KANE, J.
The questions involved herein arise out of the contest of the will i of W. A. Coleman, deceased. The will, which disposed of the entire estate of the testator, did not include the name of Lizzie Coleman, the plaintiff in error, as beneficiary, and she, claiming to be his wife, contested the same before probate, alleging that the will is void and of no effect in this:
“That the testator was a married man at the time of his death, being married to this contestant, and said will attempts to bequeath and devise more thato two-thirds of his property away from his said wife, this contestant.”
Thereafter the contest' was duly heard by the county court of McOurtain county, and judgment was rendered admitting the will tu probate, whereupon an appeal was duly, perfected to the district court of said county, where a trial de (novo was had, which resulted in a judgment in fa>_or of the defendants in error denying the contest of the plaintiffs in error, and ordering the county court to probate the said will. It is to reverse the judgment and order of the district court that this proceeding in error was commenced.
Whilst the formal assignment of errors contains many grounds for reversal, those we deem it necessary to notice may be summarized briefly as follows: (1) The court erred in permitting the defendants in error
to prove by third parties declarations of the deceased that he was not married to the plaintiff in error, alud in proving by third parties declarations of the deceased as to nomnarriage with the plaintiff in error, in every form and character so sought to he proven, and to which the plaintiff in error ob/eried each and every time said testimony was offered, on the ground that the declarations of deceased persons as to nonmarriage in any form or character were irrelevant, incompetent, and immaterial, self-serving', and hearsay, and did not tend to prove or disprove the issue in this cause; (2) (he court erred in admitting in evidence deeds and instruments executed by the deceased testator, in which he acknowledged he wa ¡ a silngle man and unmarried person, for the ffeason that such testimony was in the nature of a declaration of nonmarriage and was incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, self-serving, and hearsay; (3) the court erred id his judgment and decision in this cause in this, that said judgment and decision are not sustained by sufficient evidence, and the presumption of marriage was established by evidence offered by the plaintiff in error, and the ev-idelnce offered by the defendants in error, consisting of declarations alone, was not sufficient to overcome that pi<fesump'!¡ion; (4) the court erred in refusing to make special alud separate findings of law and fact in writing covering said cause in its entirety, which was requested by the plantiff in error at 'the close of the testimony in the cause.
The contention of the plaintiff was that there was a common-law marriage consummated between herself and the testator in July, 1911, and from that time until the death of the latter, a period of 4% years the contestant and the deceased lived and cohabited together as husband and wife, the deceased holding said contestant out to th-' world as his wife, she holding the deceased out' to the world as her husband. The un-eontrad'icted evidence introduced by tbe plaintiff for the purpose of establishing this status may be stated substantially as follows : Some time during the year 1910 the testator employed the plaintiff as nurse and to assist generally with 'the household work of his family; she at that time being a single woman, a!ud he being a widower with a family consisting of several children and his mother-in-law. The plaintiff continued to reside in the home of the testator in the foregoing capacity from the time of her employment until the first part of July, 1911. about which time she accompanied him to Fot Springs. Ark. Immediately after reaching Hot Springs the testator wrote a letter to the mother of the plaintiff in error, in which he said:
“Dear Mother Lizzie and I are Here at Hot Springs. We got parried yesterday at Texarkana. Lizzie is not well. We expect to-Stay Here about Aug 15th then go to St. Louis for awhile and will be in Okla. after that come and see us for I think I Have the sweetest and best looking Indian in Oklahoma.”
