Burks, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The objections on assignments of error by the appellants (defendants below) will be considered more conveniently by varying somewhat the order in which they are presented in the petition for appeal.
1. That the demurrer to the bill should have been sustained, because the complainant had a plain, complete and adequate remedy at law.
The contract between the appellants, duly executed and. recorded before marriage, was substantially a dedication of the wife’s property of every description owned by her at the date of the marriage to the payment of her ante-nuptial debts, and the effect was to create a trust estate in the property for that purpose. There being no conveyance, the husband will be considered and treated as trustee, and, at the instance of the beneficiaries, compelled to execute the trust. Equity only has jurisdiction to enforce it. This would be so whether the property be regarded as the separate estate of the wife charged by the contract with the payment of her anti-nuptial debts, or whether the husband’s marital rights attached to it thus charged. In either case the jurisdiction in behalf of a creditor claiming the benefit of the trust, would be in equity to carry it into effect. The bill of the complainant is brought with that view, and upon that ground and that only, it may be maintained.
2. That the court by order should have appointed some proper person to defend the wife in the suit.
There was no necessity for such order. The wife did not [384]*384ask it. Her husband, who in equity is trustee in respect of the property sought to be subjected, was a party, and a necessary party, to the cause. It was competent for him, and it was his duty, to make defence for her, and he made it. He filed a joint demurrer to the bill for her and himself and also answered in proper person, defending as well for her as for himself. Ho objection was made because a .joint answer was not filed. There were no special circumstances, as is sometimes the case, requiring that the wife should answer or otherwise defend separately, or that she should be represented by next friend formally appointed by the court. Story Eq. Plead. § 71.
3. That there was no replication to the husband’s answer, and therefore its statements, though affirmative, must be taken as true, and so taken, the debt claimed against the wife was really the debt of her former husband, and should be paid out of his estate alleged in the answer to be in the power and under the control of the court.
The conclusive answer to this objection is, that a replication was filed. The record shows it, and further, the decree recites, that the cause was heard on the bill, demurrer, answer, exhibit, “ &c.” It is not necessary to give to the “&c.” as here used by the judge the same force and effect which Lord Coke attributes to it wherever employed by Littleton in his work on Tenures; but it was intended to have some meaning, and must refer to the replication, as ■everything else in the record is referred to specifically in “that connection.
The affirmative statements being thus denied, and no proof offered to establish them, they are of no force in the case. The bill charges, among other things, that the bond exhibited with it and upon which a recovery is sought, was ■“ executed ” by the female defendant dum sola. The respondent, in reference to this allegation, only says, “that he knows nothing of the execution of the note,” &c. This is [385]*385not such a denial, though the answer is sworn to, as the statute (Code of 1873, ch. 167, §§ 38, 39) requires in order to put the complainant to proof of the obligor’s handwriting. Simmons v. Simmons’ Adm’r, 33 Gratt. 451. The bond therefore must be taken in this cause as duly executed and to be, what it purports, the personal covenant of the obligor to pay her own debt, without equitable claim on her former husband’s estate.
4. The point in the remaining objections is, that the decree is erroneous, because it is against the husband as well as the wife personally; and this makes it necessary to consider whether the husband is liable for his wife’s debt contracted before marriage. There cannot be a doubt, that in well settled principles he is so liable, if recovery be had against him, unless the effect of the marriage contract is to exempt him. That contract provides, in substance, that the property of each party, as at the date of the marriage, shall be chargeable with the owner’s debts then existing, and that neither party shall be liable in person, or in estate owned at the marriage, for the then existing debts of the other. It is to be observed, that there is no limitation of estate to any one; and the manifest design was, that the rights and liabilities of the parties inter se, as husband and wife, should not be affected further nor otherwise than they might be by the provision already stated. This is apparent from the last clause of the contract in these words: u But this agreement shall in nowise interfere with, modify or change the marital rights of either of said parties after the solemnization of said marriage, except as prescribed as aforesaid.”
It is not essential to the decision of any question necessarily arising in this case to determine whether, under the contract, the wife takes a separate estate in her property, or whether the marital rights of the husband attach to it, inasmuch as the property is primarily charged by the con[386]*386tract with her debts. The important inquiry is, whether the stipulation that the husband shall not be liable in person or estate for these debts is effectual. As a covenant, supported by the consideration of marriage, it is good between the parties, though, if not kept and fulfilled by them, it might, on account of the marriage relation, be difficult, if not impossible, for either party to enforce it against the other through the agency of the courts. Still, the question remains, is the contract obligatory on the wife’s ante-nuptial creditors who are not parties to it ? On principle, as it seems to us, the question must be answered in the negative. It has been the rule of the common law for ages that the husband is answerable for the wife’s ante-nuptial liabilities, if enforced during coverture; and in this respect equity follows the law. It does not matter on what principle the rule is founded; whether, as Bishop earnestly contends (2 Bishop on Law of Married Women, § 308-325), it is because the wife cannot be sued alone during coverture, and her husband must be' joined in the suit for conformity, or, as others say, because the husband acquires rights in her property by marriage, and therefore ought to pay her debts. Whatever the true reason of the rule, as a legal principle it is absolute and must prevail, unless and until it be abrogated or modified by legislation, as it has been, we believe, in many if not all of the States of the Union. A statute on this subject was enacted in this State March 31, 1875 (Acts 1874-75, ch. 359), but this was after the intermarriage of the appellants, and therefore the act, which is not retrospective, does not effect the case before us. See also Acts 1876-77, ch. 329; Acts 1877-78, ch. 265.
