Clifton v. Owens

170 N.C. 607

Opinion

Walker, J.,

after stating the case: The levy of the sheriff was not upon personalty, but upon land, as realty; so that if he could have levied upon it as personalty, he did not do so. In order for such a levy to be validly made, the personalty must be taken into the sheriff’s possession or placed under his control. Gilkey v. Dickerson, 10 N. C., 293; Tredwell v. Rascoe, 14 N. C., 50; Smith v. Spencer, 25 N. C., 256. As held in Barden v. McKinnie, 11 N. C., 279, the levy of a ft. fa. on chattels vests in the sheriff a special property which enables him to sell them, after the return day,- without a ven. ex.; but a levy on land gives him neither property nor a right of possession; he has only a naked authority to sell, and his sale transfers a right of property to the purchaser, and he cannot deliver possession, under such an execution, without the consent of the tenant or he who has it. It is because of this distinction in the levy of an execution upon realty and one upon personalty, and also because of the peculiar and intangible nature of the property, when considered merely as converted without being actually so, that the courts have uniformly held that, when such an equitable conversion has taken place, the property cannot be levied upon, under execution, as land nor as personalty. Paisley v. Holshn, 83 Md., 325; Crouse v. Hardt, 47 ibid., 433; Turner v. Davis, 41 Ark., 270; Chick v. Ives, 90 N. W. (Neb.), 751; Hunter v. Anderson, 152 Pa. St., 386; Henderson v. Henderson, 133 Pa. St., 399; and as an analogy, Walker v. Killian, 62 S. C., 482.

It is said in 9 Cyc., at p. 852, that “Where a testator directs his executor to sell his land and divide the proceeds among designated legatees, it is well settled that such legatees have no estate in the land which is the subject of lien or execution, and that an obvious result of conversion is the right of the beneficiary to deal with the property as in its changed form before such change has been actually affected.” It may be asked, If this be so, what is the creditor’s remedy? It is as fully decided as the other proposition. Conversion is altogether a doctrine of equity; in law it has no being, and it is admitted only for the accomplishment of equitable results, and, of necessity, it must be limited to its end. Foster’s Appeal, 74 Pa., 397. It is, therefore, highly proper that a court of equity should deal with it in enforcing the rights of beneficiaries as well as others having claims against them, and, besides, having taken away the remedy by the process of execution, as it cannot be treated as land, because of the conversion, though a notional or imaginary one, which renders it so intangible in its nature that the officer cannot lay his hands upon it and reduce it to his possession, it is fitting, if not obligatory, that equity should furnish some adequate and efficacious remedy by which the property or interest of the judgment debtor thus derived may be subjected to the claims of his creditors; and it has done so. The subject is fully and exhaustively treated in a' very able and léarned opinion by Justice Ealcin in Turner v. Davis, 41 Ark., 270. It appeared in that case that a judgment creditor of a beneficiary under a trust conversion had levied on and sold his interest in the realty, as land, under an execution at law to satisfy his judgment, and another judgment creditor afterwards proceeded in a court of equity to set aside the sale and to have his interest sold under a decree of the court by a commissioner or special master. It was held that there had been an equitable conversion of the land into money, and it left no estate in the beneficiary which was subject to levy and sale under execution at law, and that as one entitled to the proceeds of the sale of land has no interest in the land itself, subject to execution, the judgment creditor’s remedy was in chancery, which is an adequate substitute for the remedy at law against the land, if there had been no conversion. Justice Ealcin said: “There being no interest in the land, considered as land, it logically follows that a creditor of one entitled to the proceeds mistakes his remedy by levying upon the land itself. Everything substantive eludes his grasp. His proper course is to pursue the proceeds, and to take steps to have them realized, which is within the power of a court of equity. Otherwise, he would have it in his power to compel his debtor to elect to take the land in its natural character against his own wishes, and against the will of the other beneficiaries, who are entitled to have the whole interest in the land sold at once, at the best rates, for division of proceeds; in other words, to compel the debtor to do what he has no right to do.” Justice Ealcin further remarked that it could not be conceived how the question is affected, or even touched, by the statute regarding property subject to execution, which is substantially like ours, subjecting legal and equitable interests to ordinary executions at law; and in tbe nature of things tbis must be true, and bis reasoning upon tbe entire question is so conclusive as to leave no peg to bang a doubt on.