One of (the witnesses for the defendant in error, who accompained the plaintiff in error -and testator on this trip to Hot Springs, testified in effect that whilst on the way over '¡'he plaintiff and testator wore affccfioinate toward each other, but they “sat up s'raigM and behaved themselves”; rliat on the way back they were more affectionate; that while at Hot Springs the testator roomed with the witness, but on the way back the testator and the plaintiff in error took a room together at a hotel, and in other ways acted toward each other as husband alud wife. Several minor children of the testator, who resided with him at Idabel, testified that immediately upon his return to his home he introduced the plaintiff
to
them as their “new mother” and installed her in their home as such, and that thereafter until his death their demeanor toward each other was that of husband and wife. Other witnesses on behalf of the plaintiff testified that they had known the testator for many years during his lifeline ; that after the testator and plaintiff ¡returned from Hot Springs to the residence of the former both stated that (hey had been married; that thereafter they appeared together in public places, picture shows, etc., the testator introducing the plaintiff ito his friends as his wife:' that many respectable persons including the adult married children of the testator and' their spouses, visited the plaintiff in error a"d the testator at their home during the time they thus lived together, and that this condition continued to exist from the time of the visit to Hot Springs up to the rime of the death of the testator. Mrs Fling, a professional nurse at Hugo, testified that during the latter part of 1911 the testator brought the plaintiff in error to Hugo for medical treatment; that h-e introduced the witness to her as Ms wife and placed her in the professional care of the witness for the period of ’two weeks; that during this time the testator wrote letters to the plaintiff in error addressed to “Mrs. Lizzie Coleman.” and called over the telephone almost every day inquiring about her welfare. Other witnesses testified that the
plaintiff in error caved for the children of the -testator and for the testator when he was sick, and that the testator earnl for the plaintiff in error when she
was
sick. Other witnesses testified that in the neighborhood where they lived it was ‘-general neighborhood talk” that the testator and plaintiff im eau-or were husband and wife. Thereupon the defendant in error, without attempting to question -the credibility of the witnesses for the plaintiff in error, .tithe truthfulness of their testimony, intro-diwed 'he evidence complained of in the first assignment of error.
It is well settled that repeated acknowledgments by the man of his marriage with a certain woman, are direct evidenceof marrige. Comly’s Estate. 185 Pa. 208, 39 Atl. 890; 8 Enc. Ev. 475. It is also well settled that, at common law. marriage being a civil contract founded on the consent of the parties, no legal forms or religious solemnities are required and on special node of proof.
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KANE, J.
The questions involved herein arise out of the contest of the will i of W. A. Coleman, deceased. The will, which disposed of the entire estate of the testator, did not include the name of Lizzie Coleman, the plaintiff in error, as beneficiary, and she, claiming to be his wife, contested the same before probate, alleging that the will is void and of no effect in this:
“That the testator was a married man at the time of his death, being married to this contestant, and said will attempts to bequeath and devise more thato two-thirds of his property away from his said wife, this contestant.”
Thereafter the contest' was duly heard by the county court of McOurtain county, and judgment was rendered admitting the will tu probate, whereupon an appeal was duly, perfected to the district court of said county, where a trial de (novo was had, which resulted in a judgment in fa>_or of the defendants in error denying the contest of the plaintiffs in error, and ordering the county court to probate the said will. It is to reverse the judgment and order of the district court that this proceeding in error was commenced.
Whilst the formal assignment of errors contains many grounds for reversal, those we deem it necessary to notice may be summarized briefly as follows: (1) The court erred in permitting the defendants in error
to prove by third parties declarations of the deceased that he was not married to the plaintiff in error, alud in proving by third parties declarations of the deceased as to nomnarriage with the plaintiff in error, in every form and character so sought to he proven, and to which the plaintiff in error ob/eried each and every time said testimony was offered, on the ground that the declarations of deceased persons as to nonmarriage in any form or character were irrelevant, incompetent, and immaterial, self-serving', and hearsay, and did not tend to prove or disprove the issue in this cause; (2) (he court erred in admitting in evidence deeds and instruments executed by the deceased testator, in which he acknowledged he wa ¡ a silngle man and unmarried person, for the ffeason that such testimony was in the nature of a declaration of nonmarriage and was incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, self-serving, and hearsay; (3) the court erred id his judgment and decision in this cause in this, that said judgment and decision are not sustained by sufficient evidence, and the presumption of marriage was established by evidence offered by the plaintiff in error, and the ev-idelnce offered by the defendants in error, consisting of declarations alone, was not sufficient to overcome that pi<fesump'!¡ion; (4) the court erred in refusing to make special alud separate findings of law and fact in writing covering said cause in its entirety, which was requested by the plantiff in error at 'the close of the testimony in the cause.
