COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Clements and Senior Judge Fitzpatrick Argued at Richmond, Virginia
VIRGINIA NATURAL GAS, INC. AND AGL RESOURCES
v. Record No. 2152-06-1
CLINTON TENNESSEE OPINION BY JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS CLINTON TENNESSEE AUGUST 21, 2007
v. Record No. 2331-06-1
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Robert A. Rapaport (Kira A. Ligto; Clarke, Dolph, Rapaport, Hardy & Hull, P.L.C., on briefs), for Virginia Natural Gas, Inc. and AGL Resources.
John H. Klein (Charlene A. Morring; Montagna Klein Camden, L.L.P., on briefs), for Clinton Tennessee.
The parties each appeal from the August 11, 2006 opinion of the Workers’ Compensation
Commission (commission) awarding Clinton Tennessee (claimant) permanent partial disability
benefits based on a 37% permanent partial impairment rating for his right leg and denying his
claim for temporary partial disability benefits because he failed to prove he adequately marketed
his residual work capacity. In their appeal, Virginia Natural Gas, Inc. and AGL Resources
(collectively, employer) contend the commission erred in awarding claimant permanent partial
disability benefits based on the inclusive 37% impairment rating rather than the 18.5% rating
specifically attributable to claimant’s compensable injury. In his appeal, claimant contends the commission erred in finding he did not carry his burden of proving he adequately marketed his
residual work capacity. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the commission.1
I. BACKGROUND
The relevant facts in this case are not in dispute. On February 4, 2002, while working for
employer as a utility mechanic, claimant sustained a compensable injury by accident when he
stepped in a hole and twisted his right knee. The next day, claimant sought medical treatment at
an urgent care facility, which restricted him to light duty work and referred him to Dr. Richard
Holden, an orthopedist.
On February 7, 2002, Dr. Holden treated claimant for a “mild strain of the right knee.”
Dr. Holden noted that claimant had a history of “aches and pains and stiffness in his knee for
some time” and that claimant’s x-rays showed “profound degenerative arthritis” of a
longstanding nature. Dr. Holden continued claimant on pain medication and released him to full
duty work.
Claimant returned to Dr. Holden on May 6, 2004, seeking relief for “pain in his right
knee” that made it difficult for him to sleep, walk, and stand. Reporting that claimant had a
history of “significant arthritis of both knees” and that claimant’s x-rays revealed “end stage
arthritis,” Dr. Holden referred claimant to Dr. A.J. DiStasio, II, for a total knee replacement.
Claimant saw Dr. DiStasio on May 26, 2004, at which time the doctor noted as follows:
Mr. Tennessee is a 55-year-old gentleman who presents for evaluation of treatment of worsening right knee pain. While in a duty status on 2/4/02 he stepped in a hole sustaining a twisting injury to the right knee. There was immediate swelling and he has had persistent medial pain and stiffness since that time. . . . He is in essentially constant pain and notes frequent swelling of the right knee. He reports locking but no giving way. Symptoms are aggravated by any type of prolonged standing or walking,
1 Because these separate appeals involve common facts and proceedings, we consolidate them for purposes of this decision. See Bennett v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 228, 229 n.1, 380 S.E.2d 17, 18 n.1 (1989). -2- prolonged sitting, squatting, bending, etc. There [are] no specific relieving factors.
Dr. DiStasio also noted that claimant had “an underlying history of right knee problems and had
a right knee arthroscopy in 1991 for treatment of a medial meniscus tear” and that x-rays of
claimant’s right knee showed “tri-compartmental arthritic changes with some chondral sclerosis
joint space narrowing and osteophytes.” The doctor assessed claimant’s condition as “[r]ight
knee arthritis, exacerbated by worker’s compensation injury of 2/04/02.”
In a follow-up history dictated June 20, 2004, Dr. DiStasio noted that, after the knee
arthroscopy in 1991, claimant “returned to full duty and did well until his recent injury on
2-4-02.” Dr. DiStasio further noted that claimant received physical therapy and medication after
the injury but was now experiencing “constant pain and frequent swelling of the right knee” with
some locking.
Dr. DiStasio performed total knee replacement surgery on claimant’s right knee on June
30, 2004. Claimant was awarded medical benefits and temporary total disability benefits from
June 30, 2004, to September 6, 2004, based on his pre-injury average weekly wage of $860.40.
