[41]*41The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy J.
— This was an amicable action instituted in the court below, by the plaintiffs in error against the defendant, for the purpose of recovering the amount of a note, dated the 1st of April 1837, whereby the defendant promised to pay, four months after the date thereof, the sum of $7023.50, to William Coleman, the intestate of the plaintiffs, or order, at the Bank of Chester County, without defalcation, for value received. By the agreement of the attorneys of the parties, which was made a rule of the court, ex parte on eight days’ notice, all matters in variance, in the cause between them, were referred, under the sixth section of the Act of the 16th of June 1836, entitled “An Act relating to reference and arbitration,” to the final end and determination of five referees named therein, or any three of them agreeing. The referees met in conformity to notice given under the rule, and after hearing the parties, three of them made and signed an award in writing, whereby they awarded that the note, which was shown to have been given in consideration of iron, sold and delivered .by the intestate of the plaintiffs, in his lifetime, to the defendant, should be cancelled and returned by the plaintiffs to the defendant ; and that the iron, delivered to the defendant, not being of the quality contracted for, she should return to the plaintiffs, at the railroad at Pennington’s ware-house, near Coatesville, forty-four tons, ten hundred, two quarters, and twenty-two pounds, being part of the iron received by her and still in her possession unused; but for the residue, being 21 tons 11 cwt. 3 qrs. 9 lbs. which she had used, she should pay to the plaintiffs the sum of $1824.54. Exceptions were taken and filed in the court below to this award, but the court overruled them, and confirmed the award by entering judgment thereon. The plaintiffs thereupon removed the cause, and the judgment rendered therein, to this court, where the judgment was reversed, on the ground that the referees had, in making this award exceeded their authority, and had not made it according to the submission of the parties, as may be seen by a reference to the report of the case, (4 Whart. 347), and the record remitted to the court below, with a mandate to proceed in the case, so as to have a final determination made of it. After the return of the record to the court below, and after the plaintiff’s counsel had filed a declaration in the cause for the amount of the note, and taken a rule on the defendant to plead, the defendant’s counsel moved the court for “ a rule to show cause why the case should not be referred back to the same referees, for such other proceeding therein as should be expedient,” which was granted, and afterwards made absolute. The same three of the referees, who made the first award, reported a second award against the defendant, in favour of the plaintiffs, for $4324.95. The plaintiffs, however, being dissatisfied also with this award, filed exceptions thereto, and moved the court for a rule to show [42]*42cause why it should not be set aside; but the court refused the rule, and immediately confirmed the award by entering judgment upon it. The error now complained of is, that the court referred the cause back to the same referees without and against the consent of the plaintiffs, for such other proceeding therein as should be expedient.
It is admitted by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that the court, before entering judgment upon an award, for the purpose of correcting an informality or a clerical mistake in it, may, and sometimes has recommitted the cause to the same referees, without the consent of the parties; but it is contended that this cannot, and never ought to be done, where the error is material, and such as affects the whole merits of the case and the principles upon which it ought to be determined. See Etter v. Edwards, (4 Walts 65), and the cases there cited by Mr Justice Sergeant, in delivering the opinion of the court. The same authorities have been referred to by the counsel of the plaintiffs here, and they certainly go to sustain fully the doctrine as laid down by the plaintiffs’ counsel. But then it is alleged, and indeed insisted on by the defendant’s counsel, that the law, in this respect, has been changed by the 7th section of the Act of the 16th of June 1836, already mentioned, (Purd. Dig. of 1841, page 72), passed since the decisions made in the cases cited by the plaintiffs’ counsel; and that, under it, the court below was authorized to refer the cause back as it did to the same referees; the words of this section are, “ If upon exceptions filed to any award, it shall appear to the court, that the referees have made a mistake, in fact or in law, it shall be lawful for such court to refer the cause back to the same referees, for such further or other proceeding therein as shall be expedient.” To this it has been answered, first, by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that the legislature did not intend by this Act to change or make the law on this subject different from what it was before; and as the counsel for the plaintiffs have laid it down and admit it to be; but meant merely, for the sake of greater certainty, to declare thereby what it was. And, secondly, that no authority whatever is given thereby to the court to refer the cause back to the same referees, after it has rendered a judgment upon the award, confirming it; and especially after the term has gone