In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-25-00365-CR
CODY BENTLY, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court No. 4 Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 1859649, Honorable Deborah Nekhom, Presiding
March 17, 2026 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 Before PARKER, C.J., and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ. Appellant, Cody Bently, appeals from his conviction, following a plea agreement,
of the offense of driving while intoxicated. 2 Through this appeal, he contends the trial
court harmfully erred when it denied his motion to suppress. We affirm.
1 Because this matter was transferred from the Second Court of Appeals, we apply its precedent
when it conflicts with that of the Seventh Court of Appeals. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. 2 TEX. PENAL CODE § 49.04. BACKGROUND
On February 12, 2025, a Fort Worth police officer initiated a traffic stop on a vehicle
driven by Appellant. She stopped Appellant after seeing him driving on a street in Fort
Worth and leaving his lane of traffic on more than one occasion. She noted a specific
danger because Appellant was traveling up a hill and could not clearly see oncoming
traffic. Appellant was eventually arrested and charged with driving while intoxicated. 3
Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress, arguing the officer did not have
reasonable suspicion to stop his vehicle. The court held a hearing in September 2025,
during which the officer who stopped him testified. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
trial court denied the motion to suppress, stating “[w]hat I saw from your client and his
driving in the videotape is that he crossed over the lane line, whether it was highly visible
or not, is he crossed into what would be considered oncoming traffic.” The court also
determined that “swerving into the lane of oncoming traffic is unsafe.” Appellant later
pleaded guilty to the offense but preserved his right to appeal the ruling on the motion to
suppress.
ANALYSIS
Through two issues, Appellant claims (1) the trial court erred when it denied his
motion to suppress, and (2) the error was harmful. He contends the officer did not have
reasonable suspicion to stop him because any departure from his lane of traffic was not
unsafe as required under the applicable statute and the road was not clearly marked such
3 Another officer arrived on scene to conduct field sobriety tests. The officer who stopped Appellant informed that officer of her observations and he included them in his report.
2 that the statute was enforceable under these circumstances. We overrule Appellant’s
first issue, and consequently, do not reach his second.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated
standard. State v. Hardin, 664 S.W.3d 867, 871 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022). We give almost
total deference to a trial court’s determination of historical facts and credibility when
supported by the record. Id. Likewise, we afford almost total deference to a trial court’s
ruling on mixed questions of law and fact, if the resolution to those questions turns on the
evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. at 871–72. We review de novo the trial court’s
application of the law to the facts. Hauer v. State, 466 S.W.3d 886, 890 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.). We will sustain the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably
supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. Id.
A trial judge’s findings on a motion to suppress may be written or oral. State v.
Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Here, while there was discussion
of requesting findings, no written findings appear in the record. The trial court did,
however, make some oral comments and findings at the conclusion of the hearing that
are akin to written findings. Oral findings of fact can be considered as findings of fact on
the record and given due deference. Hauer, 466 S.W.3d at 890–91 (citing Cullen, 195
S.W.3d at 699, stating trial court’s findings and conclusions from suppression hearing
need to be recorded in some way, whether written out and filed by trial court or stated on
record at hearing); Flores v. State, 177 S.W.3d 8, 13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2005, pet. ref’d) (reviewing trial court’s oral findings of fact on motion to suppress)).
3 Reasonable suspicion is supported by the record only when the record contains
testimony including “specific, articulable facts” that would have led the officer to
reasonably conclude that a person had engaged or was about to engage in criminal
activity. Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737, 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). But, an “actual
violation does not need to have occurred; rather, it is only necessary that the officer had
a reasonable suspicion that a violation occurred.” Adams v. State, No. 02-24-00249-CR,
2025 Tex. App. LEXIS 3903, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 5, 2025, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication). Furthermore, an officer’s mistaken interpretation of
a statute does not necessarily undermine a finding of reasonable suspicion. See Daniel
v. State, 683 S.W.3d 777, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2024) (discussing history of law
concerning section 545.060(a) and accompanying confusion, finding officer’s
interpretation of statue did not result in lack of reasonable suspicion to support traffic
stop).
Transportation Code section 545.060 requires a driver, driving on a roadway
divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic, to remain in a single lane “as
nearly as practical” and not move from the lane unless the movement can be made safely.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 545.060(a). A traffic offense under this provision occurs when the
move from the lane of traffic is unsafe. Hardin, 664 S.W.3d at 875. The statute does not
apply if clearly marked lanes are not present. Id. at 874.