It is not competent for parties, by their sole agreement, though made in consideration of marriage, which is a valuable consideration, to set aside an established rule of law, so as to control the legal rights and interests of third persons. They may, perhaps, bind themselves by such an [387]
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Burks, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The objections on assignments of error by the appellants (defendants below) will be considered more conveniently by varying somewhat the order in which they are presented in the petition for appeal.
1. That the demurrer to the bill should have been sustained, because the complainant had a plain, complete and adequate remedy at law.
The contract between the appellants, duly executed and. recorded before marriage, was substantially a dedication of the wife’s property of every description owned by her at the date of the marriage to the payment of her ante-nuptial debts, and the effect was to create a trust estate in the property for that purpose. There being no conveyance, the husband will be considered and treated as trustee, and, at the instance of the beneficiaries, compelled to execute the trust. Equity only has jurisdiction to enforce it. This would be so whether the property be regarded as the separate estate of the wife charged by the contract with the payment of her anti-nuptial debts, or whether the husband’s marital rights attached to it thus charged. In either case the jurisdiction in behalf of a creditor claiming the benefit of the trust, would be in equity to carry it into effect. The bill of the complainant is brought with that view, and upon that ground and that only, it may be maintained.
2. That the court by order should have appointed some proper person to defend the wife in the suit.
There was no necessity for such order. The wife did not [384]*384ask it. Her husband, who in equity is trustee in respect of the property sought to be subjected, was a party, and a necessary party, to the cause. It was competent for him, and it was his duty, to make defence for her, and he made it. He filed a joint demurrer to the bill for her and himself and also answered in proper person, defending as well for her as for himself. Ho objection was made because a .joint answer was not filed. There were no special circumstances, as is sometimes the case, requiring that the wife should answer or otherwise defend separately, or that she should be represented by next friend formally appointed by the court. Story Eq. Plead. § 71.
3. That there was no replication to the husband’s answer, and therefore its statements, though affirmative, must be taken as true, and so taken, the debt claimed against the wife was really the debt of her former husband, and should be paid out of his estate alleged in the answer to be in the power and under the control of the court.
The conclusive answer to this objection is, that a replication was filed. The record shows it, and further, the decree recites, that the cause was heard on the bill, demurrer, answer, exhibit, “ &c.” It is not necessary to give to the “&c.” as here used by the judge the same force and effect which Lord Coke attributes to it wherever employed by Littleton in his work on Tenures; but it was intended to have some meaning, and must refer to the replication, as ■everything else in the record is referred to specifically in “that connection.
The affirmative statements being thus denied, and no proof offered to establish them, they are of no force in the case. The bill charges, among other things, that the bond exhibited with it and upon which a recovery is sought, was ■“ executed ” by the female defendant dum sola. The respondent, in reference to this allegation, only says, “that he knows nothing of the execution of the note,” &c. This is [385]*385not such a denial, though the answer is sworn to, as the statute (Code of 1873, ch. 167, §§ 38, 39) requires in order to put the complainant to proof of the obligor’s handwriting. Simmons v. Simmons’ Adm’r, 33 Gratt. 451. The bond therefore must be taken in this cause as duly executed and to be, what it purports, the personal covenant of the obligor to pay her own debt, without equitable claim on her former husband’s estate.
4. The point in the remaining objections is, that the decree is erroneous, because it is against the husband as well as the wife personally; and this makes it necessary to consider whether the husband is liable for his wife’s debt contracted before marriage. There cannot be a doubt, that in well settled principles he is so liable, if recovery be had against him, unless the effect of the marriage contract is to exempt him. That contract provides, in substance, that the property of each party, as at the date of the marriage, shall be chargeable with the owner’s debts then existing, and that neither party shall be liable in person, or in estate owned at the marriage, for the then existing debts of the other. It is to be observed, that there is no limitation of estate to any one; and the manifest design was, that the rights and liabilities of the parties inter se, as husband and wife, should not be affected further nor otherwise than they might be by the provision already stated. This is apparent from the last clause of the contract in these words: u But this agreement shall in nowise interfere with, modify or change the marital rights of either of said parties after the solemnization of said marriage, except as prescribed as aforesaid.”
