GOODE, J.
While this defendant was building a machine shop and foundry in Aurora, one of its princi[543]*543pal officers, Mr. Loy, observed in the foundry of McNeal & Company, in the city of Joplin, a second-hand machine known as a pipe machine, used to cut grooves or threads in casings or pipes. This second-hand machine was the property of the plaintiff company and had been acquired in a trade between plaintiff and the McNeal Company of Joplin. It had been used for seven or eight years by the latter company, which desired a larger machine and had traded the one in question to plaintiff for a larger one. After the trade plaintiff had left it for a time with McNeal & Company and it was still in use in their shops when Loy saw it. He thought it would answer the defendant’s needs and opened a correspondence with plaintiff looking to its purchase. Plaintiff does business in St. Louis and never had seen this particular machine, having traded for it on the representations of the McNeal Company. The entire negotiation between the parties to this action was by letter and telegram. They disagreed about the price, as plaintiff refused to sell for less than $300 and rejected two offers of lower prices made by defendant. The negotiation began about March 14th and was closed on the 21st. In one letter plaintiff notified defendant the machine had been acquired second-hand from McNeal & Company by plaintiff for the purpose of selling it at a profit. This was in answer to an offer by defendant to pay $240. In another letter plaintiff stated it had been offered $325 in St. Louis for the machine, provided the dies were in a satisfactory condition. On March 21st, defendant telegraphed it would accept plaintiff’s terms, and on the same day plaintiff Avrote, acknowledging receipt of the telegram and saying the trade Avould be closed, though plaintiff had received an offer of $325, because the latter offer was made on the condition that the taps and dies pertaining to the machine were in good order; and as plaintiff had been unable to ascertain from the McNeal Company [544]*544whether they were or not, it could not conclude the sale to the St. Louis bidder, and accordingly had entered defendant's order for the machine, complete with all taps, dies and wrenches which might be furnished with it by McNeal .& Company, the price to be $300 f. o. b. cars, net, Joplin. Before buying Loy had been in the shops of the McNeal Company three or four times to inspect the machine, but had never seen it in operation. He testified the only reason he failed to see it at work was because it happened to be idle when he was in the shops; that he could have seen it working if he had stayed until it was put in operation; but he only remained for five or ten minutes each visit. The testimony shows the machine was in operation five or six hours a day. Perhaps a couple of letters written by defendant had better be copied in order to make clear what defendant's manager knew of the machine before he bought it.
“Aurora, Mo., 3-14-1906.
“W. R. Colchord Mach. Co.,
“St. Louis, Mr.
“Gentlemen: Yours of the 13th at hand in regard to the second-hand pipe machine at McNeal & Co.’s, Joplin. We did not expect such a big price. The writer is acquainted with the machine which has been in use 12 or 15 years. Also know what you gave for it in the trade ($250.00). We expected a price of $200 instead of $300. We would give you $240 cash for it f. o. b. Joplin, including all dies, etc., that are now with it. Think we offer all it’s worth.
“Respt.
“Loy-Wilson Fdy. & M. Works,
S. E. Loy."
[545]*545“Oolchord Mach. Co.,
“St. Louis, Mo.
“Gents: Yours received in regard to the McNeal and Co., pipe machine. We will raise our price to $250 for machine, all dies and taps and etc., that now belong to it. This is our limit. The machine is very old and much worn. The above is more than it is really worth. We have found since writing you another machine that we can get providing you do not accept the above price. Will thank you for prompt reply.
“Respt.,
“Loy-Wilsojí Fdr. & M. Works,
S. E. Loy.”
Much of the testimony went to prove the machine worked well until it was dismantled in the shops of the McNeal Company and loaded on the car for shipment to Aurora; but the testimony for defendant was it would not cut threads on pipes when put into operation after it had been installed in defendant’s shops at Aurora. A piece some five inches by twelve had been broken and afterwards patched near the end of the machine where the die plate was fastened. Defendant insists this break caused the machine to be useless as the defect could not be repaired effectively. The break had existed a long time before the sale and, according to the testimony of workmen in the McNeal shops, did not interfere with the efficiency of the device. There was testimony pro and con on this point, as there was, too, regarding whether or not the patch was likely to be •observed in a reasonably careful inspection. Some witnesses swore it was in plain sight and could not escape attention; whereas others said it might. Defendant refused to pay the agreed price and this action was instituted to recover it. The only defense set up in the answer was breach of an implied warranty that the machine should be fit for the purpose for which it was [546]*546sold. Fraud was not charged, the allegation being' that in consequence of the machine having been broken it would not cut true grooves and was unfit for use. It was further alleged this defect was unknown to defendant at the time of the purchase and immediately after it Avas detected defendant offered to return the-property to plaintiff and still so offers. Damages by way of counterclaim in the sum of $10 were prayed, said sum representing the cost of shipping the machine from Joplin to Aurora. A verdict was found for plaintiff. The case was instructed too freely, and each of the instructions given for plaintiff is assailed as erroneous. We do not consider it necessary to review the instructions, for, in our opinion, they were rather too favorable to the defense. Some theories were advanced which ought not to have been; for instance: the defense of fraud was thrown into the case by the instructions, though it was not pleaded, nor was any evidence given . from which fraud on the part of the plaintiff could be inferred. The relevant theory of the instructions regarding the supposed breach of warranty was, that if the machine was known to defendant to be second-hand and defendant’s officer had an opportunity to and did inspect it before buying,' and plaintiff practiced no fraud in the sale, and the defect in the machine, if any, could have been detected by an ordinarily careful inspection, the verdict must be for plaintiff. Defendant’s counsel contends the instructions were wrong because they left out of view plaintiff’s implied warranty that the machine should be fit for the purpose for which it was sold. The sale is argued to have carried this warranty Avhether there was an opportunity to inspect or not, and even though the seller was ignorant of the defect. We attach slight importance to the fact of the machine being second-hand. Nevertheless it would be difficult to conceive a case presenting less reason for-implying a Avarranty that a purchased article should [547]*547be fit for the purpose for which it was bought.