Before leaving tbis part of tbe case, we will again emphasize tbe fact that tbe sheriff has not attempted to levy upon tbis property, as personalty, and be could not do so, for such a thing is physically impossible, it not being anything that be can seize and take into bis possession or bring under bis control; but be has levied only on tbe land itself, when tbe judgment debtor plainly has no interest therein, for be takes not that under tbe will, but tbe proceeds of its sale. As to tbe lien of tbe creditor, it does not exist under tbe judgment, as there was no land for it to rest upon, but by filing bis bill in equity (now bis complaint in a civil action), tbe judgment creditor acquires what is equivalent to a lien as against other creditors from tbe date thereof, it being regarded and treated as in tbe nature of an equitable fi. fa., which gives priority or preference to tbe suing creditor and prevents tbe debtor from defeating, by a conveyance, tbe object of tbe suit. Dixon v. Dixon, 81 N. C., 323. Equity took jurisdiction, at tbe instance of a judgment creditor, in two eases, first as an aid to tbe enforcement of process at law, by removing some impediment or hindrance in tbe way of its effective execution, and, second, where it was original, for tbe purpose of granting relief, on tbe ground that tbe debtor bad an interest which is not accessible to tbe creditor by tbe ordinary process of. execution, and sale thereunder, but which should in good conscience be applied to tbe satisfaction of his debts, and, further, because otherwise tbe creditor would be without remedy. Dixon v. Dixon, supra,; McKay v. Williams, 21 N. C., 398; Brown v. Long, 36 N. C., 190. Tbe case of Dixon v. Dixon, supra, also decides that property converted from its original nature, as land into money, is not subject to tbe lien of a judgment or to sale under execution issued thereon, although tbe statute gives a lien, under tbe judgment, on all tbe real property of tbe debtor in tbe county, which, by construction of tbis Court, embraced both legal and equitable estates, citing Wall v. Fairley, 77 N. C., 105; Page v. Goodman, 43 N. C., 16.

Having disposed of these preliminary matters, tbe way has been cleared for an approach to tbe remaining and pivotal question in tbe case, which we will now consider, viz., Whether there has been a conversion of tbe land into personalty by tbis will.

Equitable conversion is a change of property from real into personal, or from personal into real, not actually taking place, but presumed to exist only by construction or intendment of equity. “Nothing,” it has been said, “is better established than tbis principle, that money directed to be employed in tbe purchase of land, and land directed to be sold and turned into money, are to be considered as that species of property into which they are directed to be converted, and tbis in whatever manner the direction is given, whether by will or by way of contract, marriage articles, settlement, or otherwise; and whether the money is actually deposited or only covenanted to be paid, whether the land is actually conveyed or only agreed to be conveyed, the owner of the fund, or the contracting parties, may make land money or money land. . . . By this and similar declarations the judges do not mean to assert a solemn piece of legal juggling without any foundation of common sense, but simply to lay down the practical doctrine that for certain purposes of devolution and transfer, and in order that the rights of parties may be enforced and preserved, it is sometimes necessary to regard property as subject to the rules applicable to it in its changed and not in its original state, although the change may not have actually taken place.” Bispham’s Equity (6 Ed.), sec. 307. Conversion may arise not only under a trust in a will, but also under settlements and other instruments inter vivos, as we have seen. In order to effect a conversion, it may be stated generally, that in a trust the direction to convert must be imperative, and in a contract the agreement must be binding. In the case of a trust created by will or otherwise the duty to convert must be mandatory and not left merely to the option or discretion of the executor or trustee, and this imperative quality may be impressed upon the trust either expressly or by the use of direct words of command, or impliedly or indirectly by a disposition of the property on such limitations as necessitate a change in character of it. “If a testator devises land to be sold, or orders or directs that the same shall be sold, it is obvious that it is the imperative duty of the trustees to make the sale. They have no discretion in the matter. They are simply to turn the real estate into personalty and to apply the money thus realized to the purpose designated in the will. This is the plainest case of conversion.” Bispham’s Equity, p. 426.