by, in which it rendered judgment, and that judgment has been reversed upon writ of error, and the record been remitted to the court from the court above, with a mandate to proceed therein, so as to make a final end of the cause. Now as to the first answer given by the plaintiffs’ counsel, in regard to what was the intention of the legislature, it is very clear, that if they did not intend the section to be merely declaratory of what the law was, they did not intend, by the words, “ mistake in fact or in law,” to authorize the court to refer the cause back to the same referees, where they had misbehaved themselves so far as to mistake their [43]*43authority in making their award; or rather, in this case, to disregard entirely the submission of the parties, and to give an award, showing that they had mistaken the very principles or grounds upon which the case ought to have been decided. If the cause, in the first instance, had been tried by a jury, and they had given a verdict in the same terms of the first award, upon which the court had entered judgment, could it be supposed, after a writ of error and a reversal of such judgment, that upon a second trial of the cause, any of the jurors on the first trial, if objected to on that account by either party, ought to be permitted to sit as such again on the second trial ? Certainly, not, unless it can be shown that an erroneous opinion, once formed and expressed on the merits of a case, will not have any influence whatever upon the mind and judgment of the person when called on again to decide the same matter. But every day’s experience shows that this, though perhaps barely possible with some persons, is not to be expected generally. And surely there is the same reason why the same referees should not be allowed to try the cause, in such case, a second time, without the consent of the parties, seeing the award is to have, at least, as great an effect as the verdict of a jury, that there is for the same jury’s not being permitted to try it a second time, without the consent of the parties.
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[41]*41The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy J.
— This was an amicable action instituted in the court below, by the plaintiffs in error against the defendant, for the purpose of recovering the amount of a note, dated the 1st of April 1837, whereby the defendant promised to pay, four months after the date thereof, the sum of $7023.50, to William Coleman, the intestate of the plaintiffs, or order, at the Bank of Chester County, without defalcation, for value received. By the agreement of the attorneys of the parties, which was made a rule of the court, ex parte on eight days’ notice, all matters in variance, in the cause between them, were referred, under the sixth section of the Act of the 16th of June 1836, entitled “An Act relating to reference and arbitration,” to the final end and determination of five referees named therein, or any three of them agreeing. The referees met in conformity to notice given under the rule, and after hearing the parties, three of them made and signed an award in writing, whereby they awarded that the note, which was shown to have been given in consideration of iron, sold and delivered .by the intestate of the plaintiffs, in his lifetime, to the defendant, should be cancelled and returned by the plaintiffs to the defendant ; and that the iron, delivered to the defendant, not being of the quality contracted for, she should return to the plaintiffs, at the railroad at Pennington’s ware-house, near Coatesville, forty-four tons, ten hundred, two quarters, and twenty-two pounds, being part of the iron received by her and still in her possession unused; but for the residue, being 21 tons 11 cwt. 3 qrs. 9 lbs. which she had used, she should pay to the plaintiffs the sum of $1824.54. Exceptions were taken and filed in the court below to this award, but the court overruled them, and confirmed the award by entering judgment thereon. The plaintiffs thereupon removed the cause, and the judgment rendered therein, to this court, where the judgment was reversed, on the ground that the referees had, in making this award exceeded their authority, and had not made it according to the submission of the parties, as may be seen by a reference to the report of the case, (4 Whart. 347), and the record remitted to the court below, with a mandate to proceed in the case, so as to have a final determination made of it. After the return of the record to the court below, and after the plaintiff’s counsel had filed a declaration in the cause for the amount of the note, and taken a rule on the defendant to plead, the defendant’s counsel moved the court for “ a rule to show cause why the case should not be referred back to the same referees, for such other proceeding therein as should be expedient,” which was granted, and afterwards made absolute. The same three of the referees, who made the first award, reported a second award against the defendant, in favour of the plaintiffs, for $4324.95. The plaintiffs, however, being dissatisfied also with this award, filed exceptions thereto, and moved the court for a rule to show [42]*42cause why it should not be set aside; but the court refused the rule, and immediately confirmed the award by entering judgment upon it. The error now complained of is, that the court referred the cause back to the same referees without and against the consent of the plaintiffs, for such other proceeding therein as should be expedient.
