MR. Justice Fancher
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The case was'brought to collect.on an open account. Notes had been executed by defendant covering the account but materially altered by complainants. The [272]*272case involves tlie question as to whether snit can be maintained on the original account.
The Columbia Grocery Company is a partnership composed of Mose and Ben Lazarons, doing a wholesale grocery business at Columbia, Tenn. Defendant O. M. Marshall was a retail merchant at Campbell’s. Station, in Maury County, and for several years had purchased goods of the complainants, and a running account had existed for considerable time. Complainants sold this business and desired to close out their accounts. They urged defendant to pay his indebtedness,, and he disputed a large part of the account. After some considerable dispute about this, he finally agreed to give his interest-bearing notes, which he did, covering the account of $1,073.78 and $45 of interest. The notes were eleven in number, bearing date February 2, 1914 —nine for $75 each, and one for $200', and another for $242.88. One note fell due each two months during-the years 1914 and 1915. The notes were prepared, by complainants some days before execution and handed to defendant. They were actually executed February 2.1st and delivered to complainants. That evening Ben Lazarous discovered that the bookkeeper had left out a clause they usually inserted in serial notes of this character, and they had it filled in with a typewriter on each note; the first being as follows:
“This is note one of a series of eleven, default in payment of any note of this series all notes become due and payable.”
[273]*273Defendant’s attention was not called to this alteration. The notes were then put in a box with other notes and papers and placed in the vault in the hank for safe-keeping.
Complainants say it was not their intention to keep these notes, hut this is hardly to be credited, for they did keep them after voluntarily making the unauthorized change until it was discovered by defendant about seventeen days after the execution. He had called to pay the first note, and, when the note was produced, he noticed the typewritten alteration, and thereupon refused to pay. He was urged to pay notwithstanding, and, upon refusal, Mose Lazarous says that he proposed that they would destroy the notes and let the account stand. Some days afterwards the complainants mailed to the defendant all the notes.
It was customary for the bookkeeper to write this clause into notes of this character, and some notes had been so fixed after their execution, in other instances.
This suit was brought to recover on the original account. The defendant resists a recovery on the ground:
First. That the notes were intended and did extinguish the original indebtedness, being taken in settlement and closing out of the account; and that, the notes being void because of the alteration, no recovery can be had.
Second. That, the alteration being fraudulently made, no recovery can be had, regardless of whether the original account was extinguished.
[274]*274The chancellor -dismissed the hill on the trial. He found in a memorandum opinion that “it seems clear from the statement of complainants that the notes were given and received in settlement of the account,” and that “taking and holding the notes and putting in box and vault in bank with other valuable papers, and failure to notify Marshall by mail or phone promptly, unerringly point to the conclusion that it was in legal effect acceptance.” He concluded also that the proof repels intentional or purposed fraud or deceit, but it changed the contract materially as to 'the nights and obligations of defendant. He said further:
“This might be mildly termed constructive fraud, .and, if so, that like any species of fraud, would defeat ■suit on original consideration; but, if notes operated as payment or extinguishment of account, no sort of fraud would be necessary to have same effect.” 1 Ruling ■Cas., 1006.
He also cited 1 Ruling Cases, p. 966.
The chancellor also said:
“The insertions were made innocently and in accordance with complainants’ custom, but not to conform to any negotiation or contract between them and •defendant, as the proof clearly shows. Unwittingly and with no evil purpose they changed or caused to be changed the contract to their advantage, thereby made the notes more valuable to sell or hypothecate, or as choses to own and hold with the additional right secured by the insertions and additions.”
He concluded:
[275]*275“The law, based on public policy, especially as to commercial paper, seems to provide no locus peniten-tiae, for like faults or errors, but to be inexorable and penal. See Pollak Bros. v. Niall-Herin Co., 137 Ga., 23, 72, S. E., 415, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.), 76.”
