RENDERED: AUGUST 15, 2025; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2024-CA-1374-ME
C.M. APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM BULLITT FAMILY COURT v. HONORABLE ELISE SPAINHOUR, JUDGE ACTION NO. 17-J-00030-003
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, CABINET FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY SERVICES; J.M., A MINOR CHILD; AND B.Y. APPELLEES
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, ECKERLE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
MCNEILL, JUDGE: Appellant C.M. (Mother), appeals from the disposition order
of the Bullitt Family Court which returns joint custody of J.M. (Child) to her and
Appellee B.Y. For the following reasons, we affirm the order of the Bullitt Family
Court. BACKGROUND
Mother and B.Y. have a long and litigious history. However, the
following facts are undisputed: (1) B.Y. is not Child’s biological father; (2) B.Y.
has provided care and support for Child throughout the entirety of his life; and (3)
Child considers B.Y. his father. In 2016, Mother filed a civil custody action
regarding Child and a daughter the parties’ share. An agreed custody order was
entered where the parties would “share joint custody and possession of the minor
children, [daughter] and [Child,]” with equal parenting time. Record (“R.”) at 174.
In January 2017, a dependency, neglect, and abuse (DNA) petition
was filed against Mother, and B.Y. was awarded temporary custody of Child.
Bullitt Circuit Case No. 17-J-00030-001.1 B.Y. apparently had custody of Child
from January 2017 until July 2023, when a DNA petition was filed against him.
Bullitt Circuit Case No. 17-J-00030-002.2 Following a temporary removal hearing,
Child’s maternal grandmother was given temporary custody. Mother was not
considered for placement because of the active DNA action against her.
Ultimately, this second DNA action was dismissed in December 2023.
1 The Court may take judicial notice of these filings. Polley v. Allen, 132 S.W.3d 223, 226 (Ky. App. 2004). 2 See footnote 1, supra. -2- A third DNA petition was filed, again against B.Y., on August 14,
2023. Bullitt Circuit Case No. 17-J-00030-003. The present appeal stems from
this third DNA action. It is worth noting that the DNA petition indicates that
“[B.Y] (NF)”3 is the person believed to be responsible for the neglect or abuse, and
while the petition lists Child’s legal father as unknown, it also includes B.Y.’s
social security number and date of birth in the space designated for Child’s legal
father. At a hearing in October 2023, the Cabinet for Health and Family Services
(the Cabinet) questioned whether it could proceed because B.Y. had not been
established as Child’s biological father. Video Record (“V.R.”) October 11, 2023
– 10:24:01-10:27:24. Child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) disagreed with the
Cabinet’s position, arguing that B.Y. exercised custody and control over the child.
Id. The family court agreed with the GAL and overruled “that motion.” Id. It is
unclear what motion the family court was referring to because the Cabinet did not
make an oral motion, and this Court could not locate a motion or order regarding
this issue in the written record.
Regardless, the DNA action proceeded in a routine fashion and an
adjudication order was entered on December 11, 2023, wherein B.Y. was adjudged
to have abused or neglected Child and temporary custody of Child remained with
Child’s maternal grandmother. Subsequently, the Cabinet filed multiple
3 NF is a common abbreviation in DNA actions for natural father. -3- dispositional reports with a recommended permanency goal of reunification with
parents. Mother did not object to this recommendation until July 28, 2024, when
she filed a written objection arguing B.Y. did not have standing to pursue
reunification or custody because he was not Child’s biological father. R. at 164.
Mother had previously regained custody on March 15, 2025, when the family court
issued a temporary custody order awarding joint custody of Child to Mother and
the maternal grandmother.
The disposition hearing occurred on August 14, 2024. Thereafter, the
family court issued a form AOC4-DNA-5 Disposition Hearing Order. The family
court checked the boxes that the facts supported removal or continued removal of
Child and that best interests required a change in custody. R. at 217. The family
court ordered:
NF shall have unsupervised visits. NF’s visits shall occur on alternate weekends from Friday after school until Monday morning when child [sic] returns the child. The parties shall share joint custody.
R. at 219. As a result of the disposition order, joint custody was returned to
Mother and B.Y.
