J-S16013-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : ROBERT ALICEA : : Appellant : No. 1378 EDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 5, 2017 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0003525-2015
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED APRIL 21, 2020
Appellant, Robert Alicea, appeals from the December 5, 2017 Judgment
of Sentence entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas
following his jury conviction of Attempted Rape of a child; Aggravated
Indecent Assault of a child; Unlawful Contact With a Minor; Endangering the
Welfare of a Child (“EWOC”); Corruption of Minors (“COM”); and Indecent
Assault of a child.1 On appeal, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence in support of his convictions. After careful review, we affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history, as gleaned from the record,
are as follows. On March 10, 2015, A.A. (the “victim”) reported to Philadelphia
Police Officer Kathryn Lewis that several years earlier, in 2008 or 2009, her
____________________________________________
118 Pa.C.S. §§ 901(a), 3125(b), 6318(a)(1), 4304(a)(1), 6301(a)(1), and 3126(a)(7), respectively. J-S16013-20
uncle, Appellant, had “touched her private parts.”2 Officer Lewis and Detective
Brian Meissler from the Special Victims Unit interviewed the victim. The victim
positively identified Appellant as her perpetrator. The victim reported that she
was eight or nine years old when the incident occurred. The victim’s mother
reported that the victim was eight.
Police arrested Appellant, and on August 17, 2017, his jury trial
commenced. The Commonwealth presented the testimony of the victim, her
mother, Officer Lewis, and Detective Meissler.
Relevantly, the victim testified that when she was growing up she would
see Appellant at her maternal grandmother’s house. N.T., 8/18/17 at 8. She
testified that she was close with her grandmother and, from the time she was
about four or five, she often slept at her grandmother’s house during the week
in the summer and on weekends during the school year, sometimes for
extended periods of time. Id. at 11-12. She also testified that she was close
with Appellant. Id. at 64.
The victim testified that at the time of the assault Appellant lived with
her grandmother. Id. at 12-13. She stated that she would watch TV with
Appellant sometimes, and they would sometimes walk to the store and talk
about her life. Id.at 44. She testified that they spent at least one Christmas
together. Id. at 56.
2 The victim was born in February 2000. She was 15 years old when she reported the assault to the police.
-2- J-S16013-20
She testified that, when she was about eight or nine years old, Appellant
assaulted her in his bedroom at her grandmother’s house. N.T., 8/18/17 at
8-9, 13, 16. She testified that she knew she was about eight or nine because
her grandmother had bought her a dry erase board when she was that age
because she had been having trouble with math in school, and she had been
using it just prior to the assault. Id. at 13-14, 58. She testified that she had
been in the living room on the evening in question when Appellant called her
upstairs to his bedroom and assaulted her by putting her on his lap with her
back to him, and telling her to open her legs. Id. at 14-16. The victim testified
that when she resisted opening her legs, Appellant did it for her, and then
touched her vagina, first over her clothing, and then under them. Id. at 16-
17. She stated that Appellant inserted his finger in her vagina and then laid
her on the bed. He told her to sit up, and he removed his pants halfway. He
then grabbed her hand and forced her to touch his penis. Id. at 18-19. She
testified that she and Appellant then heard her grandmother walk out of the
adjoining room, and Appellant quickly and abruptly put his pants back on. Id.
at 19-20. The victim testified that Appellant also touched her chest area over
her clothes. Id. at 20.
The victim testified that she told her mother what had happened years
later, when she was 13 and in 7th grade. Id. at 23. She stated that she
decided to report the assault to police a year or more later when she learned
that Appellant was again staying with her grandmother, and she was scared
to see him. Id. at 29, 121. The victim’s mother testified that Appellant’s
-3- J-S16013-20
reappearance coincided with the victim exhibiting “depressed” and “anti-
social” behavior. Id. at 102.
Although Appellant did not testify, he moved for the admission of
documents that he alleged supported his alibi for the entire period in which
the victim said the assault could have occurred. In particular, the court
admitted Philadelphia Prison Department records reflecting that Appellant was
incarcerated from March 3, 2007, through and including August 10, 2009. It
also admitted business records from North Philadelphia Health System
indicating that Appellant was a patient at the Girard Medical Center from
August 10, 2009, through and including October 9, 2009.
The jury convicted Appellant of the above charges on August 22, 2017.
On December 5, 2017, the court sentenced him to an aggregate term of 10
to 20 years’ incarceration followed by 10 years of reporting probation. 3 On
December 15, 2017, Appellant filed a Post-Sentence Motion, which was
deemed denied by operation of law on April 12, 2018.
