Cody v. Young

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: March 17, 2025
• Docket: 3:24-cv-05683
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 GRAHAM CODY, Case No. 24-cv-05683-MMC

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' 9 v. MOTION TO DISMISS; AFFORDING PLAINTIFF LEAVE TO AMEND 10 MORRIS S. YOUNG, et al.,

Defendants. 11

12 13 Before the Court is the Motion, filed November 27, 2024, "to Dismiss Plaintiff's 14 First Amended Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint," brought on behalf of 15 defendants Morris S. Young ("Young"), Gary L. Fischer ("Fischer"), David C. Chang 16 ("Chang"), Jesse Chen ("Chen"), Christine Russell ("Russell"), Leonard J. LeBlanc 17 ("LeBlanc") (collectively, "Individual Defendants"), and AXT, Inc. ("AXT"). Plaintiff 18 Graham Cody ("Cody") has filed opposition, to which defendants have replied. Having 19 read and considered the parties' respective written submissions, the Court rules as 20 follows.1 21 BACKGROUND 22 The following factual allegations, contained in the "Verified Amended Shareholder 23 Derivative Complaint" ("AC"), are assumed true for purposes of the instant motion. 24 AXT, a company headquartered in California, manufacturers "semiconductor wafer 25 substrates" in China through Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. ("Tongmei"), 26 AXT's "China-based subsidiary" (See AC ¶¶ 1, 10, 24, 25.) Young, Chang, Chen, and 27 1 Russell are the members of ATX's current Board of Directors ("Board") (see AC ¶¶ 11, 2 13-15), LeBlanc is a former member of the Board (see AC ¶ 16), and Fischer is ATX's 3 Chief Financial Officer (see AC ¶ 12). 4 In November 2020, AXT "started pursuing an initial public offering ('IPO') and 5 listing of Tongmei on the Shanghai Stock Exchange Science and Technology Innovation 6 Board." (See AC ¶ 2.) In March 2021, March 2022, March 2023, and March 2024, the 7 Individual Defendants "caused" AXT to file a Form 10-K with the Securities and 8 Exchange Commission. (See AC ¶¶ 27, 28, 30, 31.) According to Cody, those four Form 9 10-Ks did not "disclose" the following: "(i) Tongmei had been sued for trade secret 10 violations by a company called Shandong Guojing; (ii) following investigation, authorities 11 had referred the trade secret infringement case for criminal prosecution; (iii) as a result, 12 there was a risk that Tongmei’s IPO would fail and AXT would be forced to refund $49 13 million to investors; (iv) as a result of the foregoing, the Company was reasonably likely 14 to suffer significant financial harm." (See AC ¶ 32.) 15 On April 4, 2024, "J Capital Research published a report entitled 'AXTI2 may be on 16 the brink of collapse.'" (See AC ¶ 33.) As described by Cody, the report stated that 17 "Tongmei's IPO had been blocked [due] to a criminal trade secret infringement case, 18 which would force AXT to return $49 million to investors." (See AC ¶ 4.) After release of 19 the report, AXT's stock price fell "approximately 34.9%" (see id.), and, thereafter, a 20 "securities class action" was filed against AXT and "certain of the defendants named [in 21 the instant action]" (see AC ¶ 5). 22 Based on the above, Cody, a shareholder of AXT, asserts against the Individual 23 Defendants a single Count, titled "Breach of Fiduciary Duty,"3 wherein, he contends, the 24 Individual Defendants, in the above-referenced Form 10-Ks, "knowingly or recklessly 25