Mother then filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the disposition
order. R. at 220. She stated that the disposition order was silent as to her written
4 Administrative Office of the Courts. -4- objection, and that the disposition order referred to B.Y. as “NF,” even though it
was uncontested that he is not Child’s biological father. Id. On September 19,
2024, the family court made findings of fact and issued an order granting Mother’s
motion to the extent it “delete[d] the reference to [B.Y.] as the child’s father” and
there were additional findings of fact. R. at 222. It found that fictive kin would be
a more appropriate designation. Id.
In all other respects, Mother’s motion was denied. The family court
cited to this family’s extensive history and said Mother had not raised the issue of
paternity until recently. The order reiterated that Mother was instructed to file
paternity and custody actions if she wished to challenge these issues, but that the
family court’s goal in the DNA action was to reunify the child with his family.
The family court concluded that family, as contemplated by the relevant statutes,
did not always mean a child’s biological family. It found that Child “is bonded to
[B.Y.] in the way a natural parent usually bonds with their child,” that B.Y.
“offered the care expected of a parent for many years,” and “[t]o disrupt the
relationship between [Child] and [B.Y.] with no inquiry into how it would
negatively impact [Child] is extremely irresponsible.” R. at 225-26. As a result of
these findings, the family court reaffirmed the disposition order. This appeal
followed.
-5- STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mother’s sole argument on appeal concerns B.Y.’s standing in the
underlying DNA action. The issue of standing is a legal question and is reviewed
de novo. F.E. v. E.B., 641 S.W.3d 700, 704 (Ky. App. 2022).
ANALYSIS
Mother argues B.Y. lacks standing to pursue custody and reunification
in the DNA action because: (1) he is not Child’s biological father; (2) he has never
been found to be Child’s de facto custodian; and (3) B.Y. cannot obtain standing as
a person acting as a parent. These arguments confuse the purpose of custody in a
DNA action under KRS5 Chapter 620 and a custody determination made pursuant
to KRS Chapter 403. As explained by the Kentucky Supreme Court:
With regard to whether these actions are separate for the purposes of law of the case, this Court agrees with the conclusion of the Court of Appeals in S.R. v. J.N., [307 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Ky. App. 2010)]. S.R.
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RENDERED: AUGUST 15, 2025; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2024-CA-1374-ME
C.M. APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM BULLITT FAMILY COURT v. HONORABLE ELISE SPAINHOUR, JUDGE ACTION NO. 17-J-00030-003
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, CABINET FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY SERVICES; J.M., A MINOR CHILD; AND B.Y. APPELLEES
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, ECKERLE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
MCNEILL, JUDGE: Appellant C.M. (Mother), appeals from the disposition order
of the Bullitt Family Court which returns joint custody of J.M. (Child) to her and
Appellee B.Y. For the following reasons, we affirm the order of the Bullitt Family
Court. BACKGROUND
Mother and B.Y. have a long and litigious history. However, the
following facts are undisputed: (1) B.Y. is not Child’s biological father; (2) B.Y.
has provided care and support for Child throughout the entirety of his life; and (3)
Child considers B.Y. his father. In 2016, Mother filed a civil custody action
regarding Child and a daughter the parties’ share. An agreed custody order was
entered where the parties would “share joint custody and possession of the minor
children, [daughter] and [Child,]” with equal parenting time. Record (“R.”) at 174.
In January 2017, a dependency, neglect, and abuse (DNA) petition
was filed against Mother, and B.Y. was awarded temporary custody of Child.
Bullitt Circuit Case No. 17-J-00030-001.1 B.Y. apparently had custody of Child
from January 2017 until July 2023, when a DNA petition was filed against him.
Bullitt Circuit Case No. 17-J-00030-002.2 Following a temporary removal hearing,
Child’s maternal grandmother was given temporary custody. Mother was not
considered for placement because of the active DNA action against her.
Ultimately, this second DNA action was dismissed in December 2023.