It is not essential to the decision of any question necessarily arising in this case to determine whether, under the contract, the wife takes a separate estate in her property, or whether the marital rights of the husband attach to it, inasmuch as the property is primarily charged by the con[386]*386tract with her debts. The important inquiry is, whether the stipulation that the husband shall not be liable in person or estate for these debts is effectual. As a covenant, supported by the consideration of marriage, it is good between the parties, though, if not kept and fulfilled by them, it might, on account of the marriage relation, be difficult, if not impossible, for either party to enforce it against the other through the agency of the courts. Still, the question remains, is the contract obligatory on the wife’s ante-nuptial creditors who are not parties to it ? On principle, as it seems to us, the question must be answered in the negative. It has been the rule of the common law for ages that the husband is answerable for the wife’s ante-nuptial liabilities, if enforced during coverture; and in this respect equity follows the law. It does not matter on what principle the rule is founded; whether, as Bishop earnestly contends (2 Bishop on Law of Married Women, § 308-325), it is because the wife cannot be sued alone during coverture, and her husband must be' joined in the suit for conformity, or, as others say, because the husband acquires rights in her property by marriage, and therefore ought to pay her debts. Whatever the true reason of the rule, as a legal principle it is absolute and must prevail, unless and until it be abrogated or modified by legislation, as it has been, we believe, in many if not all of the States of the Union. A statute on this subject was enacted in this State March 31, 1875 (Acts 1874-75, ch. 359), but this was after the intermarriage of the appellants, and therefore the act, which is not retrospective, does not effect the case before us. See also Acts 1876-77, ch. 329; Acts 1877-78, ch. 265.
It is not competent for parties, by their sole agreement, though made in consideration of marriage, which is a valuable consideration, to set aside an established rule of law, so as to control the legal rights and interests of third persons. They may, perhaps, bind themselves by such an [387]*387agreement, but they cannot bind the rights of others against their will. A creditor has, apart from statute regulation, the unquestionable legal right to sue husband and wife for the debt of the wife contracted before marriage, while sole, and to coerce payment from the husband of a judgment for such debt recovered during coverture. It is no answer to the demand in such suit that the husband and wife stipulated between themselves before and in contemplation of marriage that the husband and his property should not be liable for the wife’s ante-nuptial debts. The conclusive reply to such a plea is, that whatever the parties may have agreed upon, the law creates the liability of the husband and gives to the creditor the right to enforce it, and they cannot, so far as he is concerned, change the law at their mere will and pleausre, and take away the right.
The principles are fully sustained by the authorities. Christian v. Hanks and others, 22 Geo. R. 125; Obermayer and others v. Greenleaf and others, 42 Mo. R. 304; Harrison v. Trader and Wife, 27 Ark. R. 288, are cases directly in point; Clauson v. Hutchinson, 11 So. Car. (Shand), 323, has some bearing on the question.
But while, under the principles which have been enunciated, the contract in the case under judgment cannot bind the creditors interested against their will, they may give effect to it if they elect to do so. As has been stated, it creates a trust for the benefit of the creditors. They may reject or accept it at their option. If they reject it, they may proceed at law to enforce their claims and the contract will not impede them. If they accept it, their remedy is in equity to enforce the trust against the property, not to obtain a personal decree. Such is the attitude of the complainant in this case. He is in a court of equity asking to have the wife’s property applied as a trust subject under the contract to his debt. To this relief he is entitled. But if the contract is to be put in force at his instance and for [388]*388bis benefit as tbe wife’s creditor, effect must be given to tbe whole. He cannot be permitted to insist on tbe part wbicb is to bis advantage and repudiate tbat wbicb be deems prejudicial. If be subjects tbe wife’s property under tbe contract, as be seeks to do, be must submit to tbe terms and conditions on wbicb by tbat contract tbe property was dedicated to bis security—namely, tbat tbe husband and bis property shall be exempt from all liability. He has made bis election and be must abide by it.
Tbe conclusion is, that tbe circuit court erred in giving a personal decree against tbe appellants for tbe complainant’s debt. Tbe bill was brought to reach tbe wife’s property under tbe marriage agreement, not to obtain a personal decree. Indeed, if such bad not been tbe case, tbe objection for want of jurisdiction would have been fatal. There is nothing’in tbe record to show what estate, if any, tbe wife has, wbicb is liable. Tbe court should have ordered an inquiry into tbat matter and directed accounts preparatory to a decree against tbe property, if any there be.
Tbe decree of tbe circuit court will be reversed and tbe cause remanded for further proceedings to be bad in conformity with this opinion.
Tbe decree was as follows:
This day came again tbe parties by their counsel, and tbe court, having maturely considered tbe transcript of tbe record of tbe decree aforesaid and tbe arguments of counsel, is of opinion, for reasons stated in a written opinion filed with tbe record, tbat tbe said decree is erroneous; therefore it is decreed and ordered tbat tbe said decree be reversed and annulled, and tbat tbe appellants recover ■against tbe appellee their costs by them expended in tbe prosecution of tbe appeal aforesaid here; and this cause is remanded to tbe said circuit court with directions to order [389]*389proper inquiries and accounts and for further proceedings, in order to final decree, in conformity with the views and principles declared in the written opinion aforesaid, an attested copy of which opinion, together with this decree, is ordered to he certified to the said circuit court of Pittsylvania county.
Decree reversed.