be discovered in 2627 Emily Street.
As explained above, the issuing authority had a substantial basis to
conclude that “Romeo” lived at 2627 Emily Street and sold cocaine in South
Philadelphia. Further, the affidavit declares that, on two consecutive days,
the police witnessed the CI contact Romeo and, in response, Romeo exited
2627 Emily Street, walked up to the CI, sold the CI cocaine, and then
returned to 2627 Emily Street. Viewing these facts in a practical, common-
sense manner, we conclude that these facts constitute significant evidence
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that Romeo was using his home at 2627 Emily Street as the base of illicit
operations. Indeed, with respect to both sales, Romeo left from his house,
went directly to the meeting point, sold the CI cocaine, and then either
made an additional sale and walked back to his house or simply walked back
to his house. Based on these facts, we conclude that the issuing authority
had a substantial basis for determining that Romeo stored his cocaine inside
of his 2627 Emily Street base and that, when he returned to his base, he
placed the contraband buy-money inside of 2627 Emily Street. Therefore,
the issuing authority possessed a substantial basis for determining that
there was a fair probability that contraband (either cocaine or buy-money)
would be found at 2627 Emily Street.4
4 Within the trial court’s opinion, the trial court makes much of the fact that, following the first controlled transaction between the CI and Romeo, Romeo conducted a second transaction (where he was again the seller) without returning to the house. According to the trial court, this “indicat[es] that Romeo did not have to return to the premises to replenish his stock and could very possibly have only been selling whatever drugs he happened to have on his person at any given time.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/14, at 6-7. We reject the trial court’s de novo re-interpretation of the facts. Indeed, the fact that Romeo did not need to return to 2627 Emily Street to replenish his cocaine – so that he could conduct a single additional transaction – might simply mean that Romeo did not know how much cocaine the CI wished to purchase and that, following the transaction, Romeo had enough cocaine on hand to conduct an additional transaction. Regardless, it is not the role of either this Court or the trial court to conduct a de novo review of the issuing authority’s probable cause determination. We are simply to determine “whether or not there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the decision to issue a warrant.” Jones, 988 A.2d at 655. Here, the fact that Romeo was able to conduct two separate sales without returning to 2627 Emily Street does not lessen the probability that Romeo’s base of operations was 2627 Emily Street or that contraband would be found at 2627 Emily Street.
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In arriving at our conclusion, we recognize our opinions in
Commonwealth v. Kline, 335 A.2d 361 (Pa. Super. 1975) (en banc) and
Commonwealth v. Way, 492 A.2d 1151 (Pa. Super. 1985). However,
neither opinion controls the resolution in the case at bar. Certainly, in
Kline, this Court held that the affidavit of probable cause failed to establish
a nexus between the drug dealer’s apartment and the contraband because
the affidavit omitted certain facts concerning the single, private transaction
between the drug dealer and two girls. We held that these omitted facts
included: “where the transaction [between the dealer and the two girls]
took place, how long it took, how long [the dealer] was gone, [and] what led
the girls to conclude that he had gone to his apartment [to retrieve the
drugs].” Kline, 335 A.2d at 364. In the case at bar, however, we are
dealing with two controlled transactions – that were witnessed by the police
and recounted, in detail, in the affidavit of probable cause. Further, the
affidavit in the case at bar clearly recites “where the [controlled]
transaction[s] took place” and “what led [the police] to conclude” that
Romeo left his home prior to the drug sales and then returned to his home
after the drug sales. See id. Kline is thus inapposite to the facts of this
case.
Moreover, Way is of even less persuasive value than Kline. In Way,
the affidavit of probable cause merely declared that: the defendant was a
drug dealer; an “alleged [drug] transaction occurred in [the defendant’s]
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blue van along a country road[; and, a]fter the alleged [drug] transaction,
police followed the blue van to a driveway of a property” that was owned by
the defendant. Way, 492 A.2d at 344-347. Confronted with this affidavit,
the Way Court held that there were “[insufficient] facts to believe that drugs
would be found” in the defendant’s house and that the search warrant for
the defendant’s house was thus defective. Id. at 347.
Way is inapplicable to the case at bar. Indeed, in Way, the totality of
the circumstances demonstrated that the defendant’s base of operations for
his drug dealing was his blue van – while in the case at bar, the facts
establish that the Romeo’s base of operations for his drug dealing was his
house at 2627 Emily Street.
We thus conclude that the issuing authority possessed a substantial
basis for determining that there was a fair probability that contraband would
be found at 2627 Emily Street. We vacate the trial court’s orders in these
cases and remand.
Orders vacated. Cases remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Mundy joins this memorandum.
Judge Wecht files a Dissenting Memorandum.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 10/5/2015
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