Upon his return to work with employer, claimant was restricted to “sedentary duties
only.” On March 18, 2005, Dr. DiStasio imposed permanent work restrictions prohibiting
claimant from heavy lifting, stooping, kneeling, and crawling. Under the restrictions, claimant
was allowed to sit, lift up to 20 pounds, twist, reach, grasp, perform repetitive movement, and
drive without limitation. The restrictions further permitted claimant to stand, walk, climb stairs,
and bend for 3 to 5 hours at a time. Claimant continued working for employer until June 1,
2005, at which time employer informed him that it no longer had suitable light duty work
available for him.
Within two weeks after his light duty work with employer ended, claimant, who had been
with employer as a utility mechanic for 18 years, registered with the Virginia Employment -3- Commission (employment commission). The employment commission gave claimant a list of
four job opportunities. Claimant contacted each of the employers on the list. One of the jobs
required heavy lifting, which was not permitted by his work restrictions. He applied for the other
three jobs that were within his work restrictions. He was told that, between his retirement and
workers’ compensation benefits, he was paid too much to qualify for one of the jobs, and he
never heard back from another. He accepted the remaining position, the only one offered to him,
as a van driver and started working on August 15, 2005. After obtaining the job as a van driver,
claimant discontinued his job search.
Claimant earned $7 an hour in his new job and averaged approximately $250 per week in
earnings. The job was “a part-time position.” Claimant worked approximately six hours a day
driving the van but sometimes got “a little extra time . . . to do some other work,” but not every
day. Some weeks, he worked more than 40 hours, but, overall, averaged less than 36 hours per
week.
On August 11, 2005, Dr. DiStasio executed a form stating as follows:
With regard to [claimant], it is my opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that:
[Claimant] reached maximum medical improvement as of March 18, 2005.
[Claimant] has a 37% permanent partial impairment rating to the right lower extremity as a result of his February 4, 2002 work-related injury. Of that percentage, 50% is attributable to his pre-existing arthritic condition.
On November 14, 2005, the deputy commissioner conducted a hearing on claimant’s
application for “an award of compensation for temporary total disability from June 1 to August
14, 2005; temporary partial disability from August 15, 2005, and continuing; and permanent
partial disability for an alleged 37% loss of use of his right leg.” Employer defended the claim
on the grounds that “claimant’s loss of use related to [the industrial] accident was 18.5% and that -4- . . . claimant had failed to market his residual capacity.” Following the presentation of evidence,
the deputy commissioner awarded claimant permanent partial disability benefits based on an
18.5% permanent partial impairment rating and denied claimant’s request for temporary total and
temporary partial disability benefits because he failed to market his residual work capacity.
Claimant appealed the deputy commissioner’s reduced award of permanent partial disability
benefits and denial of temporary partial disability benefits.
Finding, on review, that the evidence was “sufficient to support an award for scheduled
loss under Code § 65.2-503 based on the 37 percent [permanent partial impairment] rating to the
right leg assigned by the claimant’s treating physician,” the full commission reversed the deputy
commissioner’s award of permanent partial disability benefits based on the 18.5% rating. In
reaching that decision, the commission noted as follows:
Dr. DiStasio, the claimant’s treating orthopedist, indicated that the claimant sustained a 37 percent permanent partial impairment rating to the right lower extremity “as a result of his February 4, 2002, work-related injury.” He then confusingly related 50 percent of the rating to the claimant’s “pre-existing arthritis condition.” We resolve this ambiguity by reference to other medical reports. Dr. DiStasio’s initial diagnosis was right knee arthritis “exacerbated” by the work injury. He also reported that the claimant had done well until the work injury, after which he was in constant pain.
Although the claimant clearly had arthritis in his knee before the industrial injury, we do not find any persuasive evidence of a pre-existing functional loss. Accordingly, we cannot find that the claimant had a pre-existing percentage loss of use prior to the accident which can be reasonably deducted from the claimant’s award.
Also finding claimant failed to carry his burden of proving he marketed his residual work
capacity, a majority of the full commission affirmed the deputy commissioner’s denial of the
requested temporary partial disability benefits.
These appeals followed.
-5- II. PERMANENT PARTIAL IMPAIRMENT RATING
On appeal, employer does not dispute the commission’s finding that Dr. DiStasio
diagnosed that claimant’s February 4, 2002 injury by accident “exacerbated” claimant’s existing
arthritic condition in his right knee or that Dr. DiStasio indicated that claimant “sustained a 37
percent permanent partial impairment rating to the right lower extremity ‘as a result of his
February 4, 2002, work-related injury.’” Rather, employer solely contends that, unlike the
deputy commissioner, who reduced claimant’s permanent partial impairment rating from 37% to
18.5% based on Dr. DiStasio’s opinion that half of the 37% rating was attributable to claimant’s
pre-existing arthritic condition, the full commission improperly failed to account for that portion
of Dr. DiStasio’s opinion. Employer argues that, based on Dr. DiStasio’s opinion, the
commission should have given it a credit for the 18.5% impairment causally related to the
pre-existing disability to claimant’s right leg. Thus, employer concludes, the commission erred
in awarding claimant permanent partial disability benefits based on the entire 37% impairment
rating assigned by Dr. DiStasio rather than the 18.5% rating the doctor specifically attributed to
claimant’s compensable injury. We disagree.
