MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 27 2018, 8:59 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE T. Andrew Perkins Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Peterson Waggoner & Perkins, LLP Attorney General of Indiana Rochester, Indiana Chandra K. Hein Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Clifford J. Reffitt, August 27, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-532 v. Appeal from the Fulton Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Wayne E. Steele, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 25D01-1711-CM-517
Bradford, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] On November 20, 2017, the State charged Clifford J. Reffitt with Class A
misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a license. The case proceeded to a
jury trial on January 25, 2018, and the jury found Reffitt guilty as charged. On
February 15, 2018, the trial court sentenced Reffitt to 365 days executed.
Reffitt raises the following restated issues: whether the State failed to present
sufficient evidence that he possessed a handgun without a license and whether
the trial court abused its discretion when it considered his criminal history and
the volume of alcohol-related offenses during sentencing. Because the State
presented sufficient evidence to prove that Reffitt carried a handgun without a
license and the trial court did not abuse its discretion during sentencing, we
affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] On November 16, 2017, Rochester Police Department dispatcher Kristine
Lease received a call that Reffitt was intoxicated, had threated to hurt a family
member, and was walking down an alley near Beacon Bank. Police Chief
Andrew Shotts responded to the dispatch. Chief Shotts drove to Beacon Bank,
and when he could not find Reffitt, began driving around town to locate him.
Knowing that Reffitt had a connection to the Four Seasons trailer court, Chief
Shotts decided to see if Reffitt was there.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 2 of 8 [3] Chief Shotts was driving down the center drive when he saw Reffitt walk out
from between two lots. Chief Shotts exited his vehicle and called out to Reffitt.
He observed that Reffitt had a grocery bag in his left hand and his right hand
was tucked into his jacket. Reffitt began to jog away from Chief Shotts, keeping
his hand in his right jacket pocket as he ran. Reffitt ran around the corner of
one of the trailers and out of sight. Chief Shotts then observed Reffitt kneel
down next to one of the trailers, stand up, and start jogging away from the area
where he had knelt down. Chief Shotts ran past the area where Ruffitt had bent
over and observed a handgun in the bottom skirting of the trailer.
[4] Shortly thereafter, Chief Shotts caught Reffitt and took him into custody. After
he transferred Reffitt to another officer, Chief Shotts went and retrieved the
handgun, which was still warm to the touch despite the fact that it was forty-
one degrees outside. Reffitt has never had a license to carry a firearm in the
State of Indiana. The owner of the trailer testified that neither she nor her
husband owned any firearms.
[5] On November 20, 2017, the State charged Reffitt with Class A misdemeanor
carrying a handgun without a license. The case proceeded to a jury trial on
January 25, 2018, and the jury found Reffitt guilty as charged. During the
sentencing hearing on February 15, 2018, the trial court received a
memorandum from the probation department detailing Reffitt’s criminal
history. The memorandum indicated that Reffitt was first convicted of public
intoxication when he was seventeen years old and was subsequently convicted
of public intoxication in 1981, twice in 1990, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2007,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 3 of 8 2011, 2012, and 2014, and operating while intoxicated in 1985, 1991, 1994,
1995, 1998, 2003, and 2007. In total, Reffitt has nineteen convictions and six
additional arrests for alcohol-related offenses. Reffitt has also failed to
successfully complete probation seven times for his various offenses. Reffitt
did not make any additions or corrections to the memorandum.
[6] Based on his criminal history and the number of alcohol-related offenses, the
trial court found that Reffitt was not an appropriate candidate for work release.
Specifically, the trial court observed that, “When you’re not in jail, you’re
drinking.” Tr. Vol. II. p. 170. After the sentencing hearing, the trial court
sentenced Reffitt to 365 days executed.
Discussion and Decision I. Sufficiency of the Evidence [7] Reffitt argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
possession of a handgun without a license. Specifically, he asserts that the State
failed to prove that he constructively possessed the handgun that was recovered
from the skirting of the trailer. We do not reweigh the evidence or assess the
credibility of the witnesses when we are reviewing sufficiency-of-the-evidence
claims. Cox v. State, 774 N.E.2d 1025, 1028–29 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). We
consider only the evidence most favorable to the verdict, together with all
reasonable and logical inferences to be drawn therefrom. Alspach v. State, 755
N.E.2d 209, 210 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. The conviction will be
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 4 of 8 affirmed if there is substantial evidence of probative value to support the
conclusion of the trier-of-fact. Cox, 774 N.E.2d at 1028–29.
[8] In order to convict Reffitt of carrying a handgun without a license, the State
was required to prove that on or about November 16, 2017, Reffitt did
knowingly or intentionally carry a handgun in or upon his person without a
license in his possession. See Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1. A conviction for
possession may rest upon proof of actual or constructive possession. Bradshaw
v. State, 818 N.E.2d 59, 63 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). Actual possession occurs
when a person has direct physical control over the items. Griffin v. State, 945
N.E.2d. 781, 784 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). On the other hand, we have observed
that to prove constructive possession, the State must show that a person had
both the intent and capability to maintain dominion and control over the
contraband. Id.