From a review of the authorities, we are of opinion that the weight of authority is as follows:
That the taking of a promissory note of a debtor does not extinguish the original debt, nor operate as a payment, unless so intended or agreed between the parties, though it may extend the time of payment, and if for any reason without fraud the creditor loses his right to sue on the note, he is at liberty to sue on the original indebtedness. 2 Cyc., 183, citing Otto v. Halff, 89 Tex., 384, 34 S. W., 910, 59 Am. St. Rep., 56, and notes, and many other authorities.
The early doctrine on this subject applied to deeds, because' anciently most transactions which were reduced to writing were evidenced by instruments under seal, and an immaterial change made by the obligee, or in a material point if made by a stranger, avoided it. Pigot’s Case, 11 Coke, 27a, and other authorities cited in 2 Cyc., p. 175.
But now this early doctrine is nowhere adhered to, and is superseded by a more reasonable doctrine that an immaterial change, by whomsoever made, at least-when unaccompanied by fraudulent design, will not invalidate the instrument, and that a material change by a stranger will not avoid it. This doctrine applies [276]*276to all written contracts, especially commercial paper. 2 Cyc., 175-177.
The early cases in Tennessee on the subject of alteration of instruments, of which Kennel v. Muncey, Peck, 273 (opinion by Judge Haywood), is a leading case, held that a sealed instrument extinguished the precedent demand on which it was founded; but in the case of an unsealed instrument, though any alteration made without the assent of the maker after its execution vitiated it, yet recovery might be had on the original obligation. Kennel v. Muncey, Peck, 273; Nichol v. Thompson, 1 Yerg., 155.
The latter opinion was by Judge Catron, and he stated the reason why an unsealed promise to pay does not extinguish or merge a parol contract to pay a previous debt was because they are of equal grade in the scale of evidence and subject to be defeated by countervailing proof.
It does not clearly appear in the present case that there was ah intention, at th^ time these notes were executed, that they were to settle and extinguish the original demand for goods, wares, and merchandise sold and delivered.
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MR. Justice Fancher
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The case was'brought to collect.on an open account. Notes had been executed by defendant covering the account but materially altered by complainants. The [272]*272case involves tlie question as to whether snit can be maintained on the original account.
The Columbia Grocery Company is a partnership composed of Mose and Ben Lazarons, doing a wholesale grocery business at Columbia, Tenn. Defendant O. M. Marshall was a retail merchant at Campbell’s. Station, in Maury County, and for several years had purchased goods of the complainants, and a running account had existed for considerable time. Complainants sold this business and desired to close out their accounts. They urged defendant to pay his indebtedness,, and he disputed a large part of the account. After some considerable dispute about this, he finally agreed to give his interest-bearing notes, which he did, covering the account of $1,073.78 and $45 of interest. The notes were eleven in number, bearing date February 2, 1914 —nine for $75 each, and one for $200', and another for $242.88. One note fell due each two months during-the years 1914 and 1915. The notes were prepared, by complainants some days before execution and handed to defendant. They were actually executed February 2.1st and delivered to complainants. That evening Ben Lazarous discovered that the bookkeeper had left out a clause they usually inserted in serial notes of this character, and they had it filled in with a typewriter on each note; the first being as follows:
“This is note one of a series of eleven, default in payment of any note of this series all notes become due and payable.”
[273]*273Defendant’s attention was not called to this alteration. The notes were then put in a box with other notes and papers and placed in the vault in the hank for safe-keeping.
Complainants say it was not their intention to keep these notes, hut this is hardly to be credited, for they did keep them after voluntarily making the unauthorized change until it was discovered by defendant about seventeen days after the execution. He had called to pay the first note, and, when the note was produced, he noticed the typewritten alteration, and thereupon refused to pay. He was urged to pay notwithstanding, and, upon refusal, Mose Lazarous says that he proposed that they would destroy the notes and let the account stand. Some days afterwards the complainants mailed to the defendant all the notes.
It was customary for the bookkeeper to write this clause into notes of this character, and some notes had been so fixed after their execution, in other instances.
This suit was brought to recover on the original account. The defendant resists a recovery on the ground:
First. That the notes were intended and did extinguish the original indebtedness, being taken in settlement and closing out of the account; and that, the notes being void because of the alteration, no recovery can be had.