“Under well recognized principles governing the standard of review on appeal, we must
affirm the commission’s judgment awarding [permanent partial disability] if those findings are
supported by credible evidence in the record, regardless of whether contrary evidence exists or
contrary inferences may be drawn.” Rusty’s Welding Service, Inc. v. Gibson, 29 Va. App. 119,
131, 510 S.E.2d 255, 261 (1999) (en banc) (citing Code § 65.2-706(A)). “In determining
whether credible evidence exists, [we do] not retry the facts, reweigh . . . the evidence, or make
[our] own determination of the credibility of the witnesses.” Wagner Enters., Inc. v. Brooks, 12
Va. App. 890, 894, 407 S.E.2d 32, 35 (1991). Moreover, “we must view the evidence in the
-6- light most favorable to [claimant,] the party who prevailed before the commission” on this issue.
K & K Repairs & Constr. v. Endicott, 47 Va. App. 1, 6, 622 S.E.2d 227, 229 (2005).
“Code § 65.2-503 of the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Act generally deals with
compensation for permanent loss.” Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. Dancy, 255 Va. 248, 249, 497
S.E.2d 133, 133 (1998). Code § 65.2-503(B) “provides a schedule of benefits for the loss of
specific body parts,” Stanfield v. City of Hampton Fire & Rescue, 31 Va. App. 240, 241, 522
S.E.2d 404, 405 (1999), including the loss of a leg, see Code § 65.2-503(B)(13). Code
§ 65.2-503(D) provides, in pertinent part, that, “[i]n construing this section, the permanent loss
of the use of a member shall be equivalent to the loss of such member, and for the permanent
partial loss or loss of use of a member, compensation may be proportionately awarded.” Hence,
“a numerical rating [of the permanent partial loss of use of the injured body part] is required so
that benefits may be proportionally awarded according to the percentage loss and determined by
the schedule in Code 65.2-503(B).” Hill v. Woodford B. Davis Gen. Contractor, 18 Va. App.
652, 654, 447 S.E.2d 237, 237-38 (1994) (citing County of Spotsylvania v. Hart, 218 Va. 565,
568, 238 S.E.2d 813, 815 (1977) (requiring the commission to rate “the percentage of incapacity
suffered by the employee” before awarding permanent partial benefits)).
The commission, in determining permanent partial disability benefits, must rate claimant’s percentage of incapacity based on the evidence presented to it. In doing so, it gives great weight to the treating physician’s opinion. If there is any doubt in the treating physician’s opinion, or if there is contrary expert medical opinion, “the commission is free to adopt that which is most consistent with reason and justice.”
United Airlines, Inc. v. Sabol, 47 Va. App. 495, 501-02, 624 S.E.2d 692, 695 (2006) (citations
omitted) (quoting Williams v. Fuqua, 199 Va. 709, 714, 101 S.E.2d 562, 567 (1958)).
In this case, the only evidence in the record supporting an award of permanent partial
disability benefits under Code § 65.2-503(B) and 65.2-503(D) was provided by claimant’s
-7- treating orthopedic surgeon, Dr. DiStasio, who stated that claimant had “a 37% permanent partial
impairment rating to the right lower extremity as a result of his February 4, 2002 work-related
injury.” Dr. DiStasio further stated that, “[o]f that percentage, 50% [was] attributable to
[claimant’s] pre-existing arthritic condition.” Employer argues that the latter statement of
Dr. DiStasio relieves it from liability for that half of the overall 37% impairment rating that was
attributable to claimant’s arthritic condition, which pre-existed the industrial accident. See
Virginia Fibre Corp. v. Moore, 17 Va. App. 691, 693, 440 S.E.2d 432, 434 (1994) (recognizing
that Code § 65.2-505 “relieves an employer from liability for that portion of a compensable
injury that pre-existed” the industrial accident).
