O’BRIEN, J.
There are two defendants,—the Press Publishing Company, which published, and Judson J. Worrell, the reporter, who wrote, the libelous article. It consisted of the statement that “Jacob Dascher, who was shot some time ago in Stapleton by Frederick Clifford, a saloon keeper, on the corner of Canal and Bay streets, during a street fight, was discharged yesterday.” The accusation is admitted by both defendants to be wholly false, and it appears that there had previously been published in the paper accounts of the same shooting, correctly giving the name of the man, who was the plaintiff’s brother, and further stating that he had-been arrested and held to await the action of the grand jury. The contention upon the trial was whether it was intentional.
It is conceded that in actions of this character the amount of damages is peculiarly within the discretion of the jury, and, unless for error in rulings upon evidence or in the court’s charge to the jury upon the subject of damages, a verdict' will not be interfered with or disturbed. What the appellant’s attorney complains of is the refusal of the learned trial judge, upon the examination of his own client and upon the cross-examination of the reporter, to permit him to prove that the reporter in the publication was actuated by express malice through ill feeling against the plaintiff, and he urges that evidence of such express malice should have been admitted for the purpose of enabling his client to obtain punitive or exemplary damages against the Press Publishing Company. That such evidence was competent as against the reporter was recognized by the trial judge, and the rulings objected to were all directed to excluding the evidence as against the corporation which published the article.
The several exceptions taken to the rulings, therefore, form the basis of the single substantial question presented, bn this appeal. That question is whether it is competent in actions for libel to prove, as against a corporation publishing a newspaper, the personal ill will or express malice and enmity which the reporter who wrote and sent in the libelous article for publication by it entertained against the person libeled. The complaint herein differs from the usual one in a libel suit, in that it alleges express malice, and further alleges that the article was inspired by personal enmity, and was published for the purpose of doing the plaintiff a specific injury. In support of these allegations, the plaintiff sought to prove that express malice existed on the part of the reporter who wrote and sent the article to the newspaper; and the question, therefore, to which we will direct our attention, is whether such express and personal malice on the [769]*769part of the reporter is imputable to the corporation, so as to make it liable to respond therefor in exemplary damages.
The learned trial judge justified the rulings excluding all evidence of express malice on the part of the reporter as against the newspaper corporation upon the authority of Krug v. Pitass, 162 N. Y. 154, 56 N. E. 526, 76 Am. St. Rep. 317. We have had occasion to discuss that decision in two cases in this court. McMahon v. Publishing Co., 51 App. Div. 488, 64 N. Y. Supp. 713; Potter v. Publishing Co., 68 App. Div. 101, 74 N. Y. Supp. 317. In Krug v. Pitass the suit was brought against three individuals, one of whom was Pitass, the proprietor of the newspaper, another the editor, Slisz, and the third defendant was the writer of the communication which was regarded as defamatory. The point directly involved and decided therein was that it was incompetent and inadmissible to prove personal ill will entertained for many years by one of the defendants, who knew nothing of the article until after the publication, as against the other defendants, who had no knowledge of the existence of such ill will, and who were not influenced or affected thereby in the part that they had in the publication. It was further said in the opinion:
“Moreover, the malice of one defendant cannot he imputed to another without connecting proof. ‘If two he sued, the motive of one must not he allowed to aggravate the damages against the other.’ Bigelow’s Odgers, Lib. & S. 296; Post Co. v. McArthur, 16 Mich. 447; Craker v. Railway Co., 36 Wis. 658, 17 Am. Rep. 504; Haines v. Schultz, 50 N. J. Law, 481, 14 Atl. 488; Clark v. Newsam, 1 Exch. 131; Carmichael v. Railway Co., 13 Ir. Law R. 313; Robertson v. Wylde, 2 Moody & R. 101.”