This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court complied
with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant raises the following issues on appeal:
3 Specifically, the court sentenced Appellant to three concurrent terms of 10 to 20 years’ incarceration for his Criminal Attempted Rape of Child, Aggravated Indecent Assault of Child, and Unlawful Contact with a Minor convictions, followed by two consecutive terms of 5 years’ probation for his EWOC and COM convictions and one concurrent term of 5 years’ probation for his Indecent Assault of a Child conviction.
-4- J-S16013-20
1. Whether the trial court erred in finding [Appellant] guilty of Attempted Rape where the Commonwealth failed to show that [Appellant] made any attempt to penetrate the [victim?]
2. Whether the trial court erred in finding [Appellant] guilty of [EWOC] where the Commonwealth introduced no evidence that [Appellant] owed a duty of care or supervision to the [victim?]
3. Whether the trial court erred in finding [Appellant] guilty of any of the charges when the [victim] could not provide any date or range of dates on which the incident could have occurred, thereby leading to a conviction based on insufficient evidence which violated [Appellant’s] due process rights under the state and federal constitutions[?]
Appellant’s Brief at vii.
Each of Appellant’s issues challenges the sufficiency of the
Commonwealth’s evidence. Accordingly, we review Appellant’s claims with
the following in mind.
“A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law.”
Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). “[O]ur standard
of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v.
Hutchinson, 164 A.3d 494, 497 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted). “We
review claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence by considering
whether, viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable
to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to
find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Commonwealth v. Miller, 172 A.3d 632, 640 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). “Further, a conviction may be
sustained wholly on circumstantial evidence, and the trier of fact—while
passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence—is
-5- J-S16013-20
free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). “In
conducting this review, the appellate court may not weigh the evidence and
substitute its judgment for the fact-finder.” Id. (citation omitted).
Attempted Rape of a Child
In his first issue, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth’s evidence
was insufficient to prove that he attempted to rape the victim. Appellant’s
Brief at 1-3. In support, Appellant cites the absence of evidence that he
threatened to rape or kill the victim, tried to engage in oral sex with the victim,
or removed the victim’s clothing. Id at 2-3. He characterizes himself as
having voluntarily stopped his assault on the victim prior to making “any
attempt whatsoever at engaging in penetrative intercourse with” the victim.
Id. at 3. He argues that because the victim’s testimony established only that
he touched the victim with his hands and fingers, and forced the victim to
touch his penis, whether Appellant would have raped the victim is “merely a
guess.” Id. at 2. He concludes that “[w]ithout more, the touching of [the
victim] alone does not constitute a substantial step towards the commission
of [R]ape of a [C]hild and instead would merely be an Indecent Assault or
Aggravated Indecent Assault. Id. at 3.
A defendant is guilty of Criminal Attempt if “with intent to commit a
specific crime, he does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the
commission of that crime.” 18 Pa.C.S. §901(a).
A person commits the offence of Rape of a Child if he “engages in sexual
intercourse with a complainant who is less than 13 years of age.” 18 Pa.C.S.
-6- J-S16013-20
§3121(c). The use of force is not an element of the crime of Rape of a Child.
In addition to its ordinary meaning, the term sexual intercourse is defined as
“intercourse per os or per anus, with some penetration however, slight.”
Commonwealth v. Wilson, 825 A.2d 710, 714 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations
and quotations omitted).
To sustain Appellant’s conviction for Attempted Rape of a Child, the
Commonwealth had to prove that Appellant performed an act constituting a
substantial step toward engaging in sexual intercourse with a child under the
age of 13. As set forth supra, the Commonwealth introduced evidence that
Appellant, the victim’s uncle, lived with the victim’s grandmother, and that
the victim had a close relationship with both her grandmother and Appellant.
It also provided evidence that Appellant lured the victim to his bedroom,
touched her legs, vagina, and chest, and digitally penetrated her vagina before
placing the victim on his bed, and removing his pants. He then took out his
penis, grabbed the victim’s hand and made her touch his penis. The
Commonwealth’s evidence also showed that it was only because the victim’s
grandmother came out of a nearby room that Appellant stopped the assault.
In explaining that the Commonwealth had presented sufficient evidence
to support Appellant’s Attempted Rape of a Child conviction, the trial court
compared the instant facts favorably to Commonwealth v. Moody, 441 A.2d
371 (Pa. Super. 2002). The trial court explained that, in Moody, this Court
affirmed a conviction of Attempted Rape of a Child where the defendant
fondled the victim’s genitalia and began to unzip his pants. Id. at 372. The
-7- J-S16013-20
trial court here concluded that the instant Appellant’s actions “surpass those
in Moody[]” because “Appellant penetrated [the victim’s ]vagina with his
finger after which he forced her to fondle his genitalia.” Trial Ct. Op., 5/30/19
at 5.4
We are unpersuaded by Appellant’s argument and disagree with his
assertion that the Commonwealth presented evidence of “touching [the
victim] alone[.]” Moreover, we find Appellant’s characterization of the
circumstances under which he ceased the assault as “voluntary” disingenuous,
and we reject his argument that the jury should have inferred from his
“voluntariness” that he had no intention of escalating the assault to rape.
