Metcalf, J.
* We must infer from the verdict that the defendants paid to one of their creditors a large sum, knowing that he could prove that they had done acts which would, if shown to the district court, have prevented theii obtaining a discharge; that such creditor was about to oppose their discharge, and that they paid him said sum for the purpose of inducing him not to oppose their discharge, which he would have opposed, if they had not so paid him; that he, in consequence of such payment, forbore to oppose their discharge ; and that they thereupon obtained their discharge, which might have been prevented, if they had not, by such payment, induced him not to oppose it. Upon these facts, the question is, whether the defendants’ discharge is avoided by the fourth section of the United States bankrupt act of 1841
The second section of that act declares that “ all future payments, securities, conveyances or transfers of property, o. agreements made or given by any bankrupt, in contemplatior of bankruptcy, and for the purpose of giving any creditor, indorser, surety, or other person, any preference or priority over the general creditors of such bankrupt, and all other payments, securities, conveyances or transfers of property, or agreements made or given by such bankrupt, in contemplation of bankruptcy, to any person or persons whatever, not being a bona fide creditor, or purchaser for a valuable consideration, without notice, shall be deemed utterly void, and a fraud upon this act; and the assignee under the bankruptcy shall be entitled to claim, sue for, recover and receive the same as part of the assets of the bankruptcy; and the person making such unlawful preferences and payments shall receive no discharge under the provisions of this act.” “ And in case it shall be made to appear to the court, that the bankrupt, his application being voluntary, has, subsequent to [570] the first day of January last [1841], or at any other time, in contemplation of the passage of a bankrupt law, by assignments or otherwise, given or secured any preference to one creditor over another, he shall not receive a discharge, unless the same be assented to by a majority in interest of those of his creditors who have not been so preferred.”
The fourth section (after providing for the granting of a discharge and certificate to bankrupts who shall bona fide surrender their property, obey the orders of court, and otherwise conform to all the other requisitions of the act) contains the following clause : “ If any such bankrupt shall be guilty of any fraud or wilful concealment of his property or rights of property, or shall have preferred any of his creditors, contrary to the provisions of this act, or shall wilfully omit or refuse to comply with any orders or directions of such court, or to conform to any other requisites of this act, or shall, in the proceedings under this act, admit a false or fictitious debt against his estate, he shall not be entitled to any such discharge or certificate.” A further provision in the same section is, that “ such discharge and certificate, when duly granted, shall, in all courts of justice, be deemed a full and complete discharge of all debts, contracts and other engagements of such bankrupt, which are provable under this act, and shall be and may be pleaded as a full and complete bar to all suits brought in any court of judicature whatever, and the same shall be conclusive evidence, of itself, in favor of such bankrupt, unless the same shall be impeached for some fraud or wilful concealment by him of his property or rights of property, as aforesaid, on prior reasonable notice specifying in writing such fraud or concealment.”
In the latter of these clauses, the only enumerated causes for impeaching a discharge are fraud and wilful concealment of property by the bankrupt ; though, in'the former clause, not only fraud and concealment of property by him, but also a preference given by him to any creditor, a wilful omission by him to comply with any orders of the court, or to conform [571] to any other requisitions of the act, and the admitting by him of any false or fictitious debt against his estate, are made sufficient cause for withholding a discharge. And it was contended by counsel, in the case of Beekman v. Wilson, 9 Met. 434, that a preference given by a bankrupt to one of his creditors was not a cause for impeaching his discharge, although it might have prevented his obtaining it; and that the fraud, for which a discharge might be impeached, was fraud at the common law exclusively, and not those acts which are declared, by the second section of the bankrupt law, to be a fraud on that law. But it was held otherwise, in that case, and the discharge was decided to be void by reason of the bankrupt’s having preferred one creditor to another. The same was held in Brereton v. Hull, 1 Denio, 75, where it was also further held, that a discharge might be impeached and avoided by reason of the bankrupt’s having made payments and transfers of property, in contemplation of bankruptcy. And in Burnside v. Brigham, 8 Met. 75, it seems to have been considered, that if a bankrupt should wilfully and fraudulently omit to insert the name of one of his creditors in the list of them which the first section of the act requires him to file, so that the omitted creditor should not have notice of the proceedings, the bankrupt’s discharge might be avoided for that cause.