The contention of the plaintiff was that there was a common-law marriage consummated between herself and the testator in July, 1911, and from that time until the death of the latter, a period of 4% years the contestant and the deceased lived and cohabited together as husband and wife, the deceased holding said contestant out to th-' world as his wife, she holding the deceased out' to the world as her husband. The un-eontrad'icted evidence introduced by tbe plaintiff for the purpose of establishing this status may be stated substantially as follows : Some time during the year 1910 the testator employed the plaintiff as nurse and to assist generally with 'the household work of his family; she at that time being a single woman, a!ud he being a widower with a family consisting of several children and his mother-in-law. The plaintiff continued to reside in the home of the testator in the foregoing capacity from the time of her employment until the first part of July, 1911. about which time she accompanied him to Fot Springs. Ark. Immediately after reaching Hot Springs the testator wrote a letter to the mother of the plaintiff in error, in which he said:
“Dear Mother Lizzie and I are Here at Hot Springs. We got parried yesterday at Texarkana. Lizzie is not well. We expect to-Stay Here about Aug 15th then go to St. Louis for awhile and will be in Okla. after that come and see us for I think I Have the sweetest and best looking Indian in Oklahoma.”
One of (the witnesses for the defendant in error, who accompained the plaintiff in error -and testator on this trip to Hot Springs, testified in effect that whilst on the way over '¡'he plaintiff and testator wore affccfioinate toward each other, but they “sat up s'raigM and behaved themselves”; rliat on the way back they were more affectionate; that while at Hot Springs the testator roomed with the witness, but on the way back the testator and the plaintiff in error took a room together at a hotel, and in other ways acted toward each other as husband alud wife. Several minor children of the testator, who resided with him at Idabel, testified that immediately upon his return to his home he introduced the plaintiff
to
them as their “new mother” and installed her in their home as such, and that thereafter until his death their demeanor toward each other was that of husband and wife. Other witnesses on behalf of the plaintiff testified that they had known the testator for many years during his lifeline ; that after the testator and plaintiff ¡returned from Hot Springs to the residence of the former both stated that (hey had been married; that thereafter they appeared together in public places, picture shows, etc., the testator introducing the plaintiff ito his friends as his wife:' that many respectable persons including the adult married children of the testator and' their spouses, visited the plaintiff in error a"d the testator at their home during the time they thus lived together, and that this condition continued to exist from the time of the visit to Hot Springs up to the rime of the death of the testator. Mrs Fling, a professional nurse at Hugo, testified that during the latter part of 1911 the testator brought the plaintiff in error to Hugo for medical treatment; that h-e introduced the witness to her as Ms wife and placed her in the professional care of the witness for the period of ’two weeks; that during this time the testator wrote letters to the plaintiff in error addressed to “Mrs. Lizzie Coleman.” and called over the telephone almost every day inquiring about her welfare. Other witnesses testified that the
plaintiff in error caved for the children of the -testator and for the testator when he was sick, and that the testator earnl for the plaintiff in error when she
was
sick. Other witnesses testified that in the neighborhood where they lived it was ‘-general neighborhood talk” that the testator and plaintiff im eau-or were husband and wife. Thereupon the defendant in error, without attempting to question -the credibility of the witnesses for the plaintiff in error, .tithe truthfulness of their testimony, intro-diwed 'he evidence complained of in the first assignment of error.
It is well settled that repeated acknowledgments by the man of his marriage with a certain woman, are direct evidenceof marrige. Comly’s Estate. 185 Pa. 208, 39 Atl. 890; 8 Enc. Ev. 475. It is also well settled that, at common law. marriage being a civil contract founded on the consent of the parties, no legal forms or religious solemnities are required and on special node of proof.
“Hence, at common, law, and in the absence of civil 'requirements, a marriage might result without formalities, or rat least other than those required of the parries as -evidence of their assent to the marriage contract.” 3 Modern American Law, 427; 6 Kent. Com. 86, 87.
Tn Fender v. Segro, 41 Okla. 318, 137 Pac. 103, it was said that:
“Marriage, it is true, may he proved by circumstantial evidence; and, since the.presumption is in- favor of marriage and ag'ainst concubinage, the fact that a man and woman have openly cohabited a« husband and wif'1 for a considerable length of time, holding-each. other out and recognizing and treating-each o"her as such by declarations, admissions. or conduct, and are accordingly generally reputed to be m>ti a m
nn<<•
tiim.- and acquaintances and those who come in contact with them, may vire rise to a presumption that thev have previously entered into an actual marriage, although there may be no direct testimony to that effect.”