It is admitted by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that the court, before entering judgment upon an award, for the purpose of correcting an informality or a clerical mistake in it, may, and sometimes has recommitted the cause to the same referees, without the consent of the parties; but it is contended that this cannot, and never ought to be done, where the error is material, and such as affects the whole merits of the case and the principles upon which it ought to be determined. See Etter v. Edwards, (4 Walts 65), and the cases there cited by Mr Justice Sergeant, in delivering the opinion of the court. The same authorities have been referred to by the counsel of the plaintiffs here, and they certainly go to sustain fully the doctrine as laid down by the plaintiffs’ counsel. But then it is alleged, and indeed insisted on by the defendant’s counsel, that the law, in this respect, has been changed by the 7th section of the Act of the 16th of June 1836, already mentioned, (Purd. Dig. of 1841, page 72), passed since the decisions made in the cases cited by the plaintiffs’ counsel; and that, under it, the court below was authorized to refer the cause back as it did to the same referees; the words of this section are, “ If upon exceptions filed to any award, it shall appear to the court, that the referees have made a mistake, in fact or in law, it shall be lawful for such court to refer the cause back to the same referees, for such further or other proceeding therein as shall be expedient.” To this it has been answered, first, by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that the legislature did not intend by this Act to change or make the law on this subject different from what it was before; and as the counsel for the plaintiffs have laid it down and admit it to be; but meant merely, for the sake of greater certainty, to declare thereby what it was. And, secondly, that no authority whatever is given thereby to the court to refer the cause back to the same referees, after it has rendered a judgment upon the award, confirming it; and especially after the term has gone by, in which it rendered judgment, and that judgment has been reversed upon writ of error, and the record been remitted to the court from the court above, with a mandate to proceed therein, so as to make a final end of the cause. Now as to the first answer given by the plaintiffs’ counsel, in regard to what was the intention of the legislature, it is very clear, that if they did not intend the section to be merely declaratory of what the law was, they did not intend, by the words, “ mistake in fact or in law,” to authorize the court to refer the cause back to the same referees, where they had misbehaved themselves so far as to mistake their [43]*43authority in making their award; or rather, in this case, to disregard entirely the submission of the parties, and to give an award, showing that they had mistaken the very principles or grounds upon which the case ought to have been decided. If the cause, in the first instance, had been tried by a jury, and they had given a verdict in the same terms of the first award, upon which the court had entered judgment, could it be supposed, after a writ of error and a reversal of such judgment, that upon a second trial of the cause, any of the jurors on the first trial, if objected to on that account by either party, ought to be permitted to sit as such again on the second trial ? Certainly, not, unless it can be shown that an erroneous opinion, once formed and expressed on the merits of a case, will not have any influence whatever upon the mind and judgment of the person when called on again to decide the same matter. But every day’s experience shows that this, though perhaps barely possible with some persons, is not to be expected generally. And surely there is the same reason why the same referees should not be allowed to try the cause, in such case, a second time, without the consent of the parties, seeing the award is to have, at least, as great an effect as the verdict of a jury, that there is for the same jury’s not being permitted to try it a second time, without the consent of the parties. The mistake in fact or in law, mentioned in the 7th Section of the Act, which, when made to appear to the court to exist, authorizes it to' refer the cause back to the same referees, must be' construed to have a meaning that will be reasonable, and such as will accord with the subject matter thereof, and the principles of the common law, so far as they are hot clearly altered or changed by the act. Here the subject matter is the trial of a cause depending between the parties litigant, by means of referees, in place of a jury; but the law is perfectly well settled, that jurors must be free from all suspicion of bias or partiality. A juror, therefore, must not