Application
The record before us includes the testimony of the officer and the footage from her
dashboard camera. It shows the road on which Appellant was driving was not well-
4 maintained and did not have particularly clear lane markings. Traffic was light the night
of the stop. The footage shows, and the officer testified, that Appellant left his lane of
traffic on more than one occasion. The officer testified it was her belief that conduct was
sufficient to initiate the stop, given the fact that a reasonable person driving down this
street would know it was a two-lane road.
As an initial matter, we consider whether section 545.060(a) is applicable here
since it is enforceable only when there are clearly marked lanes. The footage shows the
road is not well-maintained and the dividing line is not very clear down the middle. The
officer even testified to that. However, a line can be seen at certain points and other cars
behaved in such a way that it is, as found by the trial court, “easy enough to see that there
are sufficient lane markers for anybody who is driving and paying attention to know it is a
two-lane road.” Therefore, we find section 545.060(a) applies here.
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-25-00365-CR
CODY BENTLY, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court No. 4 Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 1859649, Honorable Deborah Nekhom, Presiding
March 17, 2026 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 Before PARKER, C.J., and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ. Appellant, Cody Bently, appeals from his conviction, following a plea agreement,
of the offense of driving while intoxicated. 2 Through this appeal, he contends the trial
court harmfully erred when it denied his motion to suppress. We affirm.
1 Because this matter was transferred from the Second Court of Appeals, we apply its precedent
when it conflicts with that of the Seventh Court of Appeals. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. 2 TEX. PENAL CODE § 49.04. BACKGROUND
On February 12, 2025, a Fort Worth police officer initiated a traffic stop on a vehicle
driven by Appellant. She stopped Appellant after seeing him driving on a street in Fort
Worth and leaving his lane of traffic on more than one occasion. She noted a specific
danger because Appellant was traveling up a hill and could not clearly see oncoming
traffic. Appellant was eventually arrested and charged with driving while intoxicated. 3
Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress, arguing the officer did not have
reasonable suspicion to stop his vehicle. The court held a hearing in September 2025,
during which the officer who stopped him testified. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
trial court denied the motion to suppress, stating “[w]hat I saw from your client and his
driving in the videotape is that he crossed over the lane line, whether it was highly visible
or not, is he crossed into what would be considered oncoming traffic.” The court also
determined that “swerving into the lane of oncoming traffic is unsafe.” Appellant later
pleaded guilty to the offense but preserved his right to appeal the ruling on the motion to
suppress.
ANALYSIS
Through two issues, Appellant claims (1) the trial court erred when it denied his
motion to suppress, and (2) the error was harmful. He contends the officer did not have
reasonable suspicion to stop him because any departure from his lane of traffic was not
unsafe as required under the applicable statute and the road was not clearly marked such
3 Another officer arrived on scene to conduct field sobriety tests. The officer who stopped Appellant informed that officer of her observations and he included them in his report.
2 that the statute was enforceable under these circumstances. We overrule Appellant’s
first issue, and consequently, do not reach his second.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated
standard. State v. Hardin, 664 S.W.3d 867, 871 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022). We give almost
total deference to a trial court’s determination of historical facts and credibility when
supported by the record. Id. Likewise, we afford almost total deference to a trial court’s
ruling on mixed questions of law and fact, if the resolution to those questions turns on the
evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. at 871–72. We review de novo the trial court’s
application of the law to the facts. Hauer v. State, 466 S.W.3d 886, 890 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.). We will sustain the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably
supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. Id.
A trial judge’s findings on a motion to suppress may be written or oral. State v.
Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Here, while there was discussion
of requesting findings, no written findings appear in the record. The trial court did,
however, make some oral comments and findings at the conclusion of the hearing that
are akin to written findings. Oral findings of fact can be considered as findings of fact on
the record and given due deference. Hauer, 466 S.W.3d at 890–91 (citing Cullen, 195
S.W.3d at 699, stating trial court’s findings and conclusions from suppression hearing
need to be recorded in some way, whether written out and filed by trial court or stated on
record at hearing); Flores v. State, 177 S.W.3d 8, 13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2005, pet. ref’d) (reviewing trial court’s oral findings of fact on motion to suppress)).