To the snipe effect are: Coachman v. Sims et al., 36 Okla. 536, 129 Pac. 845; Crickett et al. v. Hardin, 60 Okla. 57, 159 Pac. 275; Carney v. Chapman, 60 Okla. 49, 158 Pac. 1125.
Under the rule laid down in the fore-gomg authorities, and many more which might be cited to the same effect,' there is no room for doubt that the plaintiff ,in error adduced at the trial both direct and circumstantial evidence tending to es<aMish her marriage with the testator.
To support the issues on their behalf the defendants in error introduced no evidence for the purpose of discrediting any of
the
witnesses who testified on behalf
oí the
plaintiff in -error, relying wholly for success neon evidence of the class complained of in ''he first assignment of error. While there is considerable conflict of authority on <he question of the admissibility of such testimony, it has been the settled law of this ,iuTjsri--"ti'on fOT manv vears that, where a man nnd woman cohabit together, and
the
orestion
to
be decided is whether the character/ -of her intercourse with him is matrimonial or meretricious, the declarations of 'the parties during such intercourse in relation *o the nature thereof -are admissible in evidence as part of the res gestae. Reaves v. Reaves, 15 Okla. 240, 82 Pac. 490, 2 L R A. (N. S.) 353. In Craufurd v. Blackburn. 17 Md. 49, 77 Am. Dec. 323, it was held:
“TTpon question of marriage vel non, declarations of parties themselves, if deceased, that they were or were not married, provided they were made ante litem motam, are admissible evidence of the fact declared.”
Tn that caso it is also held:
“Upon issue of marriage vel non declarations of alleged husband deceased that he was never married to alleged wife are admissible to 'disprove the alleged marriage, and likewise his will, containing declarations to tbe
same effect”
To the same effect are: In the Matter of Taylor, 9 Paige's Ch. (N. Y.) 611; Topper v. Perry, 197 Mo. 531, 95 S. W. 203, 114 Am. St. Rep. 777; In re Imboden’s Estate. 111 Mo. App. 220, 86 S. W. 263; Greenawalt v. McEnelley, 85 Pa. 352.
In the last-cited case it was
held:
“The admissions of a party of the fact of bis marriage are -against his interest, and when made under circumstances of deliberation are entitled to- great weight. Denials, on the contrary, being deelaa-ations in his own interest, are entitled to little weight iin opposition thereto.”
In Chancey v. Whinnery, 47 Okla. 272, 147 Pac. 1036, Mr. Justice Sharp, in discussing a similar question, -says:
“Every intendment of law is in favor of matrimony. The law is so positive in requiring a party who asserts the illegality of a marriage
to take the
burden of proving it, that such requirement is enforced, even though it involve the. proving of a ’-ogative. When a marriage has been shown :n evidence, whether regular or irregular,
and. whatever tlie form of the proofs the law raises a presumption of its legality, not only casting the burden of proof on the party objecting, but requiring him throughout and in every particular plainly to make the fact appear, against the constant pressure of this presumption, that it is illegal and void, Nixon et al. v. Wichita Land & Cattle Co., 84 Tex. 408, 19 S. W. 560.”
Measured by the foregoing rule, it seems to us the defendants failed to sustain the burden cast upon them of plainly making the fact appear that the relation shown to exist between the plaintiff and the testator was meretricious and not matrimonial.
We are also of the opinion that the findings of fact and conclusions of law prepared by the trial court, upon request of the plaintiff, were too general to meet the requirements of the statute (section 5017, Rev. Laws 1910). They amount to no more than a general finding and judgment in favor of the defendants in error. The object of the statute is' to enable the paimos to have placed on the record the facts upon which the rights litigated depend, as well as the conclusions of law which the court drew from the facts found, so that exception may be taken to the views of the trial court as to the law involved in the trial. Allen v. Wildman, 38 Okla. 652, 134 Pac. 1102; Simpson Tp. v. Hill, 40 Okla. 233, 137 Pac. 348; In re Robbins’ Estate, 99 Minn, 236, 109 N. W. 229.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial
All the Justices concur.