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GOODE, J.
While this defendant was building a machine shop and foundry in Aurora, one of its princi[543]*543pal officers, Mr. Loy, observed in the foundry of McNeal & Company, in the city of Joplin, a second-hand machine known as a pipe machine, used to cut grooves or threads in casings or pipes. This second-hand machine was the property of the plaintiff company and had been acquired in a trade between plaintiff and the McNeal Company of Joplin. It had been used for seven or eight years by the latter company, which desired a larger machine and had traded the one in question to plaintiff for a larger one. After the trade plaintiff had left it for a time with McNeal & Company and it was still in use in their shops when Loy saw it. He thought it would answer the defendant’s needs and opened a correspondence with plaintiff looking to its purchase. Plaintiff does business in St. Louis and never had seen this particular machine, having traded for it on the representations of the McNeal Company. The entire negotiation between the parties to this action was by letter and telegram. They disagreed about the price, as plaintiff refused to sell for less than $300 and rejected two offers of lower prices made by defendant. The negotiation began about March 14th and was closed on the 21st. In one letter plaintiff notified defendant the machine had been acquired second-hand from McNeal & Company by plaintiff for the purpose of selling it at a profit. This was in answer to an offer by defendant to pay $240. In another letter plaintiff stated it had been offered $325 in St. Louis for the machine, provided the dies were in a satisfactory condition. On March 21st, defendant telegraphed it would accept plaintiff’s terms, and on the same day plaintiff Avrote, acknowledging receipt of the telegram and saying the trade Avould be closed, though plaintiff had received an offer of $325, because the latter offer was made on the condition that the taps and dies pertaining to the machine were in good order; and as plaintiff had been unable to ascertain from the McNeal Company [544]*544whether they were or not, it could not conclude the sale to the St. Louis bidder, and accordingly had entered defendant's order for the machine, complete with all taps, dies and wrenches which might be furnished with it by McNeal .& Company, the price to be $300 f. o. b. cars, net, Joplin. Before buying Loy had been in the shops of the McNeal Company three or four times to inspect the machine, but had never seen it in operation. He testified the only reason he failed to see it at work was because it happened to be idle when he was in the shops; that he could have seen it working if he had stayed until it was put in operation; but he only remained for five or ten minutes each visit. The testimony shows the machine was in operation five or six hours a day. Perhaps a couple of letters written by defendant had better be copied in order to make clear what defendant's manager knew of the machine before he bought it.
“Aurora, Mo., 3-14-1906.
“W. R. Colchord Mach. Co.,
“St. Louis, Mr.
“Gentlemen: Yours of the 13th at hand in regard to the second-hand pipe machine at McNeal & Co.’s, Joplin. We did not expect such a big price. The writer is acquainted with the machine which has been in use 12 or 15 years. Also know what you gave for it in the trade ($250.00). We expected a price of $200 instead of $300. We would give you $240 cash for it f. o. b. Joplin, including all dies, etc., that are now with it. Think we offer all it’s worth.
“Respt.
“Loy-Wilson Fdy. & M. Works,
S. E. Loy."
[545]*545“Oolchord Mach. Co.,
“St. Louis, Mo.
“Gents: Yours received in regard to the McNeal and Co., pipe machine. We will raise our price to $250 for machine, all dies and taps and etc., that now belong to it. This is our limit. The machine is very old and much worn. The above is more than it is really worth. We have found since writing you another machine that we can get providing you do not accept the above price. Will thank you for prompt reply.
