UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MORRIS COE, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 13-cv-184 (RLW)
ERIC HIMPTON HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the United States, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
Defendant JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“Chase”) filed a Motion to Dismiss pursuant
to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) and, in the alternative, a Motion to Sever Any
Remaining Claims and Transfer Venue, on April 22, 2013. (Dkt. No. 2). For the reasons
discussed below, the Motion to Dismiss will be GRANTED.
I. Factual Background
The sixteen pro se Plaintiffs in this case claim they have “full Sovereign Immunity and
have Indigenous Rights by virtue of their Sovereign Indigenous Nation,” (Dkt. No. 1, at 4), and
that as “a foreign government [thei]r property is immune from attachment and execution
(illegal Seizure),” (Dkt. No. 1, at 11) (emphasis removed). They filed a two-count Complaint
for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief against five banks, the Texas Attorney General, and the
1 This unpublished memorandum opinion is intended solely to inform the parties and any reviewing court of the basis for the instant ruling, or alternatively, to assist in any potential future analysis of the res judicata, law of the case, or preclusive effect of the ruling. The Court has designated this opinion as “not intended for publication,” but this Court cannot prevent or prohibit the publication of this opinion in the various and sundry electronic and legal databases (as it is a public document), and this Court cannot prevent or prohibit the citation of this opinion by counsel. Cf. FED. R. APP. P. 32.1. Nonetheless, as stated in the operational handbook adopted by our Court of Appeals, “counsel are reminded that the Court’s decision to issue an unpublished disposition means that the Court sees no precedential value in that disposition.” D.C. Circuit Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures 43 (2011). 1 U.S. Attorney General, alleging that their homes have been improperly foreclosed. Construing
Plaintiffs’ claims liberally, as this Court must do with pro se litigants, and construing the facts
in the Complaint in the light most favorable to them, see Esposito v. Dep’t of Treasury, 2012
WL 1076155, at *1 n.2 (Mar. 30, 2012), there is also a claim, as Plaintiffs note elsewhere in
their Complaint, brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, (see Dkt. No. 1, at 5). The Plaintiffs
seek a declaratory judgment that their rights have been violated under the First, Fourth, Fifth,
and Fourteenth Amendments. (Dkt. No. 1, at 43). And they seek “a permanent injunction
forever enjoining Defendants . . . from initiating false foreclosures on Plaintiffs’ properties.”
(Dkt. No. 1, at 46).
This is not the first time these Plaintiffs have sought redress in the courts regarding
these allegations. As they themselves note, they have “challenged each of their illegal
foreclosures and falsification of foreclosure documents by the Defendants . . . in the District
Court of their respective County, and were each and every time denied the right to have their
allegations truly be heard.” (Dkt. No. 1, at 33). In addition, “[a]ll Plaintiffs recently moved
unsuccessfully to intervene in the National Mortgage Settlement.” (Dkt. No. 2-1, at 13). 2
II. Motion to Dismiss Standard
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). In
evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court construes the complaint liberally in the plaintiff’s
favor and grants them all reasonable inferences. See Stokes v. Cross, 327 F.3d 1210, 1215
2 Despite having their Motion to Intervene in the National Mortgage Settlement previously denied because, in part, the Settlement “dealt with mortgage practices in general, and not any particular mortgages,” (Order Regarding Motion to Intervene, Case No. 12-cv-361, Dkt. No. 62, at 2), Plaintiffs attempt to revive this argument again here, claiming that they are “seeking enforcement of the terms of the consent agreement, a contractual obligation.” (Dkt. No. 22, at 3-4).
2 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Despite the positive inferences granted in considering a motion to dismiss, a
complaint must sufficiently “give a defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the
grounds upon which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations omitted). Although
the complaint does not require detailed factual allegations, it must provide “more than labels
and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Id.
III. Analysis
Chase offers several independent reasons for dismissal. For example, as noted above in
footnote two, Plaintiffs base their argument in part on a purported claim to enforce the National
Mortgage Settlement, an attempt that has already been rejected in a ruling that this Court need
not revisit. This memo, however, will focus on the argument regarding 42 U.S.C. § 1983’s
inapplicability, which independently leads to the inexorable conclusion that Plaintiffs’
Complaint must be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). 3
To succeed on a Section 1983 claim, Plaintiffs must show that the alleged deprivation
of their rights was committed by a defendant acting under color of state law. See, e.g., Flagg
Bros. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 155 (1978). Under certain circumstances, a private party who
jointly participates with a government official can act under color of state law. Such joint
participation requires (1) some type of conspiracy or agreement between the state and the
private party; (2) a demonstration the parties shared common goals; and (3) conduct in
furtherance of the conspiracy or agreement that violates federally protected rights. See Lugar
v. Edmonson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 941 (1982); Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27-28 (1980).