be of - kin to either party, or have been an arbitrator on either side, or formerly ayuror in the same cause, &c. 3 Bl. Com. 363. Having, then, a proper respect for the principles of the common law, it would seem that the mistake spoken of in the clause of the section under consideration, ought to be construed to mean a plain mistake, such as becomes, at once, perfectly obvious to every one, immediately upon its being pointed out or mentioned, so that there can be no diversity of opinion in regard to it: as, for instance, a mistake in adding up the items of an account, or placing inadvertently a debit on the credit, or a credit on the debit side of the account, or in subtracting the amount of the credits from that of the debits, &c. by making the difference either more or less than it ought to be, according to the ordinary rules of arithmetic; or, in short, any mistake of a mere clerical nature. And as regards the mistake in law, spoken of in the same clause, it would seem as if the legislature intended to embrace only such as shall appear on [44]*44the face of the award itself, or shall arise upon facts in the case not controverted or disputed. And in either case of mistake, whether it consist of fact or law, the court, in referring- the cause back to the referees, in order to have it corrected, ought to point out and specify the mistake or error, and the correction which it shall be expedient to have made; and not leave the cause, in this respect, or any other, to be further proceeded in as the referees shall deem expedient, unless it be consented to by the parties.
Then as to the second answer, given by the counsel for the plaintiffs in error, to the defence taken by the defendant’s counsel, that the 7th Section of the Act, recited above, authorized the court, in this case, to refer the cause back to the same referees, notwithstanding the court had, after exceptions filed, entered a judgment upon the award, confirming it, which was subsequently reversed upon a writ of error from this court. Here, it must be observed, that the words of the section are; “If, upon exceptions filed to any award, it shall appear to the court that the referees have made a mistake, in fact or in law,-it shall be lawful for the court to refer the cause back to the same referees,” &c. The plain meaning of the language here employed, is, that if the court, upon looking into the exceptions, after being filed, shall discover that the referees have made any plain mistake in fact or in law, it may, instead of setting the whole award aside, refer it back to the referees, so that they shall correct the mistake under the direction of the court. For, while the cause is pending before the court, on the exceptions filed, is the time, and indeed the only time, according to the express terms of the Act, at or during which the mistake, if any exists, must be made to appear to the court; otherwise it is the duty of the court to enter judgment on the award; which puts an end to all necessity for referring the cause back to the same referees. In this case it cannot be pretended that it appeared to the court below, upon the exceptions being filed, that the referees had made any mistake, either in fact or in law; so far from this being the case, the court were of opinion that the referees had acted correctly, and made their award according to the submission of the parties; and thinking so, entered judgment upon it; so that this is a case where not only the referees, but the court, were mistaken. It would be a very strained construction, if not a clear perversion of the language of the Act, in this particular, to say that the court below had power, under it, to refer the cause back to the same referees, after the judgment given by that court, confirming the award, had been reversed upon writ of error, and the record of the cause remitted to it, for the purpose of proceeding to try and determine the cause according to the rules of the common law; unless the parties, by consent, should agree to have it determined otherwise. Such a thing as giving the court this power, without the consent of the parties, to refer the cause back to the same referees, after the reversal of their judgment, confirming the [45]*45award upon writ of error, could, I think, never have been thought of by the legislature, and most certainly never was intended. It would be attended with anything but justice, to refer the cause back, to be decided by the same referees, who had acted in a manner altogether contrary to the nature and legal effect of the submission. Having done this once, they ought never to be trusted with the trial of the cause again.
The judgment is reversed, and the record remitted to the court below, with a mandate to proceed therein, according to the usual course, prescribed by law, for the trial of causes pending in that court.