Moore, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This proceeding being jointly against the judgment creditor, J. Mann, and the deputy sheriff, Odell, who acted in the execution of the fieri facias, I will .consider their respective positions separately, and the law and the evidence applicable thereto; because, I think, in this case, notwithstanding the defendants pleaded jointly “ not guilty,” the rules of protection are somewhat different as respects the one as a ministerial officer, and the other as the judgment creditor, and prime mover in the original proceedings.
The defendants having pleaded not guilty, and the issue being joined thereon, the parties, plaintiff and defendants by their attorneys, agreed “that any matter may be given in evidence that conld be given in evidence if specially pleaded.”
The defendants attempted to justify the taking of the property under the judgment and execution or/?. fa. The. sheriff, Odell, especially attempted to seek protection under the following process, viz :
“ State of West YiegiNia :
“ To the Sheriff of Nicholas County, greeting :
“We command you that of the goods and chattels of John W. Collins, late in your bailiwick, you cause tobe made the sum of $100.00, or the possession of nine head of cattle, which James Mann, lately before John W. Ar-buclde, mayor of the town of Lewisburg, and ex officio a justice of Greenbrier county, recovered against him for debt, with legal interest from the 24th day of December, 1875, until paid, and $2.55 costs; also the sum of seventy-five cents, which to plaintiff was adjudged, as well for damages which he sustained by reason of the detaining of [179]*179said debt as for his costs by him about his suit in that behalf expended, whereof John W. Collins is convicted' as appears to us of record; and that you have the same before the justice of our said court at rules to be held in the clerk’s office thereof, on the first Monday of March next, to render to plaintiff of the debt and damages aforesaid. And have then thére this writ.
“ Witness, Mark L. Spotts, clerk of our said court, at the court house of said county, the 10th day of January,
1876, and in the 13th year of the State.
“ Mark L. Spotts.
“ A copy. Teste:
“ Mark L. Spotts, Clerk”
“Where the trespass is justified, under civil or criminal process, whether it be specially pleaded, or given in evidence under a brief statement filed with the general issue, the party must prove every material fact of the authority under which he justifies. If the action is by the person against whom the process issued, it is sufficient for the officer who served it to prove the process itself, if it appears to have issued-from a court of competent jurisdiction, &c. * * * But in trespass against the plaintiff in a former action, or against a stranger, or where the action is brought by a stranger whose goods have been wrongfully taken by the sheriff, under an execution issued against another person, the sheriff or his officers justifying under the process, will be held also to prove the judgment upon which it issued.” 2 Greenleaf Ev. §629, and notes, 13th ed.
“A process being void, the party who sets it in motion, and all persons aiding and assisting him, are prima facie trespassers, for seizing property under it; and acts which an officer might justify under process actually void, but regular, and apparently valid on its face, will be trespasses as against the party,” Kerr v. Mount, 28 N. Y. 659. So in Hilliard on Torts, vol. 2, chap. 29, §5, it is said : “But the distinction is made, even in regard to property of the execution-debtor himself, that an officer may jus[180]*180tify the seizure of property by alleging and showing a .ft- fa- from the proper tribunal, but the plaintiff in such execution must show the judgment on which it issued.”
Judge Cooley says: “The process that shall protect an officer must, to use the customary legal expression, be fair on its face. By this it is not meant that it shall appear to be perfectly regular, and in all respects in accord with proper practice, and after the most approved form ; but what is intended is, that it shall apparently be process lawfully issued, and such as the officers might lawfully serve. More precisely, that process may be said to be fair on its face, which proceeds from a court, magistrate, or body having authority of law to issue process of that nature, and which is legal in form, and on its face contains nothing to notify or fairly apprise the officer that it is issued without authority. When such appears to be the process, the officer is protected in making service, and he- is not concerned with any illegalities that may exist back of this.” Cooley on Torts 459, 460 and notes, citing the leading authorities. This rule is so universally received, that it would be supererogation for me to give a review in this opinion of the cases cited by him ; and I will therefore in addition only quote from the language of Judge Agnew, in Cunningham v. Mitchell, 67 Pa. St. 81, that : In the case of public officers, an inferior acting within the scope of his warrant, when apparently regular, is always protected; unless the authority issuing it was without jurisdiction. It has been a question how far this protection extends, when the superior authority acts irregulary and illegally. But now the doctrine appears to be settled as it should be, that even in such cáse the inferior has to look only to his warrant, and cannot be required to rejudge the judgment of his superior. Certainly it must be considered as so settled in this State since the case of Moore v. Allegheny City, 6 Harris 58, in which Judge Bell examines the question very elaborately, and says, it is now settled that where the person or tribunal issuing the process has [181]*181jurisdiction of the subject matter, and the process is regular on its face, the officer executing it is not to be affec-ed by any illegality in the previous proceedings.