So it is said that the doctrine of conversion is not confined to those testamentary dispositions only in which imperative words are used, or wherein limitations which can only be effectuated by a conversion exist. It is to be applied to all those cases in which a general intention of the testator is sufficiently manifested to give the property to the donee in a condition different from that in which it exists at the time when the will goes into effect. A mere testamentary power of sale, vested in executors to sell real estate, will not work a conversion; but if to the power there is added a direction, a conversion will be effected. There must be an intent to convert, either express or implied. The question always is, Did the testator intend to give money or to give land, and has that intention been sufficiently expressed? Once arrive at the intention, by proper rules of interpretation, and the property will then be considered as impressed with that character which the testator designed it should have when it reached the hands of the beneficiary. While a discretion in tbe trustees as to whether a sale shall or shall not take place will of course prevent a conversion, yet a mere discretion as to the time or manner of sale will not hinder a conversion. Bispham’s Equity, p. 426, sec. 312. Benbow v. Moore, 114 N. C., 263. The effect or result of this doctrine of equity is that the court carries out the principle of conversion in all its consequences. ' Thus, money directed to be turned into land descends to the heir; and land directed to be converted into money goes to personal representatives; money belonging to a married woman which is directed to be converted into land is liable to the husband’s curtesy; an alien, though incapable of taking land for his own benefit, can take the proceeds of land directed to be sold; and in many other cases the enjoyment of property will be determined by the rules applicable to it in its changed and not in its original state. Bispham’s Equity, p. 428. But it is said that the property is not for all purposes to be treated as in its converted state, the constructive or notional conversion not being equivalent always to an actual or a real conversion, and there is an-important qualification of the doctrine, not applicable, though, to the facts of this case, that the conversion is limited to the purpose of the donor, and, therefore, in the event that the purpose fails, the property will devolve according to its original character. But we need not enlarge upon these questions, and have mentioned them only as being necessary to a complete understanding of this principle of equity, in all its bearings and as to all of its constituent elements, and also its limitations, so far only as they have relation to the questions now before us.

The correlative doctrine of reconversion is well understood to be the imaginary process by which a prior constructive conversion is annulled and taken away, and the property restored, in contemplation of equity, to its original actual quality, or where the direction to convert is revoked by act of law, or by the parties entitled to the property, which they may elect to do (Snell’s Equity, 160), but where there are several beneficiaries they must all, as a general rule, unite in the election in order to make it effectual. Bispham, sec. 323; Holloway v. Radcliffe, 23 Beav., 163; Beatty v. Byers, 18 Pa., 105. A remainderman cannot elect so as to affect injuriously the interests of those who own prior estates; nor can a lunatic himself elect, as being devoid of capacity to. make a discreet choice, or to act for himself; nor can an infant make such a binding election ordinarily, for the same reason; but it may be done for him when found to be for his benefit. 19 Cyc., 855, 866; 2 Spence’s Eq., 271; Crabtree v. Bramble, 2 Atk., 686; Cookson v. Cookson, 12 Cl. and Fin., 146; Snell’s Eq., 162; Ashby v. Palmer, 1 Mer. Ch., 296; Seeley v. Jago, 1 P. Wms., 389; Robinson v. Robinson, 19 Beav., 494; Bispham’s Eq., sec. 324. Married women could, formerly, elect by means of the pious fraud of a sham purchase of real estate, and subsequently levying a fine, or giving her consent in open court to receive tbe money or personalty. Oldham v. Hughes, 2 Atk., 452; Forbes v. Adams, 9 Sim., 462; Snell’s Eq., 163, 164. But all tbis bas been greatly modified and tbe procedure made more simple and sensible by enlightened modern legislation.

Reconversion sometimes takes place by operation of law. Tbis occurs wben a fund directed or covenanted to be laid out in real estate comes into tbe bands of tbe person for whose benefit tbe purchase is to be made, and in whom tbe entire right is vested, and be dies without making any declaration of bis intention. The fund is then said to be “at home,” and “being in tbe bands of'.one without any other use, but for himself, it will be money, and tbe heir cannot claim.”

There is some analogy between tbe equity of a creditor to subject tbe interest of Ms debtor who is entitled to a part of tbe proceeds of sale in tbe case of a conversion and that of a creditor to enforce bis claim against a debtor having only a “right in equity,” in respect of land, instead of an equitable interest or estate therein, as in Nelson v. Hughes, 55 N. C., 33, where tbe Court held, by Pearson, J., that tbe mere right to have one person declared a trustee for another could not be sold under execution, tbe remedy being in equity alone. Tbe Court said, at p. 59: “But it is asked, How are creditors to subject these ‘rights’ of ■debtors to tbe payment of their debts? Tbe reply is, as was said in Page v. Goodman, 43 N. C., 16; Thigpen v. Pitt, 54 N. C., 49, and many other cases: Tbe creditors may have relief by filing a bill in equity to have tbe interest of their debtors declared and sold under a decree.” In our case tbe entire land would have to be sold according to tbe direction of tbe will, and tbe debtor’s share applied to tbe satisfaction of tbe claim, subject to bis right of exemption in personal property.