Second. That, the alteration being fraudulently made, no recovery can be had, regardless of whether the original account was extinguished.
[274]*274The chancellor -dismissed the hill on the trial. He found in a memorandum opinion that “it seems clear from the statement of complainants that the notes were given and received in settlement of the account,” and that “taking and holding the notes and putting in box and vault in bank with other valuable papers, and failure to notify Marshall by mail or phone promptly, unerringly point to the conclusion that it was in legal effect acceptance.” He concluded also that the proof repels intentional or purposed fraud or deceit, but it changed the contract materially as to 'the nights and obligations of defendant. He said further:
“This might be mildly termed constructive fraud, .and, if so, that like any species of fraud, would defeat ■suit on original consideration; but, if notes operated as payment or extinguishment of account, no sort of fraud would be necessary to have same effect.” 1 Ruling ■Cas., 1006.
He also cited 1 Ruling Cases, p. 966.
The chancellor also said:
“The insertions were made innocently and in accordance with complainants’ custom, but not to conform to any negotiation or contract between them and •defendant, as the proof clearly shows. Unwittingly and with no evil purpose they changed or caused to be changed the contract to their advantage, thereby made the notes more valuable to sell or hypothecate, or as choses to own and hold with the additional right secured by the insertions and additions.”
He concluded:
[275]*275“The law, based on public policy, especially as to commercial paper, seems to provide no locus peniten-tiae, for like faults or errors, but to be inexorable and penal. See Pollak Bros. v. Niall-Herin Co., 137 Ga., 23, 72, S. E., 415, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.), 76.”
From a review of the authorities, we are of opinion that the weight of authority is as follows:
That the taking of a promissory note of a debtor does not extinguish the original debt, nor operate as a payment, unless so intended or agreed between the parties, though it may extend the time of payment, and if for any reason without fraud the creditor loses his right to sue on the note, he is at liberty to sue on the original indebtedness. 2 Cyc., 183, citing Otto v. Halff, 89 Tex., 384, 34 S. W., 910, 59 Am. St. Rep., 56, and notes, and many other authorities.
The early doctrine on this subject applied to deeds, because' anciently most transactions which were reduced to writing were evidenced by instruments under seal, and an immaterial change made by the obligee, or in a material point if made by a stranger, avoided it. Pigot’s Case, 11 Coke, 27a, and other authorities cited in 2 Cyc., p. 175.
But now this early doctrine is nowhere adhered to, and is superseded by a more reasonable doctrine that an immaterial change, by whomsoever made, at least-when unaccompanied by fraudulent design, will not invalidate the instrument, and that a material change by a stranger will not avoid it. This doctrine applies [276]*276to all written contracts, especially commercial paper. 2 Cyc., 175-177.
The early cases in Tennessee on the subject of alteration of instruments, of which Kennel v. Muncey, Peck, 273 (opinion by Judge Haywood), is a leading case, held that a sealed instrument extinguished the precedent demand on which it was founded; but in the case of an unsealed instrument, though any alteration made without the assent of the maker after its execution vitiated it, yet recovery might be had on the original obligation. Kennel v. Muncey, Peck, 273; Nichol v. Thompson, 1 Yerg., 155.
The latter opinion was by Judge Catron, and he stated the reason why an unsealed promise to pay does not extinguish or merge a parol contract to pay a previous debt was because they are of equal grade in the scale of evidence and subject to be defeated by countervailing proof.
It does not clearly appear in the present case that there was ah intention, at th^ time these notes were executed, that they were to settle and extinguish the original demand for goods, wares, and merchandise sold and delivered. And the modern rule being that this intention must appear or else the creditor can sue upon the original debt when he loses his right innocently or without fraud, we reach the conclusion that the case must turn alone on whether the complainants have lost that right on account of their own wrongs. We think the chancellor correctly found that the notes were accepted by the complainants.
[277]*277The question in the case then is: What is the degree of the wrong or the effect of the material alteration made in each of these notes?