Employer’s argument, however, runs counter to the principle set forth in United Airlines,
Inc. that an employer is entitled to a credit for a pre-existing condition or defect only if the
“evidence show[s] that the claimant suffered a pre[-]existing functional loss” of use. 47
Va. App. at 502-03, 624 S.E.2d at 695 (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. Virginia Fibre
Corp., 17 Va. App. at 692, 440 S.E.2d at 433 (citing Walsh Constr. Co. v. London, 195 Va. 810,
818, 80 S.E.2d 524, 528 (1954), for the proposition that, in determining permanent partial
disability benefits, “where a pre-existing injury to or disability in a sense organ did not materially
affect the employee’s overall ability to use the organ, no benefit would accrue to the employer
for any pre-injury disability to the organ” and declining to allow the employer a credit for the
claimant’s measurable pre-existing hearing loss because that loss was not shown to have
materially affected his ability to use his hearing). In other words, for purposes of determining
permanent partial disability benefits under Code § 65.2-503(B) and 65.2-503(D) for an
employee’s permanent partial loss of use of a body part, the commission may deduct that portion
of an impairment rating attributable to a pre-existing condition or defect in the body part only
where it is shown that the employee suffered a permanent pre-existing functional loss of use of
-8- that body part as a result of the pre-existing condition or defect. Thus, where no permanent
pre-existing functional loss of use of the body part is shown, the commission may not allow the
employer a credit for a condition or defect that pre-existed the compensable injury.
Here, the commission acknowledged that “claimant clearly had arthritis in his knee
before the industrial injury” and that Dr. DiStasio opined that half of the 37% rating was
attributable to claimant’s pre-existing arthritic condition. Applying the aforementioned principle
set forth in United Airlines, Inc., however, the commission determined it could not reduce
claimant’s impairment rating from 37% to 18.5% based on Dr. DiStasio’s opinion because there
was no evidence in the record showing that claimant suffered a permanent pre-existing
functional loss of use of his right leg as a result of the arthritic condition.
The record supports the commission’s determination. Indeed, nothing in the record
indicates that claimant experienced any permanent functional loss of use of his right leg prior to
the compensable injury on February 4, 2002. There is no evidence, for instance, that he was ever
diagnosed with a permanent impairment, given a permanent impairment rating, or placed under
any permanent work restrictions before the compensable injury. To the contrary, Dr. DiStasio
specifically noted that, after claimant’s prior knee surgery in 1991, claimant “returned to full
duty and did well until” the compensable injury. Moreover, the record establishes that the
symptomatic limitations that ultimately necessitated the total knee replacement surgery did not
arise until after, as Dr. DiStasio noted, the injury by accident “exacerbated” the pre-existing
arthritic condition.
Because there was no evidence presented that showed claimant suffered a permanent
pre-existing functional loss of use of his right leg, employer was not entitled to a credit for
claimant’s pre-existing arthritic condition. See United Airlines, Inc., 47 Va. App. at 502-03, 624
S.E.2d at 695. We hold, therefore, that the commission did not err in refusing to allow employer
-9- such a credit and in awarding claimant permanent partial disability benefits based on the entire
37% impairment rating assigned by claimant’s treating orthopedic surgeon.
III. MARKETING RESIDUAL WORK CAPACITY
In his appeal, claimant contends the commission erred in denying his request for
temporary partial disability benefits on the ground that he failed to prove he adequately marketed
his residual work capacity. He argues that the fact that he promptly registered with the
employment commission after his light duty position with employer ended, followed up on all of
the job leads provided by the employment commission, applied for all three of the jobs that were
within his work restrictions, and took the first and only job that was offered amply demonstrated
that he adequately marketed his residual work capacity. Thus, he concludes, the commission’s
decision that he “did not provide sufficient evidence of marketing should be reversed as there is
no credible evidence to support the [c]ommission’s finding.” We disagree.
A partially disabled employee “who seeks compensation of the wage differential between
his new and his old jobs, has the burden of proving that he has made a reasonable effort to
market his full remaining work capacity.” Nat’l Linen Serv. v. McGuinn, 8 Va. App. 267, 270,
380 S.E.2d 31, 33 (1989). “What constitutes a reasonable marketing effort depends upon the
facts and circumstances of each case.” The Greif Companies v. Sipe, 16 Va. App. 709, 715, 434
S.E.2d 314, 318 (1993). Indeed, “[w]hat is reasonable in one area, or in one industry, or even in
one season might not be reasonable in another. The employee must obviously exercise
reasonable diligence in seeking employment, and what is reasonable in a given case will depend
upon all of the facts and surrounding circumstances.” Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co. v. Bateman, 4
Va. App. 459, 467, 359 S.E.2d 98, 102 (1987).