“'The distinction is between the usurpation of power not conferred, and the irregular or illegal exercise of a jurisdiction possessed. So in Paul v. VanKirk, 6 Bin. 125. Chief Justice Tilghman held, that a constable and his assistant might justify upon an execution though it was wholly irregular, saying: “It is enough for them to show an execution issued by competent authority. Whether the execution is supported by the judgment isa question in which it would be unreasonable for the law to involve them/ When the warrant is issued by one having no authority it will not protect, as held in Stephens v. Wilkins, 6 Barr 260, and Hilbish v. Hower, 8 P. F. Smith 93.”
If the writ be found to be a lawful one, it next becomes necessary for the officer’s protection that he proceed upon it according as the law directs; but this does not mean that he shall obey to the letter every direction of the law, whether important or unimportant, and whether or not beueficial to any of the parties concerned. See Cooley on Tofts, 461. .
“ The protection the officer receives from the apparent validity of the process is personal to the officer and those called in by him to assist in the service; that is to say; it protects them against being made liable as trespassers in obeying its commands. But if the officer haé taken property under it, and the fact that he acquired a special property in the goods by the seizure comes into question; it is not sufficient for him to show merely an apparently valid writ, but he must go further and show that the writ had lawful authority for its issue.” Cooley on Torts 463.
The distinction is, first, that where the officer is sued as a trespasser by the debtor, he may take refuge under the execution, as a defense. But, as said by Co wen, Judge, in Earl v. Camp, 16 Wend. 566, “ the rule is [182]*182one of protection merely; and beyond that-is not meant to confer any right. The armour which it furnishes is strictly defensive. It is personal to the officer himself; and cannot be used to confer any right upon the wrongdoers under'color of whose void proceedings he is called upon to act. But. second, if the officer has taken property under it, and the fact that he acquired a special property in the goods by the seizure comes into question; as in the instances cited by Mr. Cooley and Mr. Greenleaf, as where the officer finds it necessary to bring re-plevin for the goods, or where he is sued by a stranger for wrongfully taking his goods, or where he is sued by a- third person who claims the goods by assignment from the defendant in the proceedings, and whose'title would be valid as against any levy that could not be supported by valid anterior proceedings, the officer would have to go back of his execution and show a valid judgment to sustain his claim to special property. Parker v. Walrod, 16 Wend. 514. Cooley on Torts 463. 2 Greenleaf Evid. §629. But mere irregularities in either the writ or what precedes it, are not fatal defects. Cooley’s Torts 463. Looking then to the face of this writ, it must, in order to protect the officer, Odell, show the following requisites: 1st. That it is issued by a court or officer having authority of law to issue such process. 2d. That it is legal in form; and 3d, that it contains nothing on its face to notify or fairly apprise the officer that it is issued without authority.
By the 1st section of chapter 159, of Acts of 1871, p. 210, it is declared that the mayor of Lewisburg “ shall have all the power and jurisdiction of a justice in both civil and criminal cases; he shall be governed by the same rules and entitled to the same fees as a justice,” &c. By chap. 226, §1, Acts 1872-3, p. 654, “the jurisdiction of justices and the powers of constables shall extend throughout their counties,” and by section 3 of same Act, “The civil jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall extend to actions of assumpsit, debt, detinue and trover, if [183]*183the amount claimed exclusive of interest does not exceed o'ne hundred dollars,” &c.; and section 76 of same Act declares: “ The person in whose favor a judgment is rendered by a justice, or who is entitled.to receive the money due thereon, or any part of it, may fije in the clerk’s office of the county-court of the county in which the judgment was rendered, a transcript thereof, certified by the justice who has the lawful custody of the docket in which such judgment is entered; and the said clerk may issue executions thereon in the same manner and with like efect as if the judgment had been rendered by the said court.
“ The transcripts filed as aforesaid shall be entered by the clerk in his execution docket,” &c.