Viewing the above evidence, and all reasonable inferences therefrom, in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, as we must, we
conclude that it was reasonable for the jury to infer that Appellant had
performed acts constituting a substantial step toward engaging in sexual
intercourse with the victim. Accordingly, Appellant is not entitled to relief on
this claim.
4 In its Appellee’s brief, the Commonwealth now agrees with Appellant that it failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain his Attempted Rape of a Child conviction. Commonwealth’s Brief at 9-13. In particular, it argues that the trial court’s reliance on Moody is misplaced because there were additional facts and circumstances present in Moody and its progeny that led this Court to affirm the defendants’ convictions. For the reasons stated above, we disagree with the Commonwealth’s assessment.
-8- J-S16013-20
EWOC
In his second issue, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth failed to
adduce sufficient evidence to sustain his conviction of EWOC because it did
not demonstrate that he had a duty of care or supervision to the victim.
Appellant’s Brief at 3. In particular, Appellant asserts that the victim’s
testimony that Appellant was her uncle, that she was close with him, and they
sometimes walked to the store together was insufficient to establish that he
exercised a duty of supervision or of care to her. Id. at 5. This is especially
true, he argues, in light of her testimony that Appellant’s presence at her
grandmother’s home was unpredictable, and her lack of testimony that they
were ever at home alone, which would have implied that he had a duty to
supervise her. Id.
In support of his argument, Appellant compares the facts of this case
favorably to those in Commonwealth v. Halye, 719 A.2d 763 (Pa. Super.
1998), where this Court found that the Commonwealth failed to prove that
the defendant, who was a one-time visitor in the victim’s home, was in a
position of supervising the victim at the time of the assault. Id. at 765. He
distinguishes his case from Commonwealth v. Brown, 721 A.2d 1105 (Pa.
Super. 1998), where this Court concluded that the evidence was sufficient to
convict the defendant of EWOC because the victim lived with the defendant
who had supervisory duties when the abuse occurred. Id. at 1108.
“A parent, guardian[,] or other person supervising the welfare of a child
under 18 years of age, or a person that employs or supervises such a person,
-9- J-S16013-20
commits an offense if he knowingly endangers the welfare of the child by
violating a duty of care, protection[,] or support.” 18 Pa.C.S § 4304(a)(1).
The Criminal Code defines a “person supervising the welfare of a child” as a
“person other than a parent or guardian that provides care, education,
training[,] or control of a child.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a)(3).
The statue criminalizing EWOC is protective in nature, and we construe
it to “effectuate its broad purpose of sheltering children from harm.”
Commonwealth v. Lynn, 114 A.3d 796, 818 (Pa. 2015). Not all adults who
reside with children have a duty of care, protection, or support to that child.
Brown, 721 A.2d at 1108. To find a person liable of EWOC, the
Commonwealth must establish that the person had such a duty and violated
it. Id.
Endangering the welfare of a child is a specific intent crime and the
intent element is a “knowing violation of a duty of care.” Lynn, 114 A.3d at
819. To prove knowing intent, the Commonwealth must prove that:
(1) the accused is aware of his/her duty to protect the child; (2) the accused is aware that the child is in circumstances that could threaten the child’s physical or psychological welfare; and (3) the accused has either failed to act or has taken action so lame or meager that such actions cannot reasonably be expected to protect the child’s welfare.
Id.
Instantly, the Commonwealth presented evidence that at the time of the
assault, Appellant had recently been released from prison and was living at
his mother’s home where the victim often stayed, sometimes for extended
- 10 - J-S16013-20
periods. Unlike the defendant in Halye, who was a one-time visitor to the
victim’s home and not previously known to the victim, Appellant and the victim
sometimes shared the victim’s grandmother’s home and had a close
relationship. Although the evidence did not show that Appellant ever babysat
or played with the victim, or performed any other quasi-custodial functions
like the defendant in Brown, it demonstrated that Appellant showed a special
interest in the care of the victim when they would walk to the store together
and talk about the victim’s life. In light of the broad purpose of the EWOC
statute and the foregoing evidence, we find that the jury reasonably concluded
that Appellant was guilty of the crime of EWOC.
Incident Date
In his final issue, Appellant claims that because the victim could not
provide any date or range of dates on which the assault occurred, the
Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to convict him of any of the
charges. Appellant’s Brief at 7-9 (citing Commonwealth v. Devlin, 333 A.2d
888 (Pa. 1975). He also complains that the Commonwealth’s failure to provide
a specific date or reasonable date range violated his due process rights
because it deprived him of the opportunity to raise competently an alibi
defense. Id. at 9.