3 Only four Plaintiffs—Morris Coe, Steven Crear, Sr., Rose Starnes, and Talance Sawyer—allege any facts regarding Chase. Chase sought dismissal of the other Plaintiffs pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1), arguing the other Plaintiffs have no standing to maintain their lawsuit. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-62 (1992). Plaintiffs did not respond to this argument, and the Court treats it as conceded. See Newton v. Office of the Architect of the Capitol, 840 F. Supp. 2d 384, 397 (D.D.C. 2012) (“When a party files an opposition addressing only certain arguments raised in a dispositive motion, a court may treat those arguments that the non-moving party failed to address as conceded.”).
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MORRIS COE, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 13-cv-184 (RLW)
ERIC HIMPTON HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the United States, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
Defendant JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“Chase”) filed a Motion to Dismiss pursuant
to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) and, in the alternative, a Motion to Sever Any
Remaining Claims and Transfer Venue, on April 22, 2013. (Dkt. No. 2). For the reasons
discussed below, the Motion to Dismiss will be GRANTED.
I. Factual Background
The sixteen pro se Plaintiffs in this case claim they have “full Sovereign Immunity and
have Indigenous Rights by virtue of their Sovereign Indigenous Nation,” (Dkt. No. 1, at 4), and
that as “a foreign government [thei]r property is immune from attachment and execution
(illegal Seizure),” (Dkt. No. 1, at 11) (emphasis removed). They filed a two-count Complaint
for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief against five banks, the Texas Attorney General, and the
1 This unpublished memorandum opinion is intended solely to inform the parties and any reviewing court of the basis for the instant ruling, or alternatively, to assist in any potential future analysis of the res judicata, law of the case, or preclusive effect of the ruling. The Court has designated this opinion as “not intended for publication,” but this Court cannot prevent or prohibit the publication of this opinion in the various and sundry electronic and legal databases (as it is a public document), and this Court cannot prevent or prohibit the citation of this opinion by counsel. Cf. FED. R. APP. P. 32.1. Nonetheless, as stated in the operational handbook adopted by our Court of Appeals, “counsel are reminded that the Court’s decision to issue an unpublished disposition means that the Court sees no precedential value in that disposition.” D.C. Circuit Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures 43 (2011). 1 U.S. Attorney General, alleging that their homes have been improperly foreclosed. Construing
Plaintiffs’ claims liberally, as this Court must do with pro se litigants, and construing the facts
in the Complaint in the light most favorable to them, see Esposito v. Dep’t of Treasury, 2012
WL 1076155, at *1 n.2 (Mar. 30, 2012), there is also a claim, as Plaintiffs note elsewhere in
their Complaint, brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, (see Dkt. No. 1, at 5). The Plaintiffs
seek a declaratory judgment that their rights have been violated under the First, Fourth, Fifth,
and Fourteenth Amendments. (Dkt. No. 1, at 43). And they seek “a permanent injunction
forever enjoining Defendants . . . from initiating false foreclosures on Plaintiffs’ properties.”
(Dkt. No. 1, at 46).
This is not the first time these Plaintiffs have sought redress in the courts regarding
these allegations. As they themselves note, they have “challenged each of their illegal
foreclosures and falsification of foreclosure documents by the Defendants . . . in the District
Court of their respective County, and were each and every time denied the right to have their
allegations truly be heard.” (Dkt. No. 1, at 33). In addition, “[a]ll Plaintiffs recently moved
unsuccessfully to intervene in the National Mortgage Settlement.” (Dkt. No. 2-1, at 13). 2
II. Motion to Dismiss Standard
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). In
evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court construes the complaint liberally in the plaintiff’s
favor and grants them all reasonable inferences. See Stokes v. Cross, 327 F.3d 1210, 1215
2 Despite having their Motion to Intervene in the National Mortgage Settlement previously denied because, in part, the Settlement “dealt with mortgage practices in general, and not any particular mortgages,” (Order Regarding Motion to Intervene, Case No. 12-cv-361, Dkt. No. 62, at 2), Plaintiffs attempt to revive this argument again here, claiming that they are “seeking enforcement of the terms of the consent agreement, a contractual obligation.” (Dkt. No. 22, at 3-4).
2 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Despite the positive inferences granted in considering a motion to dismiss, a
complaint must sufficiently “give a defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the
grounds upon which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations omitted). Although
the complaint does not require detailed factual allegations, it must provide “more than labels
and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Id.