3 Reasonable suspicion is supported by the record only when the record contains
testimony including “specific, articulable facts” that would have led the officer to
reasonably conclude that a person had engaged or was about to engage in criminal
activity. Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737, 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). But, an “actual
violation does not need to have occurred; rather, it is only necessary that the officer had
a reasonable suspicion that a violation occurred.” Adams v. State, No. 02-24-00249-CR,
2025 Tex. App. LEXIS 3903, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 5, 2025, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication). Furthermore, an officer’s mistaken interpretation of
a statute does not necessarily undermine a finding of reasonable suspicion. See Daniel
v. State, 683 S.W.3d 777, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2024) (discussing history of law
concerning section 545.060(a) and accompanying confusion, finding officer’s
interpretation of statue did not result in lack of reasonable suspicion to support traffic
stop).
Transportation Code section 545.060 requires a driver, driving on a roadway
divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic, to remain in a single lane “as
nearly as practical” and not move from the lane unless the movement can be made safely.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 545.060(a). A traffic offense under this provision occurs when the
move from the lane of traffic is unsafe. Hardin, 664 S.W.3d at 875. The statute does not
apply if clearly marked lanes are not present. Id. at 874.
Application
The record before us includes the testimony of the officer and the footage from her
dashboard camera. It shows the road on which Appellant was driving was not well-
4 maintained and did not have particularly clear lane markings. Traffic was light the night
of the stop. The footage shows, and the officer testified, that Appellant left his lane of
traffic on more than one occasion. The officer testified it was her belief that conduct was
sufficient to initiate the stop, given the fact that a reasonable person driving down this
street would know it was a two-lane road.
As an initial matter, we consider whether section 545.060(a) is applicable here
since it is enforceable only when there are clearly marked lanes. The footage shows the
road is not well-maintained and the dividing line is not very clear down the middle. The
officer even testified to that. However, a line can be seen at certain points and other cars
behaved in such a way that it is, as found by the trial court, “easy enough to see that there
are sufficient lane markers for anybody who is driving and paying attention to know it is a
two-lane road.” Therefore, we find section 545.060(a) applies here.
Next, we evaluate whether the officer’s mistaken interpretation of section
545.060(a), i.e., that all that was required was a failure to stay in the lane of traffic as
nearly as practicable, required a finding that reasonable suspicion was not shown. We
find it does not. In Daniel, 683 S.W.3d at 778, the court addressed a situation in which
the defendant crossed into another lane several times when there was no other traffic.
The court discussed the differing opinions of various courts concerning this statute and
concluded that the officer’s confusion was reasonable and did not undermine the finding
of reasonable suspicion. Id. at 783. We find the same to be true here. See Dugar v.
State, 629 S.W.3d 494, 500–01 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2021, pet. ref’d) (finding trial court
did not err in denying motion to suppress because Fourth Amendment “tolerates
5 reasonable mistakes,” such as those involving interpretation by officer of requisites of
section 545.060 (emphasis in original)).
Lastly, we consider whether Appellant’s departures from the lane of traffic were
unsafe. The dashcam footage shows that a car that was behind Appellant for a short
period of time applied its brakes several times. That behavior could have indicated that
driver’s perception of safety concerns about Appellant’s driving. See Adams, 2025 Tex.
App. LEXIS 3903, at *6–7 (discussing similar concern). The footage also shows the
headlights of a car that was driving on the road traveling in the opposite direction when
Appellant drifted into the oncoming lane of traffic. This distinguishes this case from
others, such as Hardin, 664 S.W.3d at 870–71, in which the evidence showed no other
vehicles at the time of the failure to maintain a single lane. We note also that a trial court
is permitted to draw inferences, such as safety concerns, from the video and facts
presented. Rivera v. State, No. 07-24-00373-CR, 2025 Tex. App. LEXIS 6548, at *6 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo Aug. 25, 2025, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The
court did so here, stating “[t]he fundamental truth of the matter is that swerving into the
lane of oncoming traffic is unsafe. Period. Full stop.” Additionally, the trial court’s
comments at the end of the suppression hearing, including that an officer needs to “be
given the benefit of the doubt” concerning section 545.060, indicates it found the officer’s
testimony credible. See id.
We find the testimony and the video, viewed in the requisite light, demonstrated
that the officer had specific articulable facts from which she could reasonably conclude
that Appellant’s failure to drive as nearly as practicable within his lane was unsafe. The
trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress on this basis. 6 Given our disposition of Appellant’s first issue, we need not consider his second.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judy C. Parker Chief Justice
Do not publish.