UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
RITA CLINTON,
Plaintiff,
v. No. 19-cv-01674 (DLF) DAN BROUILLETTE, in his official capacity as Secretary of the United States Department of Energy,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Rita Clinton brings this action against Dan Brouillette in his official capacity as the
Secretary of the United States Department of Energy (“the Department”). 1 She alleges that
while working for the Department she was subjected to a hostile work environment in violation
of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. (Title VII). Before the Court is the Department’s Motion
to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment. 2 Dkt. 9. For the reasons that follow,
the Court will grant the motion.
1 When this suit began, Rick Perry was the Secretary of the Department of Energy. When Dan Brouillette became the Secretary, he was automatically substituted as the proper defendant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d). 2 Also before the Court is Clinton’s Motion for Leave to File Surreply, Dkt. 15, to respond to the facts and exhibits attached to the Department’s reply, see id. at 2–3; see also Def’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts in Dispute, Dkt. 14-1; Def.’s Ex. A, Dkt. 14-2; Def.’s Ex. B, Dkt. 14-3. Because the Court will not consider those materials in ruling on the Department’s motion, the Court will deny the plaintiff’s request to file a surreply. I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
From June 2010 to July 20, 2017, the Department of Energy employed Clinton in a
Senior Executive Service position in the Department’s Office of the Chief Human Capital
Officer. 3 See Compl. ¶ 16, Dkt. 1; Def.’s Statement of Material Facts As to Which There is No
Genuine Material Dispute (“Def.’s Statement of Facts”) ¶ 1, Dkt. 9-1. Specifically, Clinton was
the Director of Human Capital Policy and Accountability, and was responsible for “managing
operations, influencing DOE-wide policy and planning related decisions, and exercising full
managerial authority and aggressive integration of all human capital policies.” Id. ¶¶ 1–2.
Clinton’s immediate supervisor was Tonya Mackey, the Deputy Chief Human Capital Officer.
Id. ¶ 3.
In November 2016, Mackey was informed by both her staff and staff in the Department’s
Office of Environment, Health, Safety, and Security that 87 suitability determination cases had
been emailed to Clinton but had not been adjudicated. Id. ¶ 14. This led Mackey to meet with
Clinton and ask her about this backlog, see id. ¶ 15, though the parties dispute whether Clinton
denied receiving the emails in question, compare id., with Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Statement of
Undisputed Material Facts (“Pl.’s Statement of Facts”) ¶ 15, Dkt. 12-1. Mackey chose to further
investigate the issue and requested a search of Clinton’s email account, which the Department’s
Office of the General Counsel approved due to evidence of potential misconduct. See Def.’s
Statement of Facts ¶¶ 16–18.
3 The Court cites to the defendant’s statement of facts if a fact is undisputed. If a fact is disputed, the Court will indicate as such.
2 Meanwhile, Clinton expressed interest in being detailed to another office within the
Department of Energy. See id. ¶ 4. In December 2016, Clinton requested a detail to the
Bonneville Power Administration as Human Resources Director, but Mackey told Clinton that
her current role was an essential one, which meant a candidate was needed for Clinton’s current
position before Clinton could be detailed. Id. Mackey instructed Clinton to draft an expression
of interest announcement for a detail to Clinton’s current position that could be shared with
potential candidates. Id. ¶ 8. Mackey also directed Clinton to simultaneously draft an expression
of interest announcement for a vacant position within Clinton’s office. Id. ¶ 10. The parties
dispute whether individuals in Senior Executive Service positions are typically involved in
preparing expression of interest announcements. Compare id. ¶ 9, with Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶
9. Regardless, Clinton submitted a draft announcement for her position on January 4, 2017,
Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 11, and for the vacant position on January 17, 2017, id. ¶ 12.
Mackey edited the drafts and returned both to Clinton on January 24, 2017, and the
announcements were circulated on January 26, 2017 and January 31, 2017. See id. ¶¶ 11–13.