We are of opinion that the word “ fraud ” is used in the same sense in both clauses of the fourth section, and that it means something more than the acts which are mentioned in connection with it. In the latter clause, “ fraud or wilful concealment of property” are the only terms used. Yet concealment of property is a fraud. In the former clause, “ fraud ” is united with all the enumerated causes for withholding a discharge, most of which, if not all, are frauds. The word “fraud” must therefore have a meaning which reaches and operates beyond all those enumerated causes. Otherwise, it is superfluous. And our opinion is, that the word, in both clauses, means, at least, all conduct of the bankrupt which is a fraud upon the bankrupt act, whether declared [572] by the act to be such, or not. The purpose of the act was to discharge debtors, upon their honestly giving up their property to be equally divided among their creditors. All concealment of property, all preferences of one creditor over another, and all other acts inconsistent with good faith, are to be regarded as fraudulent, and as sufficient causes for barring the debtor’s claim to a discharge, and to avoid a discharge after it is granted. Yet the defendants in this case contend that their discharge protects them, although they have, according to the finding of the jury, done acts which, if known to the court, before it was granted, would have prevented the court from granting it, and which would have been made known to the court, if the defendants had not, by paying money to one of their creditors, induced him to withhold such knowledge from the court.
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Metcalf, J.
* We must infer from the verdict that the defendants paid to one of their creditors a large sum, knowing that he could prove that they had done acts which would, if shown to the district court, have prevented theii obtaining a discharge; that such creditor was about to oppose their discharge, and that they paid him said sum for the purpose of inducing him not to oppose their discharge, which he would have opposed, if they had not so paid him; that he, in consequence of such payment, forbore to oppose their discharge ; and that they thereupon obtained their discharge, which might have been prevented, if they had not, by such payment, induced him not to oppose it. Upon these facts, the question is, whether the defendants’ discharge is avoided by the fourth section of the United States bankrupt act of 1841
The second section of that act declares that “ all future payments, securities, conveyances or transfers of property, o. agreements made or given by any bankrupt, in contemplatior of bankruptcy, and for the purpose of giving any creditor, indorser, surety, or other person, any preference or priority over the general creditors of such bankrupt, and all other payments, securities, conveyances or transfers of property, or agreements made or given by such bankrupt, in contemplation of bankruptcy, to any person or persons whatever, not being a bona fide creditor, or purchaser for a valuable consideration, without notice, shall be deemed utterly void, and a fraud upon this act; and the assignee under the bankruptcy shall be entitled to claim, sue for, recover and receive the same as part of the assets of the bankruptcy; and the person making such unlawful preferences and payments shall receive no discharge under the provisions of this act.” “ And in case it shall be made to appear to the court, that the bankrupt, his application being voluntary, has, subsequent to [570] the first day of January last [1841], or at any other time, in contemplation of the passage of a bankrupt law, by assignments or otherwise, given or secured any preference to one creditor over another, he shall not receive a discharge, unless the same be assented to by a majority in interest of those of his creditors who have not been so preferred.”
The fourth section (after providing for the granting of a discharge and certificate to bankrupts who shall bona fide surrender their property, obey the orders of court, and otherwise conform to all the other requisitions of the act) contains the following clause : “ If any such bankrupt shall be guilty of any fraud or wilful concealment of his property or rights of property, or shall have preferred any of his creditors, contrary to the provisions of this act, or shall wilfully omit or refuse to comply with any orders or directions of such court, or to conform to any other requisites of this act, or shall, in the proceedings under this act, admit a false or fictitious debt against his estate, he shall not be entitled to any such discharge or certificate.” A further provision in the same section is, that “ such discharge and certificate, when duly granted, shall, in all courts of justice, be deemed a full and complete discharge of all debts, contracts and other engagements of such bankrupt, which are provable under this act, and shall be and may be pleaded as a full and complete bar to all suits brought in any court of judicature whatever, and the same shall be conclusive evidence, of itself, in favor of such bankrupt, unless the same shall be impeached for some fraud or wilful concealment by him of his property or rights of property, as aforesaid, on prior reasonable notice specifying in writing such fraud or concealment.”
