Clint Tuma v. Dennis Brownley

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: June 4, 2025
• Docket: 04-24-00533-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas CONCURRING OPINION No. 04-24-00533-CV

Clint TUMA, Appellant

v.

Dennis BROWNLEY, Appellee

From the 198th Judicial District Court, Kerr County, Texas Trial Court No. 22523B Honorable M. Patrick Maguire, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: H. Todd McCray, Justice Concurring Opinion by: Lori Massey Brissette, Justice

Sitting: Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice Lori Massey Brissette, Justice H. Todd McCray, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 4, 2025

I agree with the majority’s decision to affirm the trial court’s order granting summary

judgment but for a different reason. The majority analyzes whether the plaintiff’s pleadings

“anticipate” a statute of limitations defense so as to relieve the defendant of his obligation to

affirmatively plead that defense. I would hold that, by failing to affirmatively plead the statute of

limitations defense, the defendant has waived it. 04-24-00533-CV

Appellant Clint Tuma points us to the Texas Supreme Court decision in Phillips v. Phillips,

820 S.W.2d 785 (Tex. 1991). But Phillips established a “narrow but necessary exception” to the

general rule that affirmative defenses must be pleaded. Id. at 790. There, the question was whether

the defendant was required to affirmatively plead a defense that the liquidated damages penalty—

which called for awarding ten times the actual damages sustained—was unenforceable. Id. at 789–

90. The court, recognizing the public policy behind limiting liquidated damages clauses, likened

the issue to the defense of illegality. Id. at 789. “[I]f the illegal nature of the document to be relied

upon or sought to be enforced is apparent from the plaintiff’s pleadings, it is not necessary that

illegality be specially pleaded by the defendant in order to rely upon it as a defense.” Id. at 789

(alteration in original) (citing Lewkowicz v. El Paso Apparel Corp., 625 S.W.2d 301, 303 (Tex.

1981) (also addressing illegality of contract)). The court reasoned that, because a liquidated

damages clause which calls for ten times the damages sustained violates, as a matter of law, the

general rule that such provisions must be limited to “just compensation for the loss or damage

actually sustained,” and where the issue is unencumbered by determinations of fact, public policy

demands the court consider the issue despite the failure to plead. Id. at 789–90. 1

I see no reason to apply the reasoning of Phillips to this case. First, public policy is not at

play. Second, the statute of limitations defense, even as raised by Tuma on appeal, is certainly not

unencumbered by fact issues as in Phillips. Instead, I take heed of the warning by the dissent in

Phillips about the undesired expansion of that holding to the affirmative defense of statute of

limitations. Id. at 792. For those reasons, I would hold that, by failing to affirmatively plead the

statute of limitations defense, Tuma waived it.

Lori Massey Brissette, Justice

1 The majority cites Raney v. White, 267 S.W.2d 199, 200 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1954, writ ref’d). But the issue there was whether a defendant can rely upon a plaintiff’s complaint to toll the statute of limitations.

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