26 2 AXT's "common stock" trades under the symbol "AXTI." (See AC ¶ 10.) 27 3 Cody does not assert any claim against AXT, which he refers to as a "nominal 1 made untrue statements" (see AC ¶ 56), and/or or "permitted [AXT's] public filings, 2 disclosures, and statements to misleadingly report [AXT's] overall prospects" (see id.). 3 DISCUSSION 4 Defendants seek dismissal of the AC on two grounds, specifically, lack of subject 5 matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and 6 failure to state a claim, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). The Court considers the two 7 arguments in turn. 8 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Existence of Diversity 9 Cody alleges that the Court has diversity jurisdiction over the instant action. A 10 district court has diversity jurisdiction if "the matter in controversy exceeds the sum and 11 value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs" and each defendant's citizenship is 12 diverse from that of the plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). 13 Here, Cody sufficiently alleges the requisite amount in controversy (see AC ¶¶ 7, 14 41-43 (alleging harm to AXT includes "[l]oss of market capital and reputational harm," as 15 well as regulatory sanctions)) and sufficiently alleges the parties, as presently aligned, 16 are diverse (see AC ¶ 9 (alleging Cody is citizen of Wisconsin)), (see AC ¶¶ 11-16 17 (alleging each Individual Defendant is citizen of California, with exception of Chang, who 18 is citizen of New York)), (see AC ¶ 10 (alleging defendant AXT is citizen of Delaware and 19 California)). Defendants argue, however, that AXT should be realigned as a plaintiff, 20 which realignment would destroy diversity, as AXT and all but one of the Individual 21 Defendants are citizens of California. 22 "Because a derivative lawsuit brought by a shareholder is not his own but the 23 corporation's, the corporation is the real party in interest and usually properly aligned as a 24 plaintiff." In re Digimarc Corp. Derivative Litig., 549 F.3d 1223, 1234 (9th Cir. 2008) 25 (internal quotation and citation omitted). "There is an exception, however, when a 26 corporation's officers or directors are antagonistic to the interests of the shareholder 27 plaintiff(s)." Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). In considering, for jurisdictional 1 "the nature of the controversy," but does not "try out the issues presented by the charges 2 of wrongdoing," see Smith v. Sperling, 354 U.S. 91, 96 (1957); rather, a court determines 3 whether "the management – for good reasons or for bad – is definitely and distinctly 4 opposed to the institution of the litigation," see Swanson v. Traer, 354 U.S. 114, 116 5 (1957). 6 The Ninth Circuit has explained that where "a majority of the members of the 7 corporation's board [are] named as defendants in the derivative action," such 8 circumstance "weigh[s] heavily" in favor of finding "antagonism" existed at the time the 9 initial complaint was filed. See Digimarc, 549 F.3d at 1238. Here, each of the four 10 current members of the Board is a defendant and each, Cody alleges, breached his or 11 her fiduciary duties to AXT. Consequently, this factor weighs heavily in favor of finding 12 antagonism. 13 In arguing that diversity nonetheless is lacking, defendants rely on Cody's 14 allegation that he "did not make any demand on the Board to institute this action" (see 15 AC ¶ 47), and point out that the Ninth Circuit has observed that "several courts have 16 considered the absence of a demand letter persuasive in finding no antagonism," see 17 Digimarc, 549 F.3d at 1237. The three cases cited by the Ninth Circuit for such 18 proposition, however, are readily distinguishable; in each, the "persuasiveness" of the 19 lack of a demand was based on the fact that the corporation, at the time the lawsuit was 20 filed, was under the control of individuals not alleged to have had any involvement in the 21 challenged conduct, see Lewis v. Odell, 503 F.2d 445, 446 (2nd Cir. 1974) (realigning 22 corporation as plaintiff, where present management consisted of "trustees appointed by a 23 federal district court," which trustees were uninvolved in alleged misconduct and 24 complaint otherwise failed to allege "any antagonism" by trustees); Tessari v. Herald, 207 25 F. Supp. 432, 436 (N.D. Ind. 1962) (realigning corporation as plaintiff, where defendants 26 accused of wrongdoing were no longer members of board and plaintiff failed to allege 27 new board was "in antagonistic hands"); Nejmanowski v. Nejmanowski, 841 F. Supp. 1 directors of the corporation favor[ed] the lawsuit"). 2 In sum, each member of AXT's Board is a defendant who is alleged to have 3 breached fiduciary duties to AXT and no countervailing factors exist to show antagonism 4 on their part was lacking as of the date the initial complaint was filed. Under such 5 circumstances, the Court finds AXT is properly aligned as a defendant and, accordingly, 6 the AC is not subject to dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 7 B. Failure to State a Claim: Rule 23.1 8 Under Rule 23.1, a plaintiff who brings a shareholder derivative action and has 9 made no "effort" to "obtain the desired action from the directors" must "state with 10 particularity" the "reasons for not obtaining the action or not making the effort." See Fed. 11 R. Civ. P. 23.1(b)(3). A failure to comply with Rule 23.1 constitutes a "failure to state a 12 claim under [Rule] 12(b)(6)." See Sax v. World Wide Press, Inc., 809 F.2d 610, 613 n.1 13 (9th Cir. 1987). 