On January 23, 2017, “a government-wide hiring freeze” was issued which mandated that
“no vacant position could be filled or created.” Id. ¶ 5. Positions were not considered vacant if a
candidate for that position “had received an offer of employment prior to noon on January 27,
2017, had accepted the position, and had a designated start date on or before February 22, 2017.”
Id. The parties dispute whether Clinton’s detail request could have been acted upon
notwithstanding the freeze, compare id. ¶¶ 5–7, with Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶¶ 5–7, but they do
not dispute that Clinton’s detail request was delayed, see Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 7; Pl.’s
Statement of Facts ¶ 7.
3 Soon there were several developments within the office that troubled Clinton. One of
Clinton’s employees had been detailed to another office shortly before the hiring freeze went into
effect, Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶¶ 19–20, and Clinton believed the loss of this staffer would
make it more difficult for her to fulfill her responsibilities, see Compl. ¶ 33. Mackey also
questioned Clinton about a recent policy change to the Department’s ePerformance system,
though the parties dispute whether Mackey inaccurately accused Clinton of implementing this
policy and making errors with respect to that implementation. Compare Def.’s Statement of
Facts ¶¶ 22–23, with Pl.’s Statement of Facts. ¶¶ 22–23.
Clinton also expressed frustration with one of her employees participating in a call with
the Office of Personnel Management at the behest of a senior leader within the Office of the
Chief Human Capital Officer. See Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 31; Pl.’s Statement of Facts. ¶ 31.
Mackey met with both Clinton and Clinton’s employees to discuss the issue. Def.’s Statement of
Facts ¶ 31. In that meeting, Mackey stressed the importance of open communication but
instructed Clinton that “leadership should be able to go to subordinate employees if they need
assistance.” Id. ¶ 32.
There were also problems with Clinton’s performance plan for FY2017. The parties
dispute whether Clinton or Mackey was responsible for developing Clinton’s performance plan.
Compare Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 27, with Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 27. But they do not
dispute that on March 20, 2017, Mackey asked Clinton to send her Clinton’s draft performance
plan, that Clinton did so, and that Mackey returned the plan to Clinton with edits. Def.’s
Statement of Facts ¶¶ 28–29. Mackey also asked Clinton to input the plan into the Department’s
electronic performance management system, but Clinton did not do so. Id. ¶ 30.
4 On April 20, 2017, Clinton received a Notice of Proposed Removal based on a lack of
candor charge that stemmed from the investigation into the suitability determination backlog.
See id. ¶¶ 24, 38–39. Clinton was escorted out of the office by security at noon that day. Id.
The parties dispute whether the Department has a regular practice of escorting employees out of
the office following the issuance of a Notice of Proposed Removal. Compare id. ¶ 26, with Pl.’s
Statement of Facts ¶¶ 25–26.
Clinton’s removal from federal service became effective on July 20, 2017. Def.’s
Statement of Facts ¶ 43. On July 26, 2017 she submitted an affidavit to the District of
Columbia’s Department of Employment Services in support of her claim for unemployment
benefits. See id. ¶ 33. Her affidavit indicated that the reason she had been removed from her
position at the Department of Energy was “misconduct – ‘lack of candor,’” id. ¶ 34, and
Clinton’s unemployment claim was eventually denied as a result, see id. ¶ 36.
Prior to being issued her Notice of Proposed Removal, Clinton had contacted an Equal
Employment Opportunity (EEO) counselor, and on April 17, 2017, she filed a formal EEO
complaint alleging unlawful discrimination and harassment in retaliation for prior EEO activity,
and on the basis of her age, race, and sex. See id. ¶¶ 47–48. After completing an investigation
into Clinton’s claims, the Department of Energy issued a final decision on March 12, 2019
concluding that Clinton was not entitled to any relief because the record did not “show by a
preponderance of the evidence that [Clinton] was subjected to discrimination and/or harassment
based on age, race, and/or sex or that she was subjected to retaliation based on her prior EEO
activity.” 4 Id. ¶ 54.