Although in this statement there is seemingly no qualification in the application of the rule to individuals, as distinguished from corporations, we think that an examination of the cases relied upon, together with the reason for the rule, requires that such a distinction should be observed. Many railroad cases can be found, including those above cited, wherein it has been held, in an action against a railroad corporation, that the corporation could not be held responsible for the malice or gross negligence of agents; but with the growth and development of corporations has come the tendency of recent decisions to extend the liability of corporations on such acts. Be this as it may, however, the distinction between railroad cases and libel suits has been clearly pointed out in the dissenting opinion of Judge Davis in Samuels v. Association, 9 Hun, 294, approved by the court of appeals in 75 N. Y. 604; and as therein shown it would tend to mislead, rather than to aid, to refer to railroad cases for the purpose of determining what should be the rule of damages in libel suits.
Omitting, therefore, the railroad cases cited in Krug v. Pitass, supra, we find that Haines v. Schultz, Robertson v. Wylde, and Clark v. Newsam, therein referred to, were all actions against individuals, in which the question whether corporations may be liable for the malicious acts of their agents was in no way involved. The only case of those therein mentioned where suit was brought for libel in which the question was presented is that of Post Co. v. McArthur, 16 Mich. 447, it there being held that “a publisher of a newspaper should [770]*770be exempt from any aggravation of damages on account of the express malice of his subordinates for any libel published without his privity or approval.”
In this state, however, the question is an open one; it never having been decided whether a newspaper corporation in a libel case can ,be made responsible • for the express malice of one of its officers or agents. In disposing of this question it becomes necessary to' consider the principles that govern the liability of corporations and the damages which may be recovered against them; and in that connection it is important not to be misled by early decisions which were rendered before the growth of corporations, and before the law relating to them had been discussed. The rules which formerly governed the liability of principals for the acts of agents have been unquestionably modified by the growth of modern corporations. Thus, the rule that an individual principal could not be held liable for the willful wrong of an agent or employé has yielded to the policy which demands that carrier corporations should be held to the strictest responsibility. And there is abundant authority at the present time for holding corporations, civilly liable in their corporate capacity for all torts which injure' others, whether acts of omission or commission, for negligence merely, or for direct violence; and that, too, in punitive or vindictive damages. With respect to publication of libels, this court has recently said in the case of Stokes v. Association, 72 App. Div, 184, 193, 76 N. Y. Supp. 429:
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O’BRIEN, J.
There are two defendants,—the Press Publishing Company, which published, and Judson J. Worrell, the reporter, who wrote, the libelous article. It consisted of the statement that “Jacob Dascher, who was shot some time ago in Stapleton by Frederick Clifford, a saloon keeper, on the corner of Canal and Bay streets, during a street fight, was discharged yesterday.” The accusation is admitted by both defendants to be wholly false, and it appears that there had previously been published in the paper accounts of the same shooting, correctly giving the name of the man, who was the plaintiff’s brother, and further stating that he had-been arrested and held to await the action of the grand jury. The contention upon the trial was whether it was intentional.
It is conceded that in actions of this character the amount of damages is peculiarly within the discretion of the jury, and, unless for error in rulings upon evidence or in the court’s charge to the jury upon the subject of damages, a verdict' will not be interfered with or disturbed. What the appellant’s attorney complains of is the refusal of the learned trial judge, upon the examination of his own client and upon the cross-examination of the reporter, to permit him to prove that the reporter in the publication was actuated by express malice through ill feeling against the plaintiff, and he urges that evidence of such express malice should have been admitted for the purpose of enabling his client to obtain punitive or exemplary damages against the Press Publishing Company. That such evidence was competent as against the reporter was recognized by the trial judge, and the rulings objected to were all directed to excluding the evidence as against the corporation which published the article.
The several exceptions taken to the rulings, therefore, form the basis of the single substantial question presented, bn this appeal. That question is whether it is competent in actions for libel to prove, as against a corporation publishing a newspaper, the personal ill will or express malice and enmity which the reporter who wrote and sent in the libelous article for publication by it entertained against the person libeled. The complaint herein differs from the usual one in a libel suit, in that it alleges express malice, and further alleges that the article was inspired by personal enmity, and was published for the purpose of doing the plaintiff a specific injury. In support of these allegations, the plaintiff sought to prove that express malice existed on the part of the reporter who wrote and sent the article to the newspaper; and the question, therefore, to which we will direct our attention, is whether such express and personal malice on the [769]*769part of the reporter is imputable to the corporation, so as to make it liable to respond therefor in exemplary damages.