So lar as the officer, Odell, is concerned in this case, it seems to me the writ of fi. fa. is sufficiently fair on its face to justify him in executing it, although it is not “ perfectly regular, and in all respects in accord with proper practice, and after'the most approved form.” (Cooley’s Torts 459-60.) It is apparently lawfully issued. It sufficiently appears to have issued upon a transcript of a judgment, rendered by the mayor of Lewisburg, and ex officio a justice of Greenbrier county, for an amount within the jurisdiction of a justice; it shows that the judgment was recovered against Collins for a debt, whereof he was convicted as appeared of record. It clearly indicates on its face that it was issued by the clerk of the county court of Greenbrier county, upon a transcript of the judgment filed and entered in the execution-docket, as required by statute. It is true that the clerk’s attestation is not in the usual form, specifically showing the court of which he is clerk, but it is apparent from the face of the writ, and the law, that he is clerk of the county court, in this, that it commands the officer to “ have the same before the justices of our said court at rules to be held in the clerk’s office thereof.” Only the county-court is held by “ the justices,” under our Constitution and laws; furthermore, under the statute none but the county-court’s clerk can [184]*184issue a fi. fa. upon the transcript of the justice’s judgment; 'and that transcript can be entered no place but in the execution docket of the county court; and as the writ states that it was for a judgment recovered tor debt, “Whereof John W. Collins is convicted as appears to us of record,” the inference is that it had been entered of docket in the clerk’s office, as thp law required. The fi. fa. is clearly for debt, and the introduction of the phrase, “ or the possession of nine head of cattle,” in the writ, is nonsensical surplusage, and does not vitiate the writ. I am therefore of opinion that the writ, so far as is apparent from its face, is valid ; and that it was, as to Odell, sufficient to justify him in making a levy on the goods and chattels of Collins. Nor does it appear from the bill of exceptions, that Odell exceeded the commands of the writ in making the levy he did.
The second point assigned by the plaintiff is, that it was error, for the court to state during the argument of the case of its own motion, and in the hearing of the jury,“that it was not necessary in order for the officer to justify under the said execution that he should show that John W. Arbuckle was mayor of Lewisburg, or that the mayor of Lewisburg had the powers of a justice.” As the officer was justifying under the execution, and as the execution was sufficiently valid for that purpose, the officer, as we have seen, was not undér the law required to go behind the execution ; therefore the court did not mistake the law in that respect. It was clearly a question of law for the court to expound, and not a question of fact for the jury to decide. And as the parties had agreed that in addition to the general issue pleaded, that any matter might be given in evidence that could be given in evidence if specially pleaded I apprehend that the defendant Odell stood in the same position as if he had pleaded separately justification; and it was not for the plaintiff to force him into offering evidence not necessary to this defense ; and if the counsel, as the bill of exceptions state, while arguing the cause before [185]*185the jury, stated to them incorrectly what had been the ruling of the court upon the motion to exclude from the jury the execution, it was the duty of the court to interrupt him and state to him, in the presence of the jury, what the court had really stated, otherwise, the court would suffer abuse to itself by being misrepresented before the jury, and also permit the jury to be deceived or misled by the counsel’s incorrect statement. Again the bill of exceptions does not show, that at the time the court overruled the motion to exclude the execution from the jury, that the plaintiff excepted to the ruling; and that the plaintiff did so except is not- even inferable from the bill of exceptions; but even if he had so excepted, it would not have availed against the defendant Odell, even if it were true that the execution aloné could not justify Mann and that he, Marin, would have to also show a valid judgment, because it would have beeu competent for thejury to have acquitted one of the defendants and found the other guilty and assessed damages against him, as decided in Tracy v. Cloyd et al., 10 W. Va. 19.
It is further argued that the property was seized and sold without any levy of the execution. The return shows prima facie a levy; and if we are permitted to look to the bill of exceptions, sufficient appears to show a levy in fact. The officer had the property within his power and indicated his intention to treat'them as taken under the execution from the absolute control of Collins, when Collins, armed with a gun, appeared upon the ground and resisted the taking of the cattle from the field ; and as the officer told Collins, then and there, that he levied the execution on the two horses which were then in sight, that was a sufficient levy as to the horses so far as Collins was concerned, Connah v. Hale, 23 Wend. 462; Crocker’s Sheriffs §§435, 436; and as to the saddle and saddle-pockets, there is nothing against the prima facie showing of the levy made by the officer’s return.
For the foregoing reasons, I am of opinion that as [186]*186to the officer, Odell, the verdict of the jury and the 'judgment of the court should have been for him.
Thus having considered the case as to the officer, Odell, the next duty is to consider it as to the j udgment-creditor, at whose instance the proceedings were instituted against Collins.
It is clear from the authorities cited in considering the case as to Odell, there is an established distinction between the plaintiff’at whose suit an execution is issued and the officer to whom the execution is directed to be executed; the former, if sued, must show a valid j udgment which authorizes the execution, but it is sufficient for the latter to show the execution, and if that has nothing on its face which renders it irregular and void, it is to him a justification ; therefore it is not necessary to multiply authorities on that point, and I will cite in addition only the pertinent case of Clay and Kerley v. Caperton, 1 Mon. 10, and Cooley’s Torts 468.