In the latter of these clauses, the only enumerated causes for impeaching a discharge are fraud and wilful concealment of property by the bankrupt ; though, in'the former clause, not only fraud and concealment of property by him, but also a preference given by him to any creditor, a wilful omission by him to comply with any orders of the court, or to conform [571] to any other requisitions of the act, and the admitting by him of any false or fictitious debt against his estate, are made sufficient cause for withholding a discharge. And it was contended by counsel, in the case of Beekman v. Wilson, 9 Met. 434, that a preference given by a bankrupt to one of his creditors was not a cause for impeaching his discharge, although it might have prevented his obtaining it; and that the fraud, for which a discharge might be impeached, was fraud at the common law exclusively, and not those acts which are declared, by the second section of the bankrupt law, to be a fraud on that law. But it was held otherwise, in that case, and the discharge was decided to be void by reason of the bankrupt’s having preferred one creditor to another. The same was held in Brereton v. Hull, 1 Denio, 75, where it was also further held, that a discharge might be impeached and avoided by reason of the bankrupt’s having made payments and transfers of property, in contemplation of bankruptcy. And in Burnside v. Brigham, 8 Met. 75, it seems to have been considered, that if a bankrupt should wilfully and fraudulently omit to insert the name of one of his creditors in the list of them which the first section of the act requires him to file, so that the omitted creditor should not have notice of the proceedings, the bankrupt’s discharge might be avoided for that cause.
We are of opinion that the word “ fraud ” is used in the same sense in both clauses of the fourth section, and that it means something more than the acts which are mentioned in connection with it. In the latter clause, “ fraud or wilful concealment of property” are the only terms used. Yet concealment of property is a fraud. In the former clause, “ fraud ” is united with all the enumerated causes for withholding a discharge, most of which, if not all, are frauds. The word “fraud” must therefore have a meaning which reaches and operates beyond all those enumerated causes. Otherwise, it is superfluous. And our opinion is, that the word, in both clauses, means, at least, all conduct of the bankrupt which is a fraud upon the bankrupt act, whether declared [572] by the act to be such, or not. The purpose of the act was to discharge debtors, upon their honestly giving up their property to be equally divided among their creditors. All concealment of property, all preferences of one creditor over another, and all other acts inconsistent with good faith, are to be regarded as fraudulent, and as sufficient causes for barring the debtor’s claim to a discharge, and to avoid a discharge after it is granted. Yet the defendants in this case contend that their discharge protects them, although they have, according to the finding of the jury, done acts which, if known to the court, before it was granted, would have prevented the court from granting it, and which would have been made known to the court, if the defendants had not, by paying money to one of their creditors, induced him to withhold such knowledge from the court.
Under the English bankrupt laws, the payment of money or giving security to a creditor, to induce him to sign a bankrupt’s certificate, vitiates the discharge, on the ground of fraud. Robson v. Calze, 1 Doug. 228; Holland v. Palmer, 1 Bos. & Pul. 95; 1 Cooke Bank. Law, (8th ed.,) 470. We have seen no case, in which a discharge has been avoided in England, on the ground of the payment of money to a creditor to induce him to withdraw his opposition to a certificate ; yet a bond given to a creditor, to induce him to withdraw a petition which he had preferred to the chancellor against the allowance of the certificate, has been decided to be void. Sumner v. Brady, 1 H. B. 647. See also Esp. Bank. Law, 316.