4 Clinton amended her EEO complaint to include her removal from federal service, but that issue was dismissed from Clinton’s EEO complaint on May 16, 2018, Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 52,
5 B. Procedural History
Clinton filed this action on June 7, 2019. See Compl. In her complaint, Clinton asserts
three hostile work environment claims under Title VII, alleging that she was subjected to a
hostile work environment on the basis of her sex, her race, and as retaliation for prior EEO
activity. See id. at 7–10. On December 12, 2019, the Department filed this motion to dismiss or,
in the alternative, for summary judgment. See Dkt. 9.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
Rule 12(d) provides that “[i]f, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) …, matters outside the
pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for
summary judgment under Rule 56.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). Here, both parties have submitted
materials outside of the pleadings. See, e.g., Pl’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s
Opp’n”) at 1–3, 4, 7–8, Dkt. 12 (stating that the Department’s motion should be treated as one
for summary judgment and referencing materials outside the pleadings); Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to
File Surreply at 4–5 (contending “[i]t is axiomatic” that the Department’s motion should be
treated as one for summary judgment). “Accordingly, the Court will review Defendant’s entire
motion under the summary judgment standard, because ‘the defendant’s motion was in the
alternative for summary judgment and … the parties had the opportunity to submit and submitted
materials in support and in opposition.’” Conant v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 24 F. Supp. 3d 1, 11
(D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Americable Int’l, Inc. v. Dep’t of Navy, 129 F.3d 1271, 1273 n.5 (D.C.
Cir. 1997) (alterations omitted)).
and is the basis of a separate action, see Clinton v. Perry, No. 18-cv-991 (D.D.C. filed Apr. 26, 2018). As a result, Clinton’s ultimate removal from federal service is not relevant to the claims here.
6 Under Rule 56, summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party “shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48
(1986). A “material” fact is one that could affect the outcome of the lawsuit. See id. at 248;
Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A dispute is “genuine” if a reasonable
jury could determine that the evidence warrants a verdict for the nonmoving party. See Liberty
Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895. In reviewing the record, the court “must
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility
determinations or weigh the evidence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., 530 U.S. 133,
150 (2000). A party “opposing summary judgment” must “substantiate [its allegations] with
evidence” that “a reasonable jury could credit in support of each essential element of [its]
claims.” Grimes v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 94 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The moving party is
entitled to summary judgment if the opposing party “fails to make a showing sufficient to
establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will
bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
III. ANALYSIS
To establish a discriminatory or retaliatory hostile work environment claim, Clinton must
show that the Department subjected her “to ‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult’ that
is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create
an abusive working environment.’” Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir.
2008) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993)); see also Bergbauer v.
Mabus, 934 F. Supp. 2d 55, 79, 82–83 (D.D.C. 2013) (collecting cases establishing that “the
same legal standard” applies to discriminatory and retaliatory hostile work environment claims).
7 In assessing a hostile work environment claim, courts examine “the totality of the circumstances,
including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its offensiveness, and whether
it interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201. Title VII is not a
“general civility code”; the conduct “must be extreme [enough] to amount to a change in the
terms and conditions of employment.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788
(1998) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201. The conditions
must be both “objectively and subjectively hostile, meaning that a reasonable person would find
[the work environment] hostile or abusive, and that the victim must subjectively perceive the
environment to be abusive.” Hill v. Assocs. for Renewal in Educ., Inc., 897 F.3d 232, 237 (D.C.
Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Clinton bases her hostile work environment claims on the following incidents, all of
which took place over a few months: (1) “the delay and denial of a detail [o]pportunity”; (2) “an
investigation of [Clinton’s] email account without [her] knowledge”; (3) her “staff employee
being detailed away to a different office . . . without [Clinton]’s consent”; (4) Mackey’s
“baseless allegations” that Clinton had made mistakes in implementing a policy change
regarding the Department’s ePerformance system; (5) her escort out of the office “in the middle
of the day, after receiving a notice of proposed removal”; (6) Mackey requiring Clinton “to
prepare an expression of interest announcement for her detail”; (7) the Department’s “failure to
provide [Clinton] with performance standards and a performance plan for FY2017”; (8) the
March 2017 meeting in which Mackey “undermin[ed] [Clinton]’s ability to manage her
employees”; and (9) the Department “preventing [Clinton]’s unemployment claim from being
processed.” See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2.
8 Far from “the kind of ‘extreme’ conditions that this Court and the Supreme Court have
found to constitute a hostile work environment,” Hill, 897 F.3d at 237, most of Clinton’s
complaints—including those about the delay and denial of her detail, her employee being
detailed elsewhere, being asked to prepare an announcement for her own detail, and feeling
undermined by supervisors during a meeting in front of her employees—are “ordinary
tribulations of the workplace.” See Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Rattigan v. Gonzales, 503 F. Supp. 2d 56, 81 (D.D.C. 2007) (denials of
“requests for additional resources despite an increased workload” were insufficient for hostile
work environment claim); Veitch v. England, 471 F.3d 124, 130–31 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (failure to
promote, the assignment of unappealing duties, and criticisms by supervisor were insufficient for
hostile work environment claim). Clinton insists that her supervisors scrutinized her work
“excessive[ly]” and made “baseless” criticisms about it. Pl.’s Opp’n at 2, 19. For example,
Clinton claims she was questioned about a policy change to the Department’s ePerformance
system “in a manner which indicated . . . that Clinton had implemented the change and indicated
that Clinton had made an error.” Id. at 12. But the Department denies accusing Clinton of
implementing these changes and says she was “simply asked . . . for more information” about
them. See Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summ. J. at 15,
Dkt. 9. Even crediting Clinton’s account of the events, as the Court must, this conduct was not
sufficiently severe or pervasive to give rise to support a hostile work environment claim. Nor
has Clinton shown that the Department’s investigation was tied to any discriminatory or
retaliatory act. 5
5 Clinton has introduced evidence that the Department was aware of her race, sex, and prior EEO activity, see, e.g., Pl.’s Opp’n at 11–12, 27, but that awareness, without more, does not transform
9 Clinton relies heavily on Coulibaly v. Kerry to support her hostile work environment
claim, but in that case an employee presented substantiated evidence of constant questioning and
criticism from supervisors for over a year. 213 F. Supp. 3d 93, 148–50 (D.D.C. 2016). Here,
Clinton has not adequately substantiated her claim that it was improper for the Department to
investigate an allegation of potential misconduct. See Def.’s Ex. 10 at 3, Dkt. 9-11. Román v.
Castro, 149 F. Supp. 3d 157, 169 (D.D.C. 2016) (“Legitimately investigating an employee for
suspected misconduct is generally not grounds for a hostile work environment claim.”). And
Clinton’s comparison of her work environment at the Department to that in Ashraf-Hassan v.
Embassy of France in United States is also inapt. See 999 F. Supp. 2d 106 (D.D.C. 2013).
There, the plaintiff’s supervisors referred to the plaintiff by a racial epithet, required her to fulfill
other employees’ responsibilities, did not permit her to participate in organizational events, and
took away her access to an office and email account. See id. at 113–15 .
