Cleveland v. Jordan

2016 Ohio 4957

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: July 14, 2016
• Docket: 103451
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Cleveland v. Jordan, 2016-Ohio-4957.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 103451

CITY OF CLEVELAND PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

TIFFANY JORDAN DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

Criminal Appeal from the Cleveland Municipal Court Case No. 2014 TRC 004521

BEFORE: Stewart, J., Kilbane, P.J., and E.T. Gallagher, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 14, 2016 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Timothy J. Kucharski Richardson & Kucharski Co., L.P.A. 1200 West Third Street, Suite 190 Cleveland, OH 44113

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Barbara A. Langhenry Director of Law City of Cleveland Law Department 601 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 106 Cleveland, OH 44114

Kimberly G. Barnett-Mills Gina Villa Assistant City of Cleveland Prosecutors Justice Center, 8th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 MELODY J. STEWART, J.:

{¶1} Thinking that she was taking a shortcut, defendant-appellant Tiffany Jordan

drove her pickup truck off a main road and into a rail yard. She struck a rail, damaging

her tire and causing her vehicle to come to rest on railroad tracks. Railroad security

discovered Jordan and called the police. Jordan was so unruly that the police could not

administer field sobriety tests and, after being transported to the police station, she

refused to take a breath test. The police determined that Jordan was intoxicated and

charged her under the city’s code. The court found Jordan guilty of operating a vehicle

under the influence (“OVI”), stopping at a grade crossing, and failure to control. Jordan

appeals, raising four assignments of error relating solely to the OVI charge: (1) the court

found her guilty of driving under the influence “with a refusal” even though there is no

such offense; (2) the court erred by denying her motion for judgment of acquittal; (3) the

verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence; and (4) trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to challenge her arrest on grounds that the police had no probable

cause to arrest her. We find no error and affirm.

{¶2} Jordan’s first assigned error argues that the city charged her with, and the

court found her guilty of, committing an offense — driving under the influence “with a

refusal” — that does not exist under the Cleveland Codified Ordinances.

{¶3} The police used a uniform traffic ticket to charge Jordan with two offenses

for operating a vehicle while under the influence (“OVI”). The first OVI offense was listed under a box titled “OVI” and charged Jordan with being “under the influence of

alcohol/drug of abuse” with a prohibited blood alcohol concentration in violation of

Cleveland Codified Ordinances “433.01A1.” Under the same charge, the arresting

officer checked a box marked “refused,” to indicate that Jordan refused to take a breath

test. The second OVI offense was listed under a box titled “other offense” and charged

Jordan with “OVI-observation” in violation of Cleveland Codified Ordinances “433.01.”

{¶4} At the time of her arrest for the offenses charged in this case, Jordan had two

prior OVI convictions within the last 20 years. R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) makes it a crime for

any person who, within the previous 20 years has been convicted of an OVI offense, to

operate any vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or a drug of abuse and refuse to

submit to a chemical test. The city’s code contains no equivalent law. Cleveland

Codified Ordinances 433.01(a) states:

(a) No person shall operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this City, if, at the time of the operation, any of the following apply:

(1) The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them;

(2) The person has a concentration of eight-hundredths of one per cent (0.08%) or more but less than seventeen-hundredths of one per cent (0.17%) by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person’s whole blood;

(3) The person has a concentration of ninety-six thousandths of one percent (0.096%) or more but less than two hundred four-thousandths of one per cent (0.204%) by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person’s blood serum or plasma;

(4) The person has a concentration of eight-hundredths of one (0.08) gram or more but less than seventeen-hundredths of one (0.17) gram by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of the person’s breath; (5) The person has a concentration of eleven-hundredths of one (0.11) gram or more but less than two hundred thirty-eight-thousandths of one (0.238) gram by weight of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of the person’s urine;

(6) The person has a concentration of seventeen-hundredths of one per cent (0.17%) or more by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person’s whole blood;

(7) The person has a concentration of two hundred four-thousandths of one per cent (0.204%) or more by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person’s blood serum or plasma;

(8) The person has a concentration of seventeen-hundredths of one (0.17) gram or more by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of the person’s breath;

(9) The person has a concentration of two hundred thirty-eight-thousandths of one (0.238) gram or more by weight of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of the person’s urine.