It has been intimated that this case comes under the principle laid down by Lord Abinger, C. B., in West v. Smallwood, 3 M. & W. Exch. 418, that: “Where a magistrate has a general jurisdiction over the subject-matter, and a party comes before him and prefers a complaint, upon which the magistrate makes a mistake in thinking it a case within his authority, and grants a warrant which is not justifiable in point of law, the party complaining is not liable as a trespasser, but the only remedy against him is by an action upon the case, if he has acted maliciously.” Judge Cooley says: “The pai'ty is liable where he participates in the unlawful action of either the magistrate or the ministerial officer. He is, in general, responsible for setting the court or magistrate in motion in a case where they have no authority to act; and perhaps to this rule there is no exception but this: that if the jurisdiction depends upon the facts, and these are presented to a court having general jurisdiction of that class of cases, and the court decides that it has authority to act, and proceeds to do so, this decision protects not the offi-[187]*187eer merely, but the party also.” It may be that this case comes in that class, and that the court below so considered it, but as the bill of exceptions is not plain upon that point, and in the view I take of this case, I deem it unnecessary to consider that question here.
It is a settled principle of law that if the summons to answer an action is not duly served upon the defendant, nojudgmentcan be given against him. “A judgment pronounced without service of process, actual or constructive, and without the defendants knowing that a court has been asked to adjudicate/upon his rights; is regarded with such disfavor at law that a variety' of motions, writs, and proceedings, are there provided to overthrow it; and in many courts, it is at all times and upon all occasions liable to be entirely disregarded upon having its jurisdictional infirmity exposed. But proceedings in equity are peculiarly appropriate for the exposure, of this infirmity.” Freeman on Judgments, §495
One of the points of error assigned in this case is, that it was affirmatively shown that the summons commencing ihe action upon which said judgment was rendered, had been served in Nicholas county, beyond the jurisdiction of a justice of Greenbrier county, and that the defendant, Mann, was informed of this fact, consequently said judgment was void, and no valid execution could be issued upon it.” The return of the officer does not disclose such irregularity, but on the contrary it purports to have been regularly served by leaving a copy of it with John W. Collins. Nothing appears upon the face of the proceedings to show that the summons had not been duly served on John W. Collins, or that either the justice, or the present defendant, Mann, knew at the time the judgment 'was . rendered that the summons had not been properly served.
If it be true that the summons was served on Collins in the county of Nicholas, beyond the jurisdiction of the justice and power or authority of the constable, it was a matter immediately known to Collins, but he remained [188]*188silent and permitted the judgment and execution to go against him, and thus aided in bringing about the very trespass of which he complains; thus of his own wrong taking advantage of the justice and Mann by permitting them to proceed to judgment and execution. How far his conduct in that respect might enter into the merits of the case under the action he has seen fit to bring, or what effect it should have, is not now necessary to be considered. The summons having been returned regularly executed, the justice proceeded to a judgment, proper to sustain a fieri facias, but perhaps not a distringas.
The bill of exceptions states, “ that the said Mann knew that the summons aforesaid had not been executed by said Coffman in the county of Greenbrier.” It is plain from the showing of that fact, that the plaintiff, Collins, when met in this action by the judgment in justification of Mann, attempted in some way to impeach the return of the officer as to the execution of the summons. Whether that can be done or not, as between the same parties, in this collateral way, is a mooted question; and if it can be done depends much upon the character of the pleadings. In this case there are no regular pleadings after the “general issue.” The parties contented themselves by the harp-hazard way of agreeing “ that any matter may be given in evidence that could be given in evidence if specially pleaded.” Such a practice is not sanctioned by the rules of pleading, and is objectionable when questions of subtle and nice distinction are to be settled ; nor can the Appellate Court take upon itself to determine what was the real question at issue below. Such is the difficulty now presented in this case. I can readily perceive that had Mann regularly pleaded his judgment and execution in justification, that Collins might have replied that the judgment was obtained by fraudulent conduct on the part of Mann in'procuring the officer to make a false return, or in fraudulently obtaining the judgment knowing at the time that the process had not been duly executed, or some replication directly impeach[189]*189ing the judgment. Such may have been the intention of the parties, and the nature of the evidence, but we' cannot discover it. But even if the pleadings had put' the matter in issue as suggested, we could not say from the bill of exceptions that the defendant, Mann, knew at the time he obtained thejudgment, or even at the time be sued out the execution, that the summons had not been duly executed; the fact ot his knowledge in that respect is too vaguely stated to enable this Court to fix the time, and the fact that the verdict of the jury was for the defendant, and that it was approved by thejudgment of the court, goes far to impress me that the proof of the plaintiff was really insufficient to sustain the issue, whatever it might have been, intended to have been made before the court and jury. I am therefore of the opinion that the record discloses no error that would justify this Court in reversing the judgment, of the court below. The judgment should be affirmed with costs and $30.00 damages.
The Other Judges Concurred.
Judgment Affirmed.