III. Analysis
Chase offers several independent reasons for dismissal. For example, as noted above in
footnote two, Plaintiffs base their argument in part on a purported claim to enforce the National
Mortgage Settlement, an attempt that has already been rejected in a ruling that this Court need
not revisit. This memo, however, will focus on the argument regarding 42 U.S.C. § 1983’s
inapplicability, which independently leads to the inexorable conclusion that Plaintiffs’
Complaint must be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). 3
To succeed on a Section 1983 claim, Plaintiffs must show that the alleged deprivation
of their rights was committed by a defendant acting under color of state law. See, e.g., Flagg
Bros. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 155 (1978). Under certain circumstances, a private party who
jointly participates with a government official can act under color of state law. Such joint
participation requires (1) some type of conspiracy or agreement between the state and the
private party; (2) a demonstration the parties shared common goals; and (3) conduct in
furtherance of the conspiracy or agreement that violates federally protected rights. See Lugar
v. Edmonson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 941 (1982); Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27-28 (1980).
3 Only four Plaintiffs—Morris Coe, Steven Crear, Sr., Rose Starnes, and Talance Sawyer—allege any facts regarding Chase. Chase sought dismissal of the other Plaintiffs pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1), arguing the other Plaintiffs have no standing to maintain their lawsuit. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-62 (1992). Plaintiffs did not respond to this argument, and the Court treats it as conceded. See Newton v. Office of the Architect of the Capitol, 840 F. Supp. 2d 384, 397 (D.D.C. 2012) (“When a party files an opposition addressing only certain arguments raised in a dispositive motion, a court may treat those arguments that the non-moving party failed to address as conceded.”).
3 Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts that suggest any such activity took place here.
Instead, they offer the bald allegation that the Defendant banks “called upon the Courts and
government to enforce the illegal foreclosure proceedings.” (Dkt. No. 22, at 17). There is no
fact alleged regarding Chase or any other Defendant making such a “call,” nor is there any fact
alleged that any U.S. court or government official heeded such a “call.” Banks are regulated
by the U.S. government, but that alone is not joint activity sufficient to bring a bank within the
purview of Section 1983. Courts have repeatedly held that “[a] bank does not act ‘under color
of’ state law for the purposes of Section 1983.” Tucker v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 2009 WL
4348947, at *1 (W.D. La. Nov. 24, 2009) (citing Parker v. First Union Nat. Bank, 816 F.2d
673 (4th Cir. 1987)); see also Shipley v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n of Del., 703 F. Supp.
1122, 1131 (D. Del. 1988) (finding a bank who filed a foreclosure action was not acting under
color of state law for purposes of Section 1983). Because Plaintiffs’ Complaint is based on
Section 1983, and Chase did not act under color of state law, Chase’s motion to dismiss must
be granted.
Because Plaintiffs have no valid Section 1983 claim against Chase, their claim for a
declaratory judgment must also fail. The Declaratory Judgment Act “is not an independent
source of federal subject matter jurisdiction.” Seized Prop. Recovery Corp. v. U.S. Customs
and Border Prot., 502 F. Supp. 2d 50, 64 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting GNB Battery Technologies,
Inc. v. Gould, Inc., 65 F.3d 615, 619 (7th Cir. 1995)). Without an actual case or controversy,
this Court cannot render a declaratory judgment. See, e.g., C&E Water Servs., Inc. of
Washington v. District of Columbia Water and Sewer Auth., 310 F.3d 197, 201 (D.C. Cir.
2002). Moreover, the declarations sought border on the frivolous. For example, Plaintiffs
claim a First Amendment violation because they have been denied access to court to have their
grievances heard. (Dkt. No. 1, at 43). In fact they have had their grievances heard many times
4 by many courts; the problem is that repeatedly courts have found their claims to be without
merit. 4
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Chase’s Motion to Dismiss and, in the alternative, Motion to
Sever Any Remaining Claims and Transfer Venue (Dkt. No. 2) is GRANTED. An Order
accompanies this Memorandum. Digitally signed by Judge Robert L. Wilkins DN: cn=Judge Robert L. Wilkins, Date: June 18, 2013 o=U.S. District Court, ou=Chambers of Honorable Robert L. Wilkins, email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov, c=US Date: 2013.06.18 20:42:34 -04'00'
ROBERT L. WILKINS United States District Judge
4 By the same logic, this Court cannot enter an injunction “forever enjoining Defendants . . . from initiating false foreclosures on Plaintiffs’ properties.” (Dkt. No. 1, at 46). See, e.g., Clink v. New York Cmty. Bank, 2013 WL 1812203, at *4 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 30, 2013) (“[T]he request for injunctive relief does not assert any separate cause of action.”) (citing Goryoka v. Quicken Loan, Inc., 2013 WL 1104991, at *3 (6th Cir. Mar. 18, 2013)).