1 The Court may take judicial notice of these filings. Polley v. Allen, 132 S.W.3d 223, 226 (Ky. App. 2004). 2 See footnote 1, supra. -2- A third DNA petition was filed, again against B.Y., on August 14,
2023. Bullitt Circuit Case No. 17-J-00030-003. The present appeal stems from
this third DNA action. It is worth noting that the DNA petition indicates that
“[B.Y] (NF)”3 is the person believed to be responsible for the neglect or abuse, and
while the petition lists Child’s legal father as unknown, it also includes B.Y.’s
social security number and date of birth in the space designated for Child’s legal
father. At a hearing in October 2023, the Cabinet for Health and Family Services
(the Cabinet) questioned whether it could proceed because B.Y. had not been
established as Child’s biological father. Video Record (“V.R.”) October 11, 2023
– 10:24:01-10:27:24. Child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) disagreed with the
Cabinet’s position, arguing that B.Y. exercised custody and control over the child.
Id. The family court agreed with the GAL and overruled “that motion.” Id. It is
unclear what motion the family court was referring to because the Cabinet did not
make an oral motion, and this Court could not locate a motion or order regarding
this issue in the written record.
Regardless, the DNA action proceeded in a routine fashion and an
adjudication order was entered on December 11, 2023, wherein B.Y. was adjudged
to have abused or neglected Child and temporary custody of Child remained with
Child’s maternal grandmother. Subsequently, the Cabinet filed multiple
3 NF is a common abbreviation in DNA actions for natural father. -3- dispositional reports with a recommended permanency goal of reunification with
parents. Mother did not object to this recommendation until July 28, 2024, when
she filed a written objection arguing B.Y. did not have standing to pursue
reunification or custody because he was not Child’s biological father. R. at 164.
Mother had previously regained custody on March 15, 2025, when the family court
issued a temporary custody order awarding joint custody of Child to Mother and
the maternal grandmother.
The disposition hearing occurred on August 14, 2024. Thereafter, the
family court issued a form AOC4-DNA-5 Disposition Hearing Order. The family
court checked the boxes that the facts supported removal or continued removal of
Child and that best interests required a change in custody. R. at 217. The family
court ordered:
NF shall have unsupervised visits. NF’s visits shall occur on alternate weekends from Friday after school until Monday morning when child [sic] returns the child. The parties shall share joint custody.
R. at 219. As a result of the disposition order, joint custody was returned to
Mother and B.Y.
Mother then filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the disposition
order. R. at 220. She stated that the disposition order was silent as to her written
4 Administrative Office of the Courts. -4- objection, and that the disposition order referred to B.Y. as “NF,” even though it
was uncontested that he is not Child’s biological father. Id. On September 19,
2024, the family court made findings of fact and issued an order granting Mother’s
motion to the extent it “delete[d] the reference to [B.Y.] as the child’s father” and
there were additional findings of fact. R. at 222. It found that fictive kin would be
a more appropriate designation. Id.
In all other respects, Mother’s motion was denied. The family court
cited to this family’s extensive history and said Mother had not raised the issue of
paternity until recently. The order reiterated that Mother was instructed to file
paternity and custody actions if she wished to challenge these issues, but that the
family court’s goal in the DNA action was to reunify the child with his family.
The family court concluded that family, as contemplated by the relevant statutes,
did not always mean a child’s biological family. It found that Child “is bonded to
[B.Y.] in the way a natural parent usually bonds with their child,” that B.Y.
“offered the care expected of a parent for many years,” and “[t]o disrupt the
relationship between [Child] and [B.Y.] with no inquiry into how it would
negatively impact [Child] is extremely irresponsible.” R. at 225-26. As a result of
these findings, the family court reaffirmed the disposition order. This appeal
followed.
-5- STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mother’s sole argument on appeal concerns B.Y.’s standing in the
underlying DNA action. The issue of standing is a legal question and is reviewed
de novo. F.E. v. E.B., 641 S.W.3d 700, 704 (Ky. App. 2022).