“Respt.,
“Loy-Wilsojí Fdr. & M. Works,
S. E. Loy.”
Much of the testimony went to prove the machine worked well until it was dismantled in the shops of the McNeal Company and loaded on the car for shipment to Aurora; but the testimony for defendant was it would not cut threads on pipes when put into operation after it had been installed in defendant’s shops at Aurora. A piece some five inches by twelve had been broken and afterwards patched near the end of the machine where the die plate was fastened. Defendant insists this break caused the machine to be useless as the defect could not be repaired effectively. The break had existed a long time before the sale and, according to the testimony of workmen in the McNeal shops, did not interfere with the efficiency of the device. There was testimony pro and con on this point, as there was, too, regarding whether or not the patch was likely to be •observed in a reasonably careful inspection. Some witnesses swore it was in plain sight and could not escape attention; whereas others said it might. Defendant refused to pay the agreed price and this action was instituted to recover it. The only defense set up in the answer was breach of an implied warranty that the machine should be fit for the purpose for which it was [546]*546sold. Fraud was not charged, the allegation being' that in consequence of the machine having been broken it would not cut true grooves and was unfit for use. It was further alleged this defect was unknown to defendant at the time of the purchase and immediately after it Avas detected defendant offered to return the-property to plaintiff and still so offers. Damages by way of counterclaim in the sum of $10 were prayed, said sum representing the cost of shipping the machine from Joplin to Aurora. A verdict was found for plaintiff. The case was instructed too freely, and each of the instructions given for plaintiff is assailed as erroneous. We do not consider it necessary to review the instructions, for, in our opinion, they were rather too favorable to the defense. Some theories were advanced which ought not to have been; for instance: the defense of fraud was thrown into the case by the instructions, though it was not pleaded, nor was any evidence given . from which fraud on the part of the plaintiff could be inferred. The relevant theory of the instructions regarding the supposed breach of warranty was, that if the machine was known to defendant to be second-hand and defendant’s officer had an opportunity to and did inspect it before buying,' and plaintiff practiced no fraud in the sale, and the defect in the machine, if any, could have been detected by an ordinarily careful inspection, the verdict must be for plaintiff. Defendant’s counsel contends the instructions were wrong because they left out of view plaintiff’s implied warranty that the machine should be fit for the purpose for which it was sold. The sale is argued to have carried this warranty Avhether there was an opportunity to inspect or not, and even though the seller was ignorant of the defect. We attach slight importance to the fact of the machine being second-hand. Nevertheless it would be difficult to conceive a case presenting less reason for-implying a Avarranty that a purchased article should [547]*547be fit for the purpose for which it was bought. The machine was' not sold by plaintiff as a manufacturer; or by sample. Defendant’s manager had no. cause to rely on the judgment of plaintiff regarding the fitness of the machine, did not rely on it, and the price of a first-class machine was not paid. Defendant’s manager said he was acquainted with the one in controversy, knew it had been in use for twelve.years and was old, very much worn and worth less than $250, the price he offered. He had previously declared $240 was all it was worth. It was proved a new machine of this kind would cost from six to eight hundred dollars. A warranty of the fitness of a chattel for a certain purpose, is not implied necessarily because the seller knows the buyer is buying it for such purpose. Courts do not treat the doctrine of implied warranty of fitness as an unconditioned dogma of the law. If they did, the most unjust consequences would ensue. Attention to the cases will show there are few legal subject-matters in which the application of the pertinent rules of law is more controlled by the circumstances of cases than in those involving implied warranties in the sales of chattels. As these transactions are of infinite diversity, the rules controlling them are flexible and adaptive. The rule of decision for the present case is that, in the sale of personal property without an express warranty, where the buyer has an opportunity to inspect the commodity and the seller is guilty of no fraud, and is neither the manufacturer nor the grower of the article sold, the doctrine of caveat emptor applies. [Barnard v. Kellogg, 10 Wall. 383; Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton, 110 U. S. 108, 112.] This case clearly falls under said doctrine. The court below instructed the jury to find for defendant if the defect or break in the machine rendered it unfit for use and could not be discovered by a reasonable inspection. We doubt if the law raises an implied warranty, even against latent defects, when [548]*548an article is sold on inspection, but refrain from ruling-on this question because tbe instruction regarding it was in favor of the appealing party. The question to be determined is whether there is an implied warranty, covering defects which might have been detected by a reasonable inspection, that the machine was fit for the purpose for which it was bought. In our opinion no case can be found which supports such a doctrine. [Borden v. Frazier, 118 Ill. App. 655; Deming v. Foster, 42 N. H. 165; Wilson v. Belles, 22 Pa. Sup. Ct. 477; Lord v. Growe, 39 Pa. St. 88; 80 Am. Dec. 504; Horner v. Parkhurst, 71 Md. 110; Scott Lumber Co. v. Mfg. Co., 91 Wis. 667; Joy v. Bank, 74 S. W. (Tex.) 325; Jones v. Just, L. R. 3 Q. B. 197, 202. The defendant got the identical machine it selected and ordered, and in such cases, too, there is no implied warranty. . [Case Plow Works v. Niles, 90 Wis. 590; Goulds v. Brophy, 42 Minn. 109; Chanter v. Hopkins, 4 Mees. & W. 398; Milwaukee Boiler Co. v. Duncan, 87 Wis. 120; Seitz v. Refrig. Co., 141 U. S. 510, 518.]
The judgment is affirmed.
All concur.