Proof of dominion and control may be shown, inter alia, by (1) incriminating statements made by a defendant; (2) attempted flight or furtive gestures; (3) proximity of contraband to the defendant; (4) location of the contraband within the defendant’s plain view; or (5) the mingling of the contraband with other items owned by the defendant.
Bradshaw, 818 N.E.2d at 63.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 27 2018, 8:59 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE T. Andrew Perkins Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Peterson Waggoner & Perkins, LLP Attorney General of Indiana Rochester, Indiana Chandra K. Hein Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Clifford J. Reffitt, August 27, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-532 v. Appeal from the Fulton Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Wayne E. Steele, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 25D01-1711-CM-517
Bradford, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] On November 20, 2017, the State charged Clifford J. Reffitt with Class A
misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a license. The case proceeded to a
jury trial on January 25, 2018, and the jury found Reffitt guilty as charged. On
February 15, 2018, the trial court sentenced Reffitt to 365 days executed.
Reffitt raises the following restated issues: whether the State failed to present
sufficient evidence that he possessed a handgun without a license and whether
the trial court abused its discretion when it considered his criminal history and
the volume of alcohol-related offenses during sentencing. Because the State
presented sufficient evidence to prove that Reffitt carried a handgun without a
license and the trial court did not abuse its discretion during sentencing, we
affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] On November 16, 2017, Rochester Police Department dispatcher Kristine
Lease received a call that Reffitt was intoxicated, had threated to hurt a family
member, and was walking down an alley near Beacon Bank. Police Chief
Andrew Shotts responded to the dispatch. Chief Shotts drove to Beacon Bank,
and when he could not find Reffitt, began driving around town to locate him.
Knowing that Reffitt had a connection to the Four Seasons trailer court, Chief
Shotts decided to see if Reffitt was there.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 2 of 8 [3] Chief Shotts was driving down the center drive when he saw Reffitt walk out
from between two lots. Chief Shotts exited his vehicle and called out to Reffitt.
He observed that Reffitt had a grocery bag in his left hand and his right hand
was tucked into his jacket. Reffitt began to jog away from Chief Shotts, keeping
his hand in his right jacket pocket as he ran. Reffitt ran around the corner of
one of the trailers and out of sight. Chief Shotts then observed Reffitt kneel
down next to one of the trailers, stand up, and start jogging away from the area
where he had knelt down. Chief Shotts ran past the area where Ruffitt had bent
over and observed a handgun in the bottom skirting of the trailer.
[4] Shortly thereafter, Chief Shotts caught Reffitt and took him into custody. After
he transferred Reffitt to another officer, Chief Shotts went and retrieved the
handgun, which was still warm to the touch despite the fact that it was forty-
one degrees outside. Reffitt has never had a license to carry a firearm in the
State of Indiana. The owner of the trailer testified that neither she nor her
husband owned any firearms.
[5] On November 20, 2017, the State charged Reffitt with Class A misdemeanor
carrying a handgun without a license. The case proceeded to a jury trial on
January 25, 2018, and the jury found Reffitt guilty as charged. During the
sentencing hearing on February 15, 2018, the trial court received a
memorandum from the probation department detailing Reffitt’s criminal
history. The memorandum indicated that Reffitt was first convicted of public
intoxication when he was seventeen years old and was subsequently convicted
of public intoxication in 1981, twice in 1990, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2007,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 3 of 8 2011, 2012, and 2014, and operating while intoxicated in 1985, 1991, 1994,
1995, 1998, 2003, and 2007. In total, Reffitt has nineteen convictions and six
additional arrests for alcohol-related offenses. Reffitt has also failed to
successfully complete probation seven times for his various offenses. Reffitt
did not make any additions or corrections to the memorandum.
[6] Based on his criminal history and the number of alcohol-related offenses, the
trial court found that Reffitt was not an appropriate candidate for work release.
Specifically, the trial court observed that, “When you’re not in jail, you’re
drinking.” Tr. Vol. II. p. 170. After the sentencing hearing, the trial court
sentenced Reffitt to 365 days executed.
Discussion and Decision I. Sufficiency of the Evidence [7] Reffitt argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
possession of a handgun without a license. Specifically, he asserts that the State
failed to prove that he constructively possessed the handgun that was recovered
from the skirting of the trailer. We do not reweigh the evidence or assess the
credibility of the witnesses when we are reviewing sufficiency-of-the-evidence
claims. Cox v. State, 774 N.E.2d 1025, 1028–29 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). We
consider only the evidence most favorable to the verdict, together with all
reasonable and logical inferences to be drawn therefrom. Alspach v. State, 755
N.E.2d 209, 210 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. The conviction will be
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 4 of 8 affirmed if there is substantial evidence of probative value to support the
conclusion of the trier-of-fact. Cox, 774 N.E.2d at 1028–29.
