Markt-tat/t., J.
This proceeding was instituted, as indicated in-the statement, to deprive appellant of the fruits of his judgment for some over $5,000. It may well be that if [349]*349respondent succeeds, appellant will lose that sum, respondent will be correspondingly enriched, -though justly owing the -debt, and justice will be defeated by failure of the attorney to follow the words of the statute in making the verification. Respondent, though he delayed for nearly sis years to complain, thus luring appellant into security, would thereby escape payment of his just debt upon a technicality, pure and simple, if the verification, broadly viewed, shows, plainly, all facts required by the statute. Such a result, unless clearly unavoidable, would be contrary to settled judicial policy here -and the law as it has become pretty definitely entrenched.
The learned trial court seems to have recognized that the exact language of the statute need not be followed in order to make a good verification; but supposed that all esseutial facts must be stated with such certainty as to leave nothing for construction or inference. In that way the conclusion was reached that the verification was upon knowledge and the affiant did not state “his knowledge.”
The law then was, as now found in sec. 2666 of the Statutes, to wit:
“The verification must be to the effect that the same is true to the knowledge of the person making it, except as to those matters stated on information and belief and as to those matters that he believes it to be true, and must be by the affidavit of the party, or if there be several parties united in interest and pleading together, by one at least of such parties .-acquainted with the facts, if such party be within the county where the attorney resides and capable of making the affidavit. The affidavit may be made by an agent or attorney if no such party be within the county where the attorney resides, or if the action or defense be founded upon a written instrument in such'attorney’s possession, or if all the material allegations of the pleading be within his personal knowledge or belief. When the pleading is verified by any other person or party he shall set forth in the affidavit his knowledge ■or the grounds of his belief on the subject and the reason why it is not made by the party, and if made on knowledge shall [350]*350state that tbe pleading is true to bis knowledge, and if on hia belief, that be believes it to be true.”
Tbe statement above shows that tbe verifier stated that affiant “has read tbe foregoing complaint and knows tbe contents thereof” “and that tbe same is true,” in connection with facts rendering it proper for an agent or attorney to make-such an affidavit and that the written instruments and account mentioned in tbe complaint and tbe correspondence between tbe defendant and tbe payees in tbe notes were in bis possession and formed tbe grounds of bis belief. Reading that with tbe words “tbe same is true” it is very clear that the-attorney intended to verify upon bis belief and not upon bis-knowledge. Had tbe words “and believes tbe same to be true” been used instead of “and tbe same is true” followed as was tbe case, tbe verification would have been unquestionably ample. Morley v. Guild, 13 Wis. 576; Frisk v. Reigelman, 75 Wis. 499, 43 N. W. 1117, 44 N. W. 766.
No mere informality in a verification, nor failure to cover, literally, tbe statutory requisites, will defeat it. Substantial compliance with tbe statute is sufficient. Kirst v. Wells, 47 Wis. 56, 1 N. W. 357; Roosevelt v. Ulmer, 98 Wis. 356, 74 N. W. 124. In the latter case there was service by publication as here. Tbe action was to recover instalments upon a lease. Tbe verification was made by plaintiff’s attorney and agent. Tbe allegations of tbe complaint, in tbe main, were upon knowledge. No specific statement was made of tbe grounds thereof, but there was one that tbe affiant acted as agent for tbe plaintiff in many of tbe matters. It was held that such circumstance fairly satisfied tbe call for grounds of knowledge, as personal knowledge would naturally be supposed to exist in view of tbe agency transactions.
We do not overlook that in Crane v. Wiley, 14 Wis. 658, tbe allegations of tbe complaint to recover on a promissory note were in tbe positive form, and tbe verification by tbe at-, torney, being in tbe form that “tbe complaint is true to bis [351]*351•own knowledge, except as to those matters therein stated on' information and belief, and as to those matters'he believes it to be true,” was held insufficient, although all the facts were .also stated rendering it competent for the attorney to make the verification on belief. That case has never been directly overruled nor criticised; but it has been carefully fenced about. If a verification is upon belief the form of the allegations is immaterial. Taylor v. Robinson, 26 Wis. 545. If the verification and complaint are inconsistent, the element in the former creating that situation may be rejected as sur-plusage. Market Nat. Bank v. Hogan, 21 Wis. 317. To the same effect, in letter or spirit, are Morley v. Guild, supra; Frisk v. Reigelman, supra; Kirst v. Wells, supra; and Roosevelt v. Ulmer, supra.
The general trend of the decisions is as indicated and as we would be constrained to hold now if the question were new. That is, if all the.'facts requisite to support a verification áppear with reasonable clearness, even by rejecting unnecessary words as surplusage or viewing others in the light of the whole, it will be sustained, construction being resorted to, in case of ambiguity, and reasonable inference, in the absence of express statements or literal compliance with statutory language, the court leaning to a meaning fairly shown to exist which will sustain the verification rather than one no clearer which will defeat it. That is within the rule that substantial compliance with the statute is enough. The requirement as to what shall be stated in the verification does not mean that any particular collection of words shall be used, or that the facts shall be stated with such precision as to leave no ambiguity or room for inference.
Counsel’s reliance upon Bonnell v. Gray, 36 Wis. 574, has not been overlooked. The court did not condemn the verification there. It suggested that, “probably” it was defective imder. the strict rule of Crane v. Wiley, supra; but, in the end, the imperfection was treated as, at most, a nonprejudi[352]*352cial irregularity. The case is widely distinguishable from this, though it may be said that it followed more closely Crane v. Wiley, supra, which was cited, than the more liberal doctrine of Taylor v. Robinson, supra; Morley v. Guild, supra; and Market Nat. Bank v. Hogan, supra, not cited. It. is considered that such doctrine should rather be extended than restricted; that where it fairly appears from the whole verification that it is upon belief, and legitimate grounds therefor are stated, it should be held a substantial compliance with the statute and valid, though the agent uses the words “is-true” instead of “believes to be true.” Here, it is much more reasonable to consider the words “is true” to mean, is true tp affiant’s belief, since that is quite clearly indicated by the context and the whole situation, than to regard the words to mean, true to his own knowledge.
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Markt-tat/t., J.
This proceeding was instituted, as indicated in-the statement, to deprive appellant of the fruits of his judgment for some over $5,000. It may well be that if [349]*349respondent succeeds, appellant will lose that sum, respondent will be correspondingly enriched, -though justly owing the -debt, and justice will be defeated by failure of the attorney to follow the words of the statute in making the verification. Respondent, though he delayed for nearly sis years to complain, thus luring appellant into security, would thereby escape payment of his just debt upon a technicality, pure and simple, if the verification, broadly viewed, shows, plainly, all facts required by the statute. Such a result, unless clearly unavoidable, would be contrary to settled judicial policy here -and the law as it has become pretty definitely entrenched.
The learned trial court seems to have recognized that the exact language of the statute need not be followed in order to make a good verification; but supposed that all esseutial facts must be stated with such certainty as to leave nothing for construction or inference. In that way the conclusion was reached that the verification was upon knowledge and the affiant did not state “his knowledge.”
The law then was, as now found in sec. 2666 of the Statutes, to wit:
“The verification must be to the effect that the same is true to the knowledge of the person making it, except as to those matters stated on information and belief and as to those matters that he believes it to be true, and must be by the affidavit of the party, or if there be several parties united in interest and pleading together, by one at least of such parties .-acquainted with the facts, if such party be within the county where the attorney resides and capable of making the affidavit. The affidavit may be made by an agent or attorney if no such party be within the county where the attorney resides, or if the action or defense be founded upon a written instrument in such'attorney’s possession, or if all the material allegations of the pleading be within his personal knowledge or belief. When the pleading is verified by any other person or party he shall set forth in the affidavit his knowledge ■or the grounds of his belief on the subject and the reason why it is not made by the party, and if made on knowledge shall [350]*350state that tbe pleading is true to bis knowledge, and if on hia belief, that be believes it to be true.”
Tbe statement above shows that tbe verifier stated that affiant “has read tbe foregoing complaint and knows tbe contents thereof” “and that tbe same is true,” in connection with facts rendering it proper for an agent or attorney to make-such an affidavit and that the written instruments and account mentioned in tbe complaint and tbe correspondence between tbe defendant and tbe payees in tbe notes were in bis possession and formed tbe grounds of bis belief. Reading that with tbe words “tbe same is true” it is very clear that the-attorney intended to verify upon bis belief and not upon bis-knowledge. Had tbe words “and believes tbe same to be true” been used instead of “and tbe same is true” followed as was tbe case, tbe verification would have been unquestionably ample. Morley v. Guild, 13 Wis. 576; Frisk v. Reigelman, 75 Wis. 499, 43 N. W. 1117, 44 N. W. 766.
No mere informality in a verification, nor failure to cover, literally, tbe statutory requisites, will defeat it. Substantial compliance with tbe statute is sufficient. Kirst v. Wells, 47 Wis. 56, 1 N. W. 357; Roosevelt v. Ulmer, 98 Wis. 356, 74 N. W. 124. In the latter case there was service by publication as here. Tbe action was to recover instalments upon a lease. Tbe verification was made by plaintiff’s attorney and agent. Tbe allegations of tbe complaint, in tbe main, were upon knowledge. No specific statement was made of tbe grounds thereof, but there was one that tbe affiant acted as agent for tbe plaintiff in many of tbe matters. It was held that such circumstance fairly satisfied tbe call for grounds of knowledge, as personal knowledge would naturally be supposed to exist in view of tbe agency transactions.
We do not overlook that in Crane v. Wiley, 14 Wis. 658, tbe allegations of tbe complaint to recover on a promissory note were in tbe positive form, and tbe verification by tbe at-, torney, being in tbe form that “tbe complaint is true to bis [351]*351•own knowledge, except as to those matters therein stated on' information and belief, and as to those matters'he believes it to be true,” was held insufficient, although all the facts were .also stated rendering it competent for the attorney to make the verification on belief. That case has never been directly overruled nor criticised; but it has been carefully fenced about. If a verification is upon belief the form of the allegations is immaterial. Taylor v. Robinson, 26 Wis. 545. If the verification and complaint are inconsistent, the element in the former creating that situation may be rejected as sur-plusage. Market Nat. Bank v. Hogan, 21 Wis. 317. To the same effect, in letter or spirit, are Morley v. Guild, supra; Frisk v. Reigelman, supra; Kirst v. Wells, supra; and Roosevelt v. Ulmer, supra.
The general trend of the decisions is as indicated and as we would be constrained to hold now if the question were new. That is, if all the.'facts requisite to support a verification áppear with reasonable clearness, even by rejecting unnecessary words as surplusage or viewing others in the light of the whole, it will be sustained, construction being resorted to, in case of ambiguity, and reasonable inference, in the absence of express statements or literal compliance with statutory language, the court leaning to a meaning fairly shown to exist which will sustain the verification rather than one no clearer which will defeat it. That is within the rule that substantial compliance with the statute is enough. The requirement as to what shall be stated in the verification does not mean that any particular collection of words shall be used, or that the facts shall be stated with such precision as to leave no ambiguity or room for inference.
Counsel’s reliance upon Bonnell v. Gray, 36 Wis. 574, has not been overlooked. The court did not condemn the verification there. It suggested that, “probably” it was defective imder. the strict rule of Crane v. Wiley, supra; but, in the end, the imperfection was treated as, at most, a nonprejudi[352]*352cial irregularity. The case is widely distinguishable from this, though it may be said that it followed more closely Crane v. Wiley, supra, which was cited, than the more liberal doctrine of Taylor v. Robinson, supra; Morley v. Guild, supra; and Market Nat. Bank v. Hogan, supra, not cited. It. is considered that such doctrine should rather be extended than restricted; that where it fairly appears from the whole verification that it is upon belief, and legitimate grounds therefor are stated, it should be held a substantial compliance with the statute and valid, though the agent uses the words “is-true” instead of “believes to be true.” Here, it is much more reasonable to consider the words “is true” to mean, is true tp affiant’s belief, since that is quite clearly indicated by the context and the whole situation, than to regard the words to mean, true to his own knowledge.
It follows that the order appealed from must be reversed unless there is some fatal defect in the proceedings, which the trial court did not consider.
The point is made that the writ of attachment was issued before the summons. There are two good answers to that. First it is evident that the so-called second issuance of the summons was only a second placing in the hands of the sheriff for service. Seóqnd. The issuance of a writ of attachment and levy upon property thereunder is not essential to competency to make service on a defendant by publication. Gallun v. Weil, 116 Wis. 236, 92 N. W. 1091. The statutory requisite of property of the defendant within this state, existing and duly brought to the attention of the court, is all that is necessary in respect to the property feature. Such an action is regarded as one in rem. The judgment when rendered is good only against the property described in the 'moving papers. It is sufficient even if the property be non-‘attachable, if it yet be such as can be judicially reached in some way and subjected to payment of the debt sought to-be collected. It is the res within the jurisdiction of the [353]*353court that is'essential to jurisdiction, not actual seizure of it, or even constructive seizure, unless description of the property in the moving papers and recorded purpose of the plaintiff to burden it with payment of the debt should be regarded as such seizure. Jarvis v. Barrett, 14 Wis. 591; Winner v. Fitzgerald, 19 Wis. 393; Disconto Gesellschaft v. Umbreit, 127 Wis. 651, 106 N. W. 821.
The foregoing sufficiently answers, if any be necessary, after express and implied approval'of the statute in question 'for more than sixty years, the suggestion that it is unconstitutional under the doctrine of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714.
Our attention is called to the fact of there having been long delay between the issuance of the summons and action under the writ „of attachment. Whether the delay was so prejudicial to respondent as to have furnished good ground for vacating the attachment, had a motion been seasonably made, is one question, and whether there was a want of jurisdiction because of defective service of the summons is quite another. The ease is not within anything decided in Cummings v. Tabor, 61 Wis. 185, 21 N. W. 72, or Barth v. Loeffelholtz, 108 Wis. 562, 84 N. W. 846.
Other suggestions made by respondent’s counsel have been considered but none of them .seem to call for special treatment herein.
By the Court. — The order is reversed, and the matter remanded with directions to dismiss the respondent’s motion with motion costs.