Although it “is the duty of the prosecution to fix the date when an alleged
offense occurred with reasonable certainty . . . the Commonwealth does not
always need to prove a single specific date of an alleged crime.”
Commonwealth v. Koehler, 914 A.2d 427, 436 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations
- 11 - J-S16013-20
omitted). The Commonwealth has the burden to prove “with a reasonable
certainty and being within the statutory period” the commission of the offense.
Commonwealth v. Levy, 23 A.2d 97, 99 (Pa. Super. 1941).
With respect to allegations of child sexual abuse, we afford the
Commonwealth broad latitude when attempting to ascertain the date of the
incidents. See Commonwealth v. G.D.M., Sr., 926 A.2d 984, 990 (Pa.
Super. 2007) (“Case law has established that the Commonwealth must be
afforded broad latitude when attempting to fix the date of offenses which
involve a continuous course of conduct.”); Commonwealth v. Groff, 548
A.2d 1237, 1241 (Pa. Super. 1998) (explaining that “the [C]ommonwealth
must be allowed a reasonable measure of flexibility when faced with the
special difficulties involved in ascertaining the date of an assault upon a young
child,” given that when the victim is a young child it can be almost impossible
to ascertain the exact date when a crime occurred); Commonwealth v.
Niemetz, 422 A.2d 1369, 1373 (Pa. Super. 1980) (concluding that time is not
of the essence in matters involving rape, IDSI, indecent assault of children,
and corruption of minors).
Appellant relies on Devlin, supra, in support of his allegation that the
Commonwealth’s failure to give him sufficiently specific notice of when the
assaults occurred rendered him unable to prepare a defense. In Devlin, the
Commonwealth charged the defendant with sodomizing a mentally challenged
adult who had the mental ability of a first- or second-grade child and the
emotional stability of an even younger child. The Commonwealth alleged that
- 12 - J-S16013-20
the crime occurred at some unspecified time during a 14-month period. The
defendant argued that the Commonwealth’s allegation as to the time of the
crime was so vague that it precluded him from preparing an effective defense
to the charges, and our Supreme Court agreed. Importantly, however, the
Supreme Court declined to adopt a per se rule concerning the length of the
time-period in which the Commonwealth must establish that the defendant
had committed the crime. Devlin, 333 A.2d at 892. The Court emphasized
that a case-by-case inquiry, which considered the nature of the crime and the
age of the victim, was appropriate, and the Commonwealth must only fix the
date of the offense “with reasonable certainty.” Id. at 890-92.
In this case, the trial court considered the facts and the controlling
authority and concluded that the Commonwealth had fixed the time frame of
the charged offenses with “reasonable certainty.” The court observed:
There was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that the charged crimes occurred sometime after Appellant’s incarceration or subsequent hospital admission and before [the victim’s] tenth birthday. On the night of the incident, [the victim] stayed at her grandmother’s house after Appellant had been released from jail when she was either eight or nine years old, which would be either in 2008 or 2009. Appellant was incarcerated from March 3, 2007 to August 10, 2009. He was a patient at Girard Medical Center on August 10, 2009 through October 9, 2009. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict[-]winner, the 3 to 5 month period during which the incident could have occurred defeats Appellant’s insufficiency claim. Moreover, because time is not an essential element to any of the charges, Appellant’s insufficiency claim does not bar the conviction of Appellant on any of the charges.
Appellant’s due process challenge on the basis that [the victim] did not provide a specific date or range of dates also fails because
- 13 - J-S16013-20
[the victim] testified with a reasonable certainty that the incident occurred within a 3 to 5 month period.
***
. . . The range of dates during which the incident could have occurred fell within the leeway courts have granted in cases concerning sexual offenses against children . . . Though Devlin established that there is no per se rule, this case nonetheless did not exceed the range in Devlin. Additionally, the following factors weigh against [] Appellant’s due process challenge: testimony that the offense occurred after Appellant had been released from jail, [the victim’s] young age, and her mother’s testimony noticing signs of distress when Appellant reappeared in grandmother’s life. Therefore, Appellant’s due process claim is meritless.
Trial Ct. Op., at 7-8 (citations to the Notes of Testimony omitted).
Following our review, we conclude that, given the nature of the crimes,
the age of the victim, and the fact that the date of the offense is not an
element of the charged crimes, the testimony of the victim established the
range of dates in which the assault occurred with reasonable certainty. Thus,
Appellant’s due process challenge fails.
Conclusion
Having determined that sufficient evidence supports Appellant’s
convictions and his due process rights were not violated, we affirm his
Judgment of Sentence.
Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
- 14 - J-S16013-20
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 04/21/2020
- 15 -