[8] In order to convict Reffitt of carrying a handgun without a license, the State
was required to prove that on or about November 16, 2017, Reffitt did
knowingly or intentionally carry a handgun in or upon his person without a
license in his possession. See Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1. A conviction for
possession may rest upon proof of actual or constructive possession. Bradshaw
v. State, 818 N.E.2d 59, 63 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). Actual possession occurs
when a person has direct physical control over the items. Griffin v. State, 945
N.E.2d. 781, 784 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). On the other hand, we have observed
that to prove constructive possession, the State must show that a person had
both the intent and capability to maintain dominion and control over the
contraband. Id.
Proof of dominion and control may be shown, inter alia, by (1) incriminating statements made by a defendant; (2) attempted flight or furtive gestures; (3) proximity of contraband to the defendant; (4) location of the contraband within the defendant’s plain view; or (5) the mingling of the contraband with other items owned by the defendant.
Bradshaw, 818 N.E.2d at 63.
[9] When constructive possession is alleged, the State must demonstrate the defendant’s knowledge of the contraband. Such knowledge may be inferred from the exclusive dominion or control over the premises containing the contraband or, if the control is nonexclusive, evidence of additional circumstances
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 5 of 8 pointing to the defendant's knowledge of the presence of the contraband. Moreover, while an accused must have actual knowledge of the presence of the item and of the item’s character, this knowledge can be inferred from the fact that the item was found in a place under his dominion and control.
Id.
[10] Reffitt argues that the State was required to prove direct evidence of possession.
However, the State was allowed to use circumstantial evidence to prove Reffitt
unlawfully possessed a handgun without a license. “Constructive possession
may be inferred even when the defendant’s control is not exclusive and
circumstantial evidence points to the defendant’s knowledge of the presence of
a weapon.” Ferrell v. State, 656 N.E.2d 839, 842 (Ind. Ct. App 1995).
[11] In this case, when Chief Shotts first saw Reffitt, Reffitt had his right hand in his
coat pocket. Reffitt ignored Chief Shotts and began to jog away from him,
keeping his right hand in his pocket as he ran. Chief Shotts then saw Reffitt
bend down next to one of the trailers, stand up, and jog away from the trailer.
When Chief Shotts arrived at the trailer, he observed a handgun in the bottom
skirting of the trailer. The gun was warm to the touch when Chief Shotts
discovered it despite the fact that it was only forty-one degrees that day and no
one else was around the trailer. When asked, the owner of the trailer stated that
neither she nor her husband owned a handgun. In light of this evidence, we
conclude that there is sufficient probative evidence from which a reasonable
factfinder could conclude that Reffitt was in possession of the handgun. Thus,
we reject Reffitt’s argument that the State failed to meet its burden of proof. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 6 of 8 II. Sentencing [12] Reffitt also argues that the trial court improperly considered his alcoholism
during sentencing.1 Sentencing decisions rest within the sound discretion of the
trial court and are reviewed on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.
Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), modified on other grounds on
reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). “An abuse of discretion occurs if the
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances
before the court, or the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn
therefrom.” Id. We do not reweigh the evidence and consider conflicting
evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling when reviewing
such claims. Mogg v. State, 918 N.E.2d 750, 755 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
However, we will not find that a trial court abused its discretion in failing to
properly weigh the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Anglemyer, 868
N.E.2d at 491.
[13] Reffitt is essentially arguing that the trial court abused its discretion when it
considered and gave weight to his drinking. Reffitt points to the trial court’s
statement that “When you’re not in jail, you’re drinking.” Tr. Vol. II p. 170.
This statement is not evidence of bias; rather, it is an accurate assessment of
Reffitt’s history. Reffitt has nineteen prior alcohol-related convictions and six
1 While Reffitt says the trial court’s comments about Reffitt’s drinking demonstrated bias, the heart of the issue appears to be whether the trial court abused its discretion in weighing the mitigating and aggravating circumstances during sentencing.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 7 of 8 additional arrests for alcohol-related offenses. See id at 492 (trial courts are
allowed to consider a defendant’s criminal history during sentencing). The trial
court also gave weight to the fact that Reffitt was intoxicated at the time of the
offense and the danger he created when he hid a handgun in an area where
children might find it. See Gleason v. State, 956 N.E.2d 702, 711 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012) (“[T]he nature and circumstances of the crime can be an aggravator.”).
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in considering Reffitt’s history of
alcohol abuse.
[14] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-532| August 27, 2018 Page 8 of 8