[I]n deciding whether a partially disabled employee has made reasonable effort to find suitable employment commensurate with his abilities, the commission should consider such factors as: (1) the nature and extent of employee’s disability; (2) the - 10 - employee’s training, age, experience, and education; (3) the nature and extent of employee’s job search; (4) the employee’s intent in conducting his job search; (5) the availability of jobs in the area suitable for the employee, considering his disability; and (6) any other matter affecting employee’s capacity to find suitable employment. The commission, of course, determines which of these or other factors are more or less significant with regard to the particular case.
Nat’l Linen Serv., 8 Va. App. at 272-73, 380 S.E.2d at 34-35 (footnotes omitted). “The
determination of whether a partially disabled employee has adequately marketed his residual
work capacity lies within the fact-finding judgment of the commission, and its decision on that
question, if supported by credible evidence, will not be disturbed on appeal.” Wall Street Deli,
Inc. v. O’Brien, 32 Va. App. 217, 220-21, 527 S.E.2d 451, 453 (2000).
“On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to [employer], the
prevailing party before the commission” on this issue. Allen v. Southern Commercial Repair,
Inc., 40 Va. App. 116, 121, 578 S.E.2d 64, 67 (2003). So viewed, we conclude the record
supports the commission’s finding that claimant failed to prove he made a reasonable effort to
market his full residual work capacity. Although claimant offered evidence to show he was
unable to continue in the same line of work he performed for employer as a utility mechanic due
to his physical limitations and the work restrictions imposed by Dr. DiStasio, he offered no
evidence showing that the part-time position he obtained as a van driver, which paid less than
one third of his pre-injury average weekly wage of $860.40, accurately reflected his full residual
earning capacity. As the deputy commissioner pointed out, “[i]t may be that . . . claimant ha[d]
no useful transferable skill” that would enable him to obtain employment paying more than a
minimal hourly wage, but the evidence he presented relative to the factors set forth in National
Linen Service failed to prove that was the case.
The record established that claimant registered with the employment commission shortly
after his job with employer ended on June 1, 2005, and that he pursued each of the four job leads - 11 - provided by the employment commission. Only the position of van driver was offered to him.
He accepted that job and started working on August 15, 2005. However, claimant produced no
evidence of any other efforts on his part to obtain employment during that period. Nor did he
produce any evidence regarding his marketable skills or the availability in the area of jobs
commensurate with his experience, training, education, and physical capabilities. The record
further established that claimant completely discontinued his job search after obtaining the van
driver position and, thus, made no effort to obtain a full-time, higher-paying job. Claimant
presented no evidence explaining why he failed to seek more lucrative employment or showing
that such employment was unavailable to him “either due to his injury or because no such work
was available in the community.” Nat’l Linen Serv., 8 Va. App. at 271, 380 S.E.2d at 34.
Accordingly, the commission could properly find, based on the evidence before it, that claimant
failed to prove he adequately marketed his full residual work capacity.
Nevertheless, claimant urges us to fashion a per se rule that the mere fact that an
employee registers with the employment commission, follows up on every job lead provided by
the employment commission, and takes the first job he is offered is sufficient, as a matter of law,
to prove he made a reasonable effort to market his full residual work capacity. We decline to do
so.
In National Linen Service, we held that “the mere fact that the employee obtained a new
job, where the pay is substantially less than that received at the old job, is, standing alone,
insufficient proof of making a reasonable effort to market one’s remaining work capacity.” 8
Va. App. at 268, 380 S.E.2d at 32. In Wall Street Deli, Inc., we held that evidence that the
employee made no effort after obtaining a part-time, low-paying job to obtain more lucrative
employment consistent with his capabilities, along with the employee’s failure to produce
evidence regarding the lack of availability of such employment in his area, “establish[ed] an
- 12 - absence of effort on his part” to market his full residual work capacity. 32 Va. App. at 221, 527
S.E.2d at 453. Consistent with these decisions, we cannot say that the evidence presented in this
case is sufficient, as a matter of law, to prove claimant made a reasonable effort to market his full
residual work capacity. Simply registering with the employment commission and pursuing the
job listings provided by that agency are not, under the circumstances of this case, sufficient, by
themselves, to demonstrate that claimant made a reasonable effort to market his full residual
work capacity. Given the large disparity between the wages he earned in the part-time job as a
van driver and those he earned in his pre-injury job, claimant had to establish that he made a
reasonable effort, after accepting the part-time job, to obtain more lucrative employment or show
that such employment was not available in the community or beyond his skills and work
restrictions.
Because the record contains credible evidence to support the commission’s finding that
claimant failed to carry his burden of proving he made a reasonable effort to market his full
residual work capacity, we hold the commission did not err in denying claimant’s request for
temporary partial disability benefits on that ground.
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the commission.
Affirmed.
- 13 -