14 Here, defendants seek dismissal on the ground that Cody, who, as noted, alleges 15 he did not make a pre-suit demand on the Board, has not pleaded with particularity facts 16 sufficient to excuse the lack of a demand. 17 "[T]he substantive law which determines whether demand is, in fact, futile is 18 provided by the state of incorporation of the entity on whose behalf the plaintiff is seeking 19 relief." Rosenbloom v. Pyott, 765 F.3d 1137, 1148 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, the parties 20 agree, AXT is incorporated in Delaware. The Delaware Supreme Court has never held 21 that the naming of the majority of the subject company's board of directors suffices to 22 excuse a lack of a demand. Rather, the Delaware Supreme Court has held that the 23 plaintiff must plead with particularity facts from which a court can determine that, "for at 24 least half of the members of the demand board,"4 one or more of the following 25 circumstances exist: (1) "the director received a material personal benefit from the 26 4 The "demand board” is the board of directors as comprised at the time the 27 complaint is filed. See United Food & Com. Workers Union & Participating Food Indus. 1 alleged misconduct that is the subject of the litigation demand;" (2) "the director faces a 2 substantial likelihood of liability on any of the claims that would be the subject of the 3 litigation demand;" or (3) "the director lacks independence from someone who received a 4 material personal benefit from the alleged misconduct that would be the subject of the 5 litigation demand or who would face a substantial likelihood of liability on any of the 6 claims that are the subject of the litigation demand." See United Food & Com. Workers 7 Union & Participating Food Indus. Emps. Tri-State Pension Fund v. Zuckerberg, 262 A.3d 8 1034, 1059 (Del. 2021) (hereinafter "Zuckerberg"); see also id. at 1059-64 (affirming 9 dismissal for failure to make demand, where plaintiff failed to plead with particularity facts 10 establishing, as to half of demand board, any "prong" of "demand-futility test"). 11 Here, the demand board consisted of Young, Chen, Chang, and Russell (see AC 12 ¶ 47), and Cody contends demand is excused under the second of the above-referenced 13 three prongs of Delaware's "demand futility" test, see Zuckerberg, 262 A.2d at 1059. 14 Specifically, Cody asserts, he has sufficiently alleged that each member of the demand 15 board faces a substantial likelihood of liability for the breach of fiduciary claims asserted 16 in Count One. 17 As set forth above, Count One is based on the allegation that the six Individual 18 Defendants, including the four members of the demand board, "knowingly or recklessly 19 made untrue statements and/or permitted [AXT's] public filings, disclosures, and 20 statements to misleadingly report [AXT's] overall prospects." (See AC ¶ 56.) The Court 21 next considers whether Cody's claim that the members of the demand board "knowingly 22 or recklessly" made false statements and/or his claim that those members "permitted" 23 false statements to be made are pleaded with the requisite factual particularity. 24 With respect to the first of the two claims in Count One, Cody relies on Malone v. 25 Brincat, 722 A.2d 5 (Del. 1998), which held that directors breach their fiduciary duties to 26 the corporation when they "knowingly disseminate false information that results in 27 corporate injury." See id. at 9. Here, Cody alleges, albeit in somewhat general terms, 1 that AXT's subsidiary Tongmei had been "sued for trade secret violations by a company 2 called Shandong Guojing" and that "authorities," who are not further described in the AC, 3 "referred the trade secret infringement case for criminal prosecution." (See AC ¶ 32.)5 4 As noted, however, the "information" on which a Malone claim is based must be "false," 5 see Malone, 722 A.2d at 9, in this instance, by reason of omitted damaging information. 6 In that regard, Cody relies on his allegation that "J Capital Research," an entity Cody 7 does not further describe, issued a "report" stating that "an article in Chinese" had stated, 8 "[a]ccording to a machine translation," that, "reportedly," Shandong Guojing had "filed suit 9 against Tongmei for allegedly stealing technology" and "the case was transferred in 2023 10 for criminal prosecution." (See AC ¶¶ 33-34.) Cody's reliance on what are, in essence, 11 multiple hearsay statements, is insufficient to allege in any manner, let alone with 12 particularity, that such a lawsuit was, in fact, filed and/or that such case was, in fact, 13 referred for criminal prosecution. 14 Accordingly, Cody fails to plead with the requisite particularity a Malone claim 15 against any member of the demand board. 16 With respect to the second of the two claims in Count One, Cody relies on In re 17 Caremark Int'l Inc Derivative Litig., 698 A.2d 959 (Del. 1996), a decision by a Delaware 18 trial court, which decision the Delaware Supreme Court has summarized with approval as 19 follows:

20 Caremark articulates the necessary conditions predicate for director oversight 21 liability: (a) the directors utterly failed to implement any reporting or information system or controls; or (b) having implemented such a system or controls, 22 consciously failed to monitor or oversee its operations thus disabling themselves from being informed of risks or problems requiring their attention. In either case, 23 imposition of liability requires a showing that the directors knew that they were not discharging their fiduciary obligations. 24 See Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006). 25

26 5 As set forth above, Cody alleges that, if any such lawsuit and/or criminal investigation existed, there would be "a risk that Tongmei's IPO would fail" and that AXT, 27 in turn, "would be forced" to return to investors the sum of "$49 million" those investors 1 Cody does not, however, allege that the Board "utterly failed to implement any 2 reporting or information system or controls." See id. Indeed, Cody affirmatively alleges 3 that the Board did implement reporting and information systems and controls. In 4 particular, Cody alleges, the Board created an "Audit Committee" comprised of three of 5 the four directors, which Committee is "responsible for the integrity of ATX's disclosures, 6 as well as for overseeing the principal business and operational risks facing [ATX]" (see 7 AC ¶¶ 21, 49),6 and that those three directors have, in fact "served on the Audit 8 Committee" in "their capacities as Audit Committee members" (see AC ¶ 49). Nor does 9 Cody allege any facts, let alone with specificity, to support a finding that, in acting in their 10 capacities as Audit Committee members, any of them "consciously failed" to monitor or 11 oversee ATX. See Stone, 911 A.2d at 370. 12 Accordingly, Cody fails to plead with the requisite particularity a Caremark claim 13 against any member of the demand board. 14 Lastly, Cody, in an attempt to satisfy the third prong of Delaware's demand futility 15 test, alleges that Young, a director who is also ATX's Chief Executive Officer (see AC 16 ¶ 11), "could not disinterestedly consider a demand that might require him to sue the 17 directors that control his continued employment and/or his fellow members of 18 management with whom he works on a day-to-day basis" (see AC ¶ 48). Even 19 assuming, arguendo, such allegations suffice to "plead[ ] with particularity facts 20 6 For example, the Committee's responsibilities, according to Cody, include 21 "[r]eview[ing] annually with management its assessment of the adequacy of [ATX's] internal controls and procedures for financial reporting ('Internal Controls')" (see AC 22 ¶ 22.vii), "[r]eviewing quarterly with management its evaluation of [ATX's] procedures and controls ('Disclosure Controls') designed to assure that information required to be 23 disclosed in its periodic public records is recorded, processed, summarized[,] and reported in such reports within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange 24 Commission for the filing of such reports, and consider[ing] whether any changes are appropriate in light of management's evaluation of effectiveness" (see AC ¶ 22.viii), as 25 well as "review[ing] with the principal executive and financial officers of [ATX] any report on significant deficiencies in the design or operation of [ATX] which could adversely affect 26 [ATX's] ability to record, process, summarize[,] or report financial data, any material weaknesses in Internal Controls identified to [ATX's] auditors, and any fraud, whether or 27 not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in 1 establishing" that Young "lacked independence" from any of the other Individual 2 Defendants, see Zuckerberg, 262 A.3d at 1059, those allegations are otherwise 3 insufficient, for the reason that, as explained above, Cody has not pleaded with the 4 requisite particularity that a demand would be futile as to at least one other director. See 5 Zuckerberg, 262 A.2d at 1059-60 and n.188 (holding, where plaintiff failed to sufficiently 6 || plead demand was futile as to majority of directors, it was unnecessary to consider 7 || whether, under third prong, demand would be futile as to remaining director). 8 In sum, Cody has failed to comply with Rule 23.1, and, accordingly, the AC is 9 || subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim. 10 CONCLUSION 11 For the reasons stated above, defendants' motion to dismiss is hereby GRANTED, g 12 || and the Amended Complaint is hereby DISMISSED, for failure to state a claim upon s 13 || which relief can be granted. Should Cody wish to file a Second Amended Complaint, for 14 || purposes of complying with Rule 23.1, he shall do so no later than April 11, 2025. 15 IT IS SO ORDERED.

a 16 17 || Dated: March 17, 2025 Maine ld hat MAXINE M. CHESNEY 18 Untted States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28