ANALYSIS
Mother argues B.Y. lacks standing to pursue custody and reunification
in the DNA action because: (1) he is not Child’s biological father; (2) he has never
been found to be Child’s de facto custodian; and (3) B.Y. cannot obtain standing as
a person acting as a parent. These arguments confuse the purpose of custody in a
DNA action under KRS5 Chapter 620 and a custody determination made pursuant
to KRS Chapter 403. As explained by the Kentucky Supreme Court:
With regard to whether these actions are separate for the purposes of law of the case, this Court agrees with the conclusion of the Court of Appeals in S.R. v. J.N., [307 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Ky. App. 2010)]. S.R. held that “[t]he purpose of the dependency, neglect, and abuse statutes is to provide for the health, safety, and overall wellbeing of the child. It is not to determine the custody rights which belong to the parents.” Inversely, the purpose of a custody and visitation proceeding is to determine the rights of individuals with standing to seek custody of or visitation with a child. It is not to determine whether or not that child is dependent, neglected, or abused.
5 Kentucky Revised Statutes. -6- B.S.S. v. K.S., 599 S.W.3d 858, 862 (Ky. 2020) (footnote omitted). While the
family court could address permanent custody in the DNA action, there appears to
be nothing requiring it to do so in this case. N.L. v. W.F., 368 S.W.3d 136, 147
(Ky. App. 2012).
The family court’s focus on reunification in this case was not an error.
Here, the family court explicitly said at the dispositional hearing and in the
September 19, 2024, order that it would not address the parties’ custodial rights in
the DNA action. Had the family court been tasked with making an initial custody
determination in the DNA action, then, perhaps, its refusal to address custody
would be an issue. F.E., 641 S.W.3d at 707. But B.Y. was exercising custody
pursuant to the agreed order in the civil custody action prior to any DNA petitions
being filed, and the appealed disposition order simply returns the parties to the
custody arrangement that existed before the DNA petitions were filed.
The sole issue then becomes whether B.Y. had standing to seek
reunification with Child. This Court will only address Mother’s argument that
B.Y. lacks standing to seek reunification because he is not Child’s biological
father. Because the remaining arguments pertain only to B.Y.’s standing to seek
custody, we will not address them further here. Mother is free to seek redress in a
different custody or paternity action, but her arguments do not prevail here in this
unification matter.
-7- Citing only KRS 600.010(2)(a), Mother argues the Cabinet had no
obligation to reunify B.Y. and Child because the goal of the Unified Juvenile Code
is to strengthen and maintain “the biological family unit[.]” She asserts this goal
was accomplished when the family court returned custody to her. The legislature
may have expressed a preference for biological parents and relatives, but to say
biological parents are the only individuals who have standing to seek reunification
with a child removed from their custody runs afoul of the plain language of the
relevant statutes. The following are only a few examples.
Complaints filed under the Unified Juvenile Code must include the
name and residence of the parent and/or legal guardian or any other person
exercising custody and control over the child. KRS 610.020(1)(c)-(f). DNA
petitions shall be served on “the parent or other person exercising custodial control
or supervision,” and “shall include an explanation of the importance of the petition
and an explanation of the rights of the parent or other person exercising custodial
control in any subsequent proceedings.” KRS 620.070(2) and (3). In temporary
removal hearings “the court shall determine whether there are reasonable grounds
to believe that the child would be dependent, neglected or abused if returned to or
left in the custody of his parent or other person exercising custodial control or
supervision even though it is not proved conclusively who has perpetrated the
dependency, neglect or abuse.” KRS 620.080(2). When issuing temporary
-8- custody orders the court is required to consider “the wishes of the parent or other
person exercising custodial control or supervision[.]” KRS 620.090(2). And KRS
620.100(4) provides that “[t]he disposition shall determine the action to be taken
by the court on behalf of the child and his parent or other person exercising
custodial control or supervision.” Taken together as a whole, KRS Chapter 620
provides standing for other persons exercising custodial control or supervision of a
child to seek reunification.
In this case, it is undisputed that B.Y. has exercised custody and
control over Child since at least 2016 when the agreed order was entered in the
civil custody action. There is also no dispute that B.Y. was exercising custody and
control over Child when he was removed from B.Y.’s custody. For these reasons,
there is no error with the family court’s dispositional order returning joint custody
to Mother and B.Y.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court hereby affirms the dispositional
order of the Bullitt Family Court.
ALL CONCUR.
-9- BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE, BULLITT COUNTY ATTORNEY: Monica Shahayda Shepherdsville, Kentucky Tammy R. Baker Bullitt County Attorney
Matthew A. Pruitt Assistant Bullitt County Attorney Shepherdsville, Kentucky
-10-