Very able and exhaustive briefs have been furnished on the questions involved, and we find no material difference in the position of counsel either as to the facts or the law. It is. the conclusion from the facts upon which counsel differ. The complainants maintain that these insertions in the notes were made innocently and in accordance with complainants’ custom, and do not affect the right to sue on the original debt.
The defendant says that though he did not owe the complainants as much as they claimed in order to get time, and prevent them from closing him out in business, he gave these notes; thg,t the insertion of a stipulation after delivery, without his assent or knowledge, that default in the payment of any one note would cause all the notes to become due and payable, was a material change in' the contract; that such a change, which the chancellor mildly termed constructive fraud, was in reality an intentional and subtle fraud and deception, for which the punishment will be inflicted to the extent that they will lose their right to sue on the original contract.
The modern rule, as expressed in many authorities touching this whole question, may he stated as follows: The intent with which an alteration of an instrument is made is not of material' consequences in determining the effect upon the immediate instrument, but the intent or motive is of great importance in determining [278]*278whether a recovery can he had upon the original debt or consideration.
If the alteration of a written instrument is made by .the holder with a design and intent to defraud the maker, it extinguishes the debt. This rule is founded on public policy, and in order to preserve the integrity of valid legal instruments, by providing a punishment for the wrong, and to deter the holder from tampering with it. If, however, the alteration is without, fraudulent intent, while it will destroy the instrument, it will not destroy the right to recover on the original consideration, of which the'instrument is a mere evidence. Thus, if a holder of a promissory note makes a material alteration in it after its execution but without any design to defraud, and in the belief that he had a right to alter it in order to make it conform to the original agreement of the parties, such alteration does not deprive the holder of the right to elect to disregard the note and to sue on the original obligation, provided the note was not accepted as payment thereof. White v. Hass, 32 Ala., 430, 70 Am. Dec., 548; Vogle v. Ripper, 34 Ill., 100, 85 Am. Dec., 298; Wheelock v. Freeman, 13 Pick. (Mass.), 165, 23 Am. Dec., 674; Greenfield Sav. Bank v. Stowell, 123 Mass., 196, 25 Am. Rep., 67; Walton Plow Co. v. Campbell, 35 Neb., 173, 52 N. W., 883, 16 L. R. A., 468; Wolferman v. Bell, 6 Wash., 84, 32 Pac., 1017, 36 Am. St. Rep., 126; Warder, etc., Co. v. Willyard, 46 Minn., 531, 49 N. W., 300, 24 Am. St. Rep., 250; and note; Green v. Sneed, 101 Ala., 205, [279]*27913 South., 277, 46 Am. St. Rep., 119; Otto v. Halff, 89 Tex., 384, 34 S. W., 910, 59 Am. St. Rep., 56, and note.
There is some authority that although the alteration he material and fraudulent, since a bill or note suspends and is not absolute payment of the debt for which it was given, such alteration only extinguishes the security, and the original consideration remains, but this is not sound doctrine. The correct rule undoubtedly is that, when a party to a bill or note fraudulently alters its legal effect, he not only destroys the instrument, but he also extinguishes the debt for which it was given. Daniel on Negotiable Instruments, vol. 2,' secs. 1410 to 1416.
We think the chancellor very midlly termed this act of the complainants a constructive fraud. It was more than that. It was not made in an innocent effort to conform the instrument to the true intention and agreement of the parties or through ignorance, or any other simple, guileless motive.' It was a secret and stealthy attempt' to gain an advantage. The defendant says that he would not have executed the papers with stipulations that, in the event of default of one, all would become due and payable, and it is reasonable to believe he would not. He was attempting to get a breathing spell between payments so he could meet them, one by one, through a period of two years. His wife had been sick in the hospital, and he was embarrassed financially. His debts were pressing him. These insertions in the notes destroyed the whole advantage he had gained by closing the account and substituting [280]*280time notes, if lie should be so unfortunate as to fail in one small payment. He went to make a payment before it was due and discovered the change, and thereupon promptly refused to pay.
The law on the subject is> founded on wise public policy, and we are not at liberty to disregard it.
Affirmed.