Mr. Justice Bradley
delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts in the language above reported he continued :
The case is now before us for consideration upon writ of error to the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, and the same points that were urged before that court are set up -here as grounds of error.
The question for us to consider, therefore, is, whether the products of a State (in this case timber cut in its forests) are liable to be taxed like other property within the Staté, though intended for exportation to another State, and partially prepared, for that purpose by being deposited at a place of shipment, such products being owned by persons residing in another State.
We have no difficulty in disposing of the last condition of the question, namely, the fact (if it be a fact) that the property was .owned by persons residing in another State; for, if not exempt from taxation for other reason's, it cannot be exempt by reason of being owned by non-residents of the State. We take it to bé a point settled beyond all contradiction or question, that a State has jurisdiction of all persons and things within its territory which do not belong to some other jurisdiction, such as the representatives of foreign governments, with their houses and effects, and property belonging to or in the use of the government of the United States. If the owner of personal property within a State resides in another State which taxes him for that property as part of his general estate attached to his person, this action of the latter State does hot in the least affect the right of the State in which the property is situated to tax it,also. It is hardly necessary to cite authorities on a ppint so elementary.- The fact, therefore, that 'the owners of the logs in question were taxed for their value in ■ Maine as a part of then general- stock in trade, if such fact, were proved, could have no influence in the decision of the case, and may be laid out of view.
We recur, then, to a consideration of the question freed from this limitation:
<
Are the products of a State, though intended for exportation to another State, and partially prepared for
that purpose by being deposited at a place or port of shipment within the State, liable to be taxed like other property within the State ?
Do the owner’s state of mind in relation to the goods, that is, his intent to export them, and his partial preparation to do so, exempt them from taxation ? This is the precise question for solution.
This question does not present the predicament of goods in course of transportation through a State, though detained for a time within the State by low water or other causes of delay, as was the case of the logs cm in the State of Maine, the tax on which was abated by the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. Such goods are already in the course of commercial transportation, and are clearly under the protection of the Constitution. And so, we think, would the goods in question be when actually started in the course of transportation to another State, or delivered to, a carrier for 'Such transportation. There must be a point of. time when they cease to be governed exclusively by the domestic law and begin to be governed and'protected by .the national law of commercial regulation, and that moment'seems to us to be a legitimate one'for this purpose, in whieli they commence their final movement for transportation frond’ the State of their origin to that of their destination. When the products of the farm or the forest are collected and brought in from the surrounding country to a town or station ^serving as an entrepot for that particular region, whether on a river or a line of railroad, such products are not yet exports, nor are they in process of exportation, nor is exportation begun until they are committed to the common carrier for transportation out of the State to the State of their destination, or have started on their ultimate passage to that State. Until then it is reasonable to regard them as not only within the State of their origin, but as a part of the general mass of property of that State, subject to its jurisdiction, and liable to taxation there, if not taxed by reason of their being intended for exportation, but taxed without any discrimination, in the usual way and manner in which such property is taxed in the State.
Of course they cannot be taxed as exports; that is to say,
they cannot he taxed by reason or because of their exportation or intended exportation; for that would amount to laying a duty on exports, and would be a plain infraction of t^e Constitution, which prohibits any State, without the consent of Congress, from laying any impost's or duties on imports of exports; and, although it has been decided,
Woodruff
v.
Parham,
8 Wall. 123, that this clause relates to imports from, and exports to, foreign countries, yet when such imposts or duties are laid on imports or exports from one State to another, it cannot be doubted that such an imposition would be a regulation of cojnrqerce among the States, and, therefore, void as an invasion of the exclusive power of Congress. See
Walling
v.
Michigan, ante,
446, decided at the present term, and cases cited in the opinion in that- case. But if such goods are not taxed as exports, nor by reason of their expo; .¿tion, or intended exportation,’ but are taxed as part of the general mass of property' in the State, at the regular period of assessment for such property and in the usual manner, they not being in course of transportation at the time, is there any valid reason why they should not be taxed ? Though intended for exportation, they may never be-exported; the owner has a perfect right to change his mind; and until actually put in motion, for some place, out C?f the State, or committed to the custody of a carrier for transportation to such place, why may they not be regarded as still remaining a part of the general mass of property in the State\ If assessed in an exceptional time or manner, because of their ^ anticipated departure, they might well be considered as taxed by reason of their exportation or intended exportation ; but if assessed in the . usual way, when not under motion or shipment, we do not see why the assessment may not be valid and binding.