{¶5} With the city having no offense equivalent to R.C. 4511.19(A)(2), Jordan

argues that she was charged twice for committing one OVI offense and that the court’s

verdict is inherently contradictory because it found her both guilty and not guilty of the

same OVI offense.

{¶6} Jordan assigns too much weight to the word “refusal” as written on the ticket.

The court stated its verdict in open court as: “The Driving Under the Influence

observation, not guilty. The Driving Under the Influence for refusal, guilty.” The

journal entry memorializing the conviction, however, deleted the reference to “refusal” in

the second charge and stated the court’s verdict as: “1. M1 - 433.01A1 Dr. Under

Influence ALC/Drugs * * * NG” and “2. M1 - 433.01 Driving Under the Influence AL/DR * * * G.” Because the court speaks through its journal entries, State v. Miller,

127 Ohio St.3d 407, 2010-Ohio-5705, 940 N.E.2d 924, ¶ 12, we can only conclude that

the court did not find Jordan guilty of any refusal to take a breath test. The ticket was not

entirely clear, but the use of the word “refusal” on the traffic ticket appeared to be a

benign notation to show that Jordan refused to take a breath test.

{¶7} Our conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the parties did not try the case

under a theory that Jordan could be found guilty of the R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) offense of

refusing to take a breath test. Even though the ticket issued to Jordan did not list a

specific subsection of Section 433.01 for the second OVI charge, “[a] Uniform Traffic

Ticket effectively charges an offense even if the defendant has to make some reasonable

inquiry in order to know exactly what offense is charged.” Barberton v. O’Connor, 17

Ohio St.3d 218, 220, 478 N.E.2d 803 (1985), paragraph two of the syllabus. Jordan

demanded that the city provide her with a bill of particulars, but she made no pretrial

objection to the form of the ticket, nor did she raise the issue at trial. The traffic ticket’s

reference to Section 433.01 was enough to inform Jordan that she was charged with

operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or a drug of abuse, and the

court’s judgment entry is sufficient to indicate that it found her guilty of operating a

vehicle while under the influence.

{¶8} Admittedly, our conclusion means that the city charged Jordan with

committing the same offense twice. A redundant charge would have been subject to

pretrial dismissal or a Crim.R. 29(A) motion for judgment of acquittal. Jordan did not ask the court to resolve the redundant charge on either basis. So the court disposed of

the redundant OVI count by finding Jordan not guilty of one and guilty of the other. It

would have been accurate for the court to dismiss the redundant count, but a not guilty

finding served the same purpose.

{¶9} The second assignment of error complains that the court erred by denying her

Crim.R. 29(A) motion for judgment of acquittal made at the close of the city’s

case-in-chief on grounds that there was insufficient evidence to prove the OVI charge.

Jordan argues that the city offered no evidence to prove that she was operating the

vehicle.

{¶10} A Crim.R. 29(A) motion for judgment of acquittal cannot be granted if, after

viewing the evidence most favorably to the city, “reasonable minds can reach different

conclusions as to whether each material element of a crime has been proved beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Bridgeman, 55 Ohio St.2d 261, 381 N.E.2d 184 (1978),

syllabus.

{¶11} It is true that neither of the city’s witnesses — the police officers who

responded to the scene — gave direct evidence of Jordan operating her vehicle. They

did, however, offer circumstantial evidence that she had been driving the vehicle.

{¶12} “Circumstantial evidence is defined as ‘testimony not based on actual

personal knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy, but of other facts from

which deductions are drawn, showing indirectly the facts sought to be proved.’” State v.

Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 150, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 221 (5th Ed.1979). There is no difference, at least in terms of probative value, between

circumstantial evidence and direct evidence. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus.

{¶13} The police officer who issued the traffic ticket testified that he arrived at the

rail yard and saw Jordan sitting in the driver’s seat of a pickup truck that was “stuck” on

the railroad tracks. The officer saw no one else with Jordan nor did she indicate that she

had not been driving. Viewing this circumstantial evidence most favorably for the city