We have no occasion to express an opinion on the question, whether a payment by a bankrupt to a creditor, for such purpose, would avoid a discharge, under the United States bankrupt act, if it should not be shown that there was sufficient cause for a successful opposition. In Chamberlain v. Griggs, 3 Denio, 9, it was decided, in effect, that this would not, of itself, be such a fraud as would avoid a discharge pleaded in bar of an action against the bankrupt for an antecedent debt. The question, in that case, arose on a demurrer to a replication [573] which averred that one of the defendant’s creditors filed certain objections to his discharge, (some of which, if proved, might have been sufficient to prevent its being granted,) and that the bankrupt induced the creditor, by corruptly and fraudulently giving him goods of the value of $1000, to withdraw his objections, and that he did withdraw them. The court sustained the demurrer, on the ground that the replication did not aver that the objections, which the creditor withdrew, were well founded, and that, without such an averment, the charge of fraud had no basis beyond a strong inference, which was not sufficient. But, in the case now before us, we are not left to mere inference. The jury have found that the defendants induced one of their creditors, by paying him more than the amount of his dividend, to withdraw an opposition to their discharge, which would have prevailed, if it had not been withdrawn, and which would not have been withdrawn, if such payment had not been made. And we are of opinion that this was such a fraud as vitiates the defendants’ discharge, under the fourth section of the bankrupt law of 1841; that it was a fraud on the other creditors, and on that law. In the case of Robson v. Calze, already cited, where notes for money had been given to a creditor, to induce him to sign a bankrupt’s certificate, lord Mansfield said, that all the creditors “ ought to be upon a par, and if some are induced to sign the certificate, because others have, whom they suppose to be upon a par with themselves, but who in fact have been paid, this is a gross fraud on them. If the fact had come to the knowledge of any of the creditors, and had been stated by them to the chancellor, before the allowance of the certificate, he could not have allowed it.” The same principle seems to us to be applicable to the present case. The knowledge of acts done by the defendants, which would have prevented the grant of their discharge, was concealed from the district court by means of the payment of money by them, to one of their creditors, to induce him to make that concealment. All the creditors were or might have been mfferers by that concealment. In Sumner v. [574] Brady, 1 H. B. 647, where a suit was brought on a bond given to induce a creditor to withdraw his petition against the allowance of a certificate by the chancellor, on the ground that persons, who were not creditors of the bankrupt, had sworn to debts, lord Loughborough said, “ The plaintiff presented a petition, which he ought to have pursued. Instead of that, he is induced to suppress his petition, in order to gain his own debt, while all others are barred by the certificate which is secured by his suppression; and this under a law made to prevent fraud, and to secure an equal advantage to all creditors. A distinction is attempted to be made between the act of giving money for the consent of the creditor to sign the certificate, and that of giving him money to withdraw his opposition to it; as if the former act were only to be condemned. But see how the act of withdrawing an opposition stands, compared with the actual signing the certificate. The argument urged is, that it is a voluntary act; the creditor may do as he pleases. But the law feels it a mischief and a subversion of the bankrupt laws to traffic with them and the power given by those laws.” And Heath, J., said, “ This is a fraud affecting the other creditors, and against the policy of the law. It is a matter of choice whether a creditor will prefer a petition ; but, having preferred it, he ought not to withdraw it so as to injure the other creditors.”
We have seen the case of Fox v. Paine, 10 Alab. 523, where it was held that “ the mere fact, that another creditor has been induced to withdraw his opposition, is not by itself a fraud on the act.” If this was all that was intended to be decided we have no occasion to express any opinion concerning the decision. It would conform to the doctrine already referred to in 3 Denio, 9. But if, as it would seem from the opinion given, it was held and meant to be decided, that a bankrupt’s discharge cannot be avoided by showing that he induced a creditor, by paying money to him, to withdraw an opposition, which would have prevented the discharge, if it had not been withdrawn, we cannot, for the reasons already given, concur in such decision. Judgment on the verdict.