The learned trial judge justified the rulings excluding all evidence of express malice on the part of the reporter as against the newspaper corporation upon the authority of Krug v. Pitass, 162 N. Y. 154, 56 N. E. 526, 76 Am. St. Rep. 317. We have had occasion to discuss that decision in two cases in this court. McMahon v. Publishing Co., 51 App. Div. 488, 64 N. Y. Supp. 713; Potter v. Publishing Co., 68 App. Div. 101, 74 N. Y. Supp. 317. In Krug v. Pitass the suit was brought against three individuals, one of whom was Pitass, the proprietor of the newspaper, another the editor, Slisz, and the third defendant was the writer of the communication which was regarded as defamatory. The point directly involved and decided therein was that it was incompetent and inadmissible to prove personal ill will entertained for many years by one of the defendants, who knew nothing of the article until after the publication, as against the other defendants, who had no knowledge of the existence of such ill will, and who were not influenced or affected thereby in the part that they had in the publication. It was further said in the opinion:
“Moreover, the malice of one defendant cannot he imputed to another without connecting proof. ‘If two he sued, the motive of one must not he allowed to aggravate the damages against the other.’ Bigelow’s Odgers, Lib. & S. 296; Post Co. v. McArthur, 16 Mich. 447; Craker v. Railway Co., 36 Wis. 658, 17 Am. Rep. 504; Haines v. Schultz, 50 N. J. Law, 481, 14 Atl. 488; Clark v. Newsam, 1 Exch. 131; Carmichael v. Railway Co., 13 Ir. Law R. 313; Robertson v. Wylde, 2 Moody & R. 101.”
Although in this statement there is seemingly no qualification in the application of the rule to individuals, as distinguished from corporations, we think that an examination of the cases relied upon, together with the reason for the rule, requires that such a distinction should be observed. Many railroad cases can be found, including those above cited, wherein it has been held, in an action against a railroad corporation, that the corporation could not be held responsible for the malice or gross negligence of agents; but with the growth and development of corporations has come the tendency of recent decisions to extend the liability of corporations on such acts. Be this as it may, however, the distinction between railroad cases and libel suits has been clearly pointed out in the dissenting opinion of Judge Davis in Samuels v. Association, 9 Hun, 294, approved by the court of appeals in 75 N. Y. 604; and as therein shown it would tend to mislead, rather than to aid, to refer to railroad cases for the purpose of determining what should be the rule of damages in libel suits.
Omitting, therefore, the railroad cases cited in Krug v. Pitass, supra, we find that Haines v. Schultz, Robertson v. Wylde, and Clark v. Newsam, therein referred to, were all actions against individuals, in which the question whether corporations may be liable for the malicious acts of their agents was in no way involved. The only case of those therein mentioned where suit was brought for libel in which the question was presented is that of Post Co. v. McArthur, 16 Mich. 447, it there being held that “a publisher of a newspaper should [770]*770be exempt from any aggravation of damages on account of the express malice of his subordinates for any libel published without his privity or approval.”
In this state, however, the question is an open one; it never having been decided whether a newspaper corporation in a libel case can ,be made responsible • for the express malice of one of its officers or agents. In disposing of this question it becomes necessary to' consider the principles that govern the liability of corporations and the damages which may be recovered against them; and in that connection it is important not to be misled by early decisions which were rendered before the growth of corporations, and before the law relating to them had been discussed. The rules which formerly governed the liability of principals for the acts of agents have been unquestionably modified by the growth of modern corporations. Thus, the rule that an individual principal could not be held liable for the willful wrong of an agent or employé has yielded to the policy which demands that carrier corporations should be held to the strictest responsibility. And there is abundant authority at the present time for holding corporations, civilly liable in their corporate capacity for all torts which injure' others, whether acts of omission or commission, for negligence merely, or for direct violence; and that, too, in punitive or vindictive damages. With respect to publication of libels, this court has recently said in the case of Stokes v. Association, 72 App. Div, 184, 193, 76 N. Y. Supp. 429:
“As corporations engaged in the publication of newspapers can act only through their officers or agents, the corporation is liable for the acts of its responsible officers or agents, upon whom it has conferred the power to determine what should be published, and their acts in relation to the publication of the newspaper are certainly competent evidence in relation’ to the publication and the motives with which it was made.”