The point of time when State jurisdiction over the commodities of commerce begins and ends is not an easy matter to designate or define, and yet it is highly important, both to the shipper and td the State, that it should be clearly defined so as to avoid all ambiguity or question. . In regard to imports from foreign countries, it was settled in the case of
Brown
v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, that the State cannot impose any tax or duty , on
such goods so long as they remain the property of the importer, and continue in the original form or packages in which they were imported; the right to sell without any restriction imposed by the State being a necessary incident of the right to import without such restriction. This rule was deemed to be, the necessary result of the prohibitorv clause of the Constitution, which declares that no State shall lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports. .
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Mr. Justice Bradley
delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts in the language above reported he continued :
The case is now before us for consideration upon writ of error to the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, and the same points that were urged before that court are set up -here as grounds of error.
The question for us to consider, therefore, is, whether the products of a State (in this case timber cut in its forests) are liable to be taxed like other property within the Staté, though intended for exportation to another State, and partially prepared, for that purpose by being deposited at a place of shipment, such products being owned by persons residing in another State.
We have no difficulty in disposing of the last condition of the question, namely, the fact (if it be a fact) that the property was .owned by persons residing in another State; for, if not exempt from taxation for other reason's, it cannot be exempt by reason of being owned by non-residents of the State. We take it to bé a point settled beyond all contradiction or question, that a State has jurisdiction of all persons and things within its territory which do not belong to some other jurisdiction, such as the representatives of foreign governments, with their houses and effects, and property belonging to or in the use of the government of the United States. If the owner of personal property within a State resides in another State which taxes him for that property as part of his general estate attached to his person, this action of the latter State does hot in the least affect the right of the State in which the property is situated to tax it,also. It is hardly necessary to cite authorities on a ppint so elementary.- The fact, therefore, that 'the owners of the logs in question were taxed for their value in ■ Maine as a part of then general- stock in trade, if such fact, were proved, could have no influence in the decision of the case, and may be laid out of view.
We recur, then, to a consideration of the question freed from this limitation:
<
Are the products of a State, though intended for exportation to another State, and partially prepared for
that purpose by being deposited at a place or port of shipment within the State, liable to be taxed like other property within the State ?
Do the owner’s state of mind in relation to the goods, that is, his intent to export them, and his partial preparation to do so, exempt them from taxation ? This is the precise question for solution.
This question does not present the predicament of goods in course of transportation through a State, though detained for a time within the State by low water or other causes of delay, as was the case of the logs cm in the State of Maine, the tax on which was abated by the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. Such goods are already in the course of commercial transportation, and are clearly under the protection of the Constitution. And so, we think, would the goods in question be when actually started in the course of transportation to another State, or delivered to, a carrier for 'Such transportation. There must be a point of. time when they cease to be governed exclusively by the domestic law and begin to be governed and'protected by .the national law of commercial regulation, and that moment'seems to us to be a legitimate one'for this purpose, in whieli they commence their final movement for transportation frond’ the State of their origin to that of their destination. When the products of the farm or the forest are collected and brought in from the surrounding country to a town or station ^serving as an entrepot for that particular region, whether on a river or a line of railroad, such products are not yet exports, nor are they in process of exportation, nor is exportation begun until they are committed to the common carrier for transportation out of the State to the State of their destination, or have started on their ultimate passage to that State. Until then it is reasonable to regard them as not only within the State of their origin, but as a part of the general mass of property of that State, subject to its jurisdiction, and liable to taxation there, if not taxed by reason of their being intended for exportation, but taxed without any discrimination, in the usual way and manner in which such property is taxed in the State.
Of course they cannot be taxed as exports; that is to say,
they cannot he taxed by reason or because of their exportation or intended exportation; for that would amount to laying a duty on exports, and would be a plain infraction of t^e Constitution, which prohibits any State, without the consent of Congress, from laying any impost's or duties on imports of exports; and, although it has been decided,
Woodruff
v.
Parham,
8 Wall. 123, that this clause relates to imports from, and exports to, foreign countries, yet when such imposts or duties are laid on imports or exports from one State to another, it cannot be doubted that such an imposition would be a regulation of cojnrqerce among the States, and, therefore, void as an invasion of the exclusive power of Congress. See
Walling
v.
Michigan, ante,
446, decided at the present term, and cases cited in the opinion in that- case. But if such goods are not taxed as exports, nor by reason of their expo; .¿tion, or intended exportation,’ but are taxed as part of the general mass of property' in the State, at the regular period of assessment for such property and in the usual manner, they not being in course of transportation at the time, is there any valid reason why they should not be taxed ? Though intended for exportation, they may never be-exported; the owner has a perfect right to change his mind; and until actually put in motion, for some place, out C?f the State, or committed to the custody of a carrier for transportation to such place, why may they not be regarded as still remaining a part of the general mass of property in the State\ If assessed in an exceptional time or manner, because of their ^ anticipated departure, they might well be considered as taxed by reason of their exportation or intended exportation ; but if assessed in the . usual way, when not under motion or shipment, we do not see why the assessment may not be valid and binding.