Tbe will in tbis case gives a life estate in tbe land to tbe mother, and an estate, by way of remainder, to tbe children and grandchildren after her death, wben it is to be sold and tbe money divided as directed. Under tbis provision of tbe will tbe conversion will not take place until tbe life estate bas been determined by tbe death of Mrs. Clifton. Tbe creditor of one of tbe legatees is as much bound by tbe terms of tbe will as tbe legatee Avould be bad there been no debt, and can only subject to tbe payment of bis claims the interest of bis debtor. They both must take, if at all, per forman dom (according to tbe form of tbe gift), and tbe mere fact that one of tbe beneficiaries bas become indebted does not alter tbe rights of tbe parties under tbe will. As tbe testator directed a sale of tbe land after tbe death of his widow, tbe equitable conversion of tbe land into money will take place at that time. “When there is an imperative direction to sell, unless tbe conversion is expressly directed to be made at a specific time in tbe future, or upon tbe happening of some particular event, tbe conversion takes place as from tbe death of the testator. 9 Cyc., 839. In this case the time for the conversion to take place is distinctly specified, viz., at the death of the widow, which is sure to happen sooner or later, and the conversion will therefore take place only at that time. It is said in 9 Cyc., 838, that there is some conflict npon this question between the cases, but this Court is placed among those which have adopted the rule stated above. Brothers v. Cartwright, 55 N. C., 113; Powell v. Powell, 41 N. C., 50.

But if the conversion took place from the testator’s death, according to the majority rule, we think there would be no practical difference in this case, for the sale, under the direction of the will, could not be made until the time for it as fixed by the will had arrived. In the meantime the naked legal title is vested in the devisees named, as it would have been in the heirs by descent if there had been no devise to them. Ferebee v. Proctor, 19 N. C., 439, 446. That case holds that “nothing can defeat the heir but a valid disposition to another. Whatever is not given away to some person must descend. The heir takes, not by the bounty of the testator, but by force of the law, even against the express declaration of the testator to the contrary. If the will does not devise the land, but creates a power to sell it, then, upon the execution of the power, the purchaser is in under the will, as if his name had been inserted in it as devisee. But, in the meantime, the land descends, and the estate is in the heir. The power is not the estate, but only an authority over it, and a legal capacity to convey it. These are elementary maxims.” But this title by devise or descent is held in trust only for the purpose of eventually executing the intention of the testator that the land should be sold and the proceeds of sale divided among the beneficiaries named 'in the will as directed therein, so that they will take the property as personalty, and not as land. Ferebee v. Proctor, supra, illustrates this principle. There the executor had but a bare power to sell, not coupled with any interest, and the land which was not devised to him with the power descended to the heirs, and upon the execution of the power it passed from them to the purchaser at the sale.

It is not an interest in land which is subject to sale under the provisions of our statute. Revisal, secs. 629 and 630. The heir or devisee has but the naked legal title, and no beneficial interest in the land out of which his creditor could realize anything, and it would be vain and idle to sell it, and for that reason our statute does not provide for its sale. The heir or devisee does not hold the land in trust for the party entitled to the proceeds of 'sale under the direction for conversion, in the sense that the latter has any equitable estate in the land which would have a salable value, but the legal title is left in the devisee or heir, as it cannot be suspended until the conversion takes place, when it automatically passes to the purchaser at the sale.- This being so, the creditor of a party entitled to the proceeds of sale, or a part thereof, cannot levy or sell the land, as land, as his debtor has no beneficial interest ■ therein, because he takes it as personalty, nor can he noio proceed in equity, nor until the conversion takes place at the death of the tenant for life, according to the will of the testator and the form of the gift. If the conversion had taken place as from the death of the testator, according to the majority rule, the actual conversion by a sale of the land could not have been made until after the death of the widow, as that is the time fixed by the will for the land to be sold. The testator had the right to annex any lawful condition to his gift and to prescribe the manner and time of its enjoyment.

The result is that the court erred in its judgment directing a sale of the land by the sheriff. His levy, sale, and deed to the purchaser are all void and of no effect, and will be so declared, and further, the deed will be set aside and properly canceled, so as to remove any cloud from the title and to untrammel the regular conversion of the land as directed in the will. It will be further declared that the defendant A. L. Owens is not now entitled to have a sale of the land for the purpose of its conversion into money under the will, and the subjection of plaintiff’s share thereof to his claim, but this will he done without prejudice to his right to proceed hereafter, and at the proper time, to enforce his equity. There was error in the judgment of the court.

Beversed.