It is self-evident that express malice on the part of a corporation can be proved only by the acts of its officers, agents, and employes ; and, if their personal ill will or bad faith in connection with the publication of a libel is not imputable to it, then it follows that there can be no such thing as express malice upon the part of a corporation, and we should be obliged to go to the length of holding that a newspaper corporation is not liable in exemplary damages for express malice with respect to any article published, no matter what may have been the motives of those who, acting for the corporation, are on its behalf responsible for the act of publication, and that no evidence of such motives can be shown for the purpose of enhancing damages.
Diametrically opposed to this is the rule in favor of the corporation, which has been many times sustained, to the effect that care, good faith, and the absence of personal ill feeling on the part of those responsible for the publication, could be shown in mitigation of damages. In fact, the present record shows that this defendant corporation received the benefit of that rule, because it was permitted to prove that the publication was made in the ordinary course of business, and the misstatement was a mere newspaper error, made without any intention of injuring the plaintiff. .Such evidence, moreover, [771]*771was in part given by the reporter, who was permitted to state that the mistake was entirely unintentional; which testimony, and more to like effect, was' for the purpose of mitigating the damages, and, as shown by the size of the verdict rendered, did mitigate them. On the other hand, however, the plaintiff was prevented, as against the corporation, from giving, for the purpose of enhancing damages, any evidence of express malice and enmity on the part of the reporter. It has been frequently said that “it is a bad rule that does not work both ways”; and, although expressions may be found in decisions to support the ruling of the learned trial judge, we are referred to no case of binding authority wherein the question was directly presented, and wherein it was held, since the extension of the rule of liability of corporations for the acts of their agents, that in libel suits a corporation is not responsible for the motives of its officers and agents'. Unless so responsible, it could never, as pointed out,'be actuated by express malice; for since it is merely a legal entity or artificial being,, and entirely impersonal, it could never in and of itself have motives-for its actions. A- corporation can act only through its officers, directors, employes, and agents, and, unless affected by their acts and motives, it could never be affected at all. It is true that a resolution of its board of directors sanctioning its publication, or the act. of the chief editor or publisher, would be a more formal -and direct way of expressing the will of the corporation than would be the act of some subordinate agent or employé. It would yet remain, however, that the act of a board of directors, or of the executive officers, editors, or publishers, would be binding upon the corporation only because it is through such agencies alone that the corporation is moved to act at all. It follows, \ye think, that, though a board of directors or the executive officers are of a higher grade, they are still but the agents of the corporation, just as are reporters while-acting within the scope of their employment for the corporation.
If, influenced by ill will, a board of directors, by formal resolution, should conclude to libel some third person, we do not think that for a moment it would be denied that the motives of the directors which led to the passage of the resolution would be competent evidence as tending to show express malice on the part of the corporation. If this is so, following logically along the same line of reasoning, although the scope in which a reporter can act is limited by the field of employment to which he is assigned, he is, nevertheless, within that field the agent of the corporation; and, just as in this case the rer porter was permitted to testify that the error in the name was an unintentional mistake, we think the plaintiff might have been allowed, to prove, if he could, that this statement was untrue, and that the-reporter was actuated by personal ill will, and intentionally sent in> the article for publication for the purpose of injuring the plaintiff.
We have reached the conclusion, therefore, that it is competent in libel cases to prove, as against a newspaper corporation, the motives which inspired the publication, and that where they are shown ' to be good they may be relied upon for the purpose of mitigating-damages, and if bad of enhancing them.' It follows, as the motives. of a corporation can only be shown through the acts and feelings off [772]*772its agents and officers, that it is competent to prove, for the purpose of recovering punitive damages, the ill will or malice which existed at the time on the part of those who were responsible for the publication of the libel, and which it can be shown influenced the publication.
We think, therefore, that the exceptions to the rulings referred to should be sustained, and that the judgment and order should be reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.
VAN BRUNT, P. J., and McEAUGHIJN and HATCH, JJ„ concur.