The point of time when State jurisdiction over the commodities of commerce begins and ends is not an easy matter to designate or define, and yet it is highly important, both to the shipper and td the State, that it should be clearly defined so as to avoid all ambiguity or question. . In regard to imports from foreign countries, it was settled in the case of
Brown
v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, that the State cannot impose any tax or duty , on
such goods so long as they remain the property of the importer, and continue in the original form or packages in which they were imported; the right to sell without any restriction imposed by the State being a necessary incident of the right to import without such restriction. This rule was deemed to be, the necessary result of the prohibitorv clause of the Constitution, which declares that no State shall lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports. . The law of Maryland, which was held to be repugnant to this clause, required the payment of a license tax by all importers before they Were permitted • to sell their goods. This law was also considered to be an infringement of the clause which gives to Congress the power to regulate commerce. This court, as before stated, has since held that goods transported from one State to another are not imports or exports within the meaning of the prohibitory clauses before referred to;, and it has also held that such goods, having arrived at their place of destination, may be taxed in the State -to which they are carried, if taxed in the same manner as other goods are taxed, and not by reason of their being brought into the State from another State, nor subjected in any way to unfavorable discrimination.
Woodruff v.
Parham, 8 Wall. 123;
Brown
v.
Houston,
114 U. S. 622.
But no definite rule' has been adopted with' regard to the point of time at which the taxing power of the State ceases as to goods exported to a foreign -country or to another State. What we have already said, however, in relation to the products of a State intended for exportation to another State will indicate the view which seems to us the sound one on that subject, namely, that such goods do not cease to be part of the general mass of property in the State,, subject, as such, to its jurisdiction, and to taxation in the usual way, until they have been shipped, or entered with a common carrier for transportation to another State, or have been started upon such transportation in a continuous route or journey. We think that this must be the true rule on the subject. It seems to us untenable to hold that a crop or a herd is exempt from taxation merely because it is, by its owner, intended for exportation. If such were the rule in many States there would be nothing but the lands and real
estate to bear the taxes. Some of the Western States produce veryjittle except wheat and corn, most of which is intended for export; and so of cotton in the Southern States. Certainly, as long as these products are on the lands which produce them, they alté part of the general property of the State. And so we think they continue to be until they have entered upon • their final journey for leaving the State and going into another State. It', is true, it was said in the case of
The Daniel
Ball, 10 Wall, 557, 565: “ Whenever a commodity has begun to move as an article of trade from one State to another, commerce in that commodity between the States has commenced.” But this movement does not begin until the articles have been shipped or started for transportation from the one State to the other. The carrying of them in carts or other vehicles, or even floating them, to the depot where the journey is to commence is no part of that journey.- That is all preliminary work, performed for the purpose of putting the property in a state of preparation and readiness for transportation. Until actually launched on its way to another State, or committed to a common carrier for transportation to such State, its destination is not fixed and certain. It may be sold or otherwise disposed of within the State, and never put in course of transportation out of the State. Carrying it from the farm, or the forest, to the depot, is only an interior movement of the property, entirely within the State, for the purpose, it is true, but only for the purpose, of putting it into a course of exportation ; it is no part of the exportation itself. Until shipped or started on its final journey out of the State its exportation is a matter altogether
in fieri,
and not at all a fixed and certain thing.
The application of these principles to the present case is obvious. The logs which were taxed, and the tax on which was not abated by the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, had not, when so taxed, been shipped or started on their final voyage or journey to the State of Maine. They had only been drawn down from Wentworth’s location to Errol, the place from which they were to be transported to Lewiston in the State of Maine. There they were to remain- until it should be convenient to send them to their destination. They come precisely within
the character of' property which, according to the principles herein laid down, is taxable. But granting all this, it may still be pertinently asked, How can property thus situated,, to wit, deposited or stored at the place of entrepot for future exportation, be taxed in the regular way as part of the property of the State ? The answer is plain. It can be taxed as all other property is taxed, in the place where it is found, if taxed, or assessed for taxation, in the usual manner in which such property is-taxed; and not singled out to be assessed by itself in an unusual and exceptional manner because of its destination. If thus taxed, in the usual way that other similar property ,is taxed, and at the same rate, and subject to like conditions and regulations, the tax is valid. In other words, the right to tax the property being founded on the hypothesis that it is still ;a part of the general mass of property in the State, it must be treated in all respects as other property of the same kind is-treated.
These conditions we understand to have been complied with in the present case. At all events there is no evidence to show, that the taxes were not imposed in the regular and ordinary way. As the presumption, so far' as mode and manner are coq7 cerned, is always in favor of, and not against, official acts, the want of evidence to the contrary must be regarded as evidence in favor of the regularity of the assessment in this case.
The judgment of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire is
Affirmed.