Clinton further contends that she was “singled out” by Mackey’s requirement that Clinton
generate the initial draft of her own performance plan and standards for FY2017. According to
Clinton, the Department’s policies required supervisors “to develop performance plans in
consultation with senior executives” like Clinton. Pl.’s Opp’n at 16–17 (emphasis in original). It
the Department’s actions into the type of discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, or insult “that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive,” see Harris, 510 U.S. at 21; see also Nurriddin v. Goldin, 382 F. Supp. 2d 79, 107 (D.D.C. 2005) (“[M]any bosses are harsh, unjust, and rude, it is therefore important in hostile work environment cases to exclude from consideration personnel decisions that lack a linkage of correlation to the claimed ground of discrimination.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). While Clinton emphasizes that the Department’s Deputy EEO Director told her that one of her supervisors was “very upset” that she had filed her April 2017 EEO complaint, see Pl.’s Ex. K at 6, Dkt. 13-27; Pl.’s Opp’n at 27, those comments were made after all but two of the incidents about which Clinton complains, see Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 12–15, 19, 21–22, 28–29, 31–32, and for the reasons stated here, neither of those two incidents, alone or together, are sufficient to state a hostile work environment claim.
10 is not at all apparent that “in consultation with senior executives” required Clinton’s supervisors
to prepare the first draft of her performance plan, see Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 27; Pl.’s
Statement of Facts ¶ 27. But even if it did, asking Clinton to generate a first draft of her own
performance plan for her supervisor to review, edit, and approve, does not rise to the level of
“severe and pervasive” conduct necessary to support a hostile work environment claim. See
Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Clinton expresses frustration about being escorted out of the office after receiving her
Notice of Proposed Removal “at noon, rather than at the end of the day,” because an escort at the
end of the day would have been less embarrassing and in accordance with the Department’s
regular practice. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 30–31. But again, even if true, the embarrassment attendant
upon her escort out of the workplace falls short of the “discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and
insult” necessary to give rise to a hostile work environment claim. Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Finally, Clinton laments that she could not receive unemployment benefits as a result of
the Department leveling a lack of candor charge against her, see Pl.’s Statement of Facts at ¶ 39,
but this denial of unemployment benefits occurred after she was no longer employed at the
Department of Energy, see Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶¶ 37–42. Consequently, the denial of her
claim could not possibly “alter the conditions of [Clinton]’s employment.” Baloch, 550 F.3d at
1201 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Considering the totality of the circumstances—and viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to Clinton—as the Court must, a reasonable jury could not find that the Department
acted with discriminatory intent, see Lester v. Natsios, 290 F. Supp. 2d 11, 31–32 (D.D.C. 2003),
or that it subjected Clinton “to discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently
11 severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive
working environment,” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201 (quotations and citation omitted). This
conclusion is consistent with D.C. Circuit cases involving more challenging workplace
conditions. See, e.g, id. at 1195, 1201 (affirming grant of summary judgment to the defendant
where hostile work environment claim was based on allegations of poor performance reviews,
several letters of counseling and reprimand, leave restrictions, two proposed suspensions, and
several verbal altercations, including one in which a supervisor threatened to have the plaintiff
“arrested, led out of the building in handcuffs, and jailed”); George v. Leavitt, 407 F.3d 405,
408–09, 416–17 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (affirming grant of summary judgment to defendant where
claim was based on, among other things, “several confrontations” in which different employees
told the female black plaintiff to “go back to where she came from,” the plaintiff was “assigned
to various clerical duties that the white male engineers were never required to do,” and the
plaintiff’s supervisor recommended that she be fired (alteration adopted)); see also Nurriddin v.
Bolden, 674 F. Supp. 2d 64, 93–94 (D.D.C. 2009) (plaintiff failed to state a claim for relief
where his claim was based on allegations that management “passed over [the plaintiff] for
performance awards, lowered his performance evaluations, unfairly reprimanded and criticized
him, made disparaging remarks about his EEO complaints, closely scrutinized his work, . . . and
engaged in a series of discussions to end his eligibility for workers’ compensation and to
terminate his employment at NASA, before finally firing him” (internal quotation marks
omitted)). Accordingly, Clinton’s hostile work environment claims fail as a matter of law.
12 CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants the defendant’s motion for summary
judgment. A separate order consistent with this decision accompanies this memorandum
opinion.
________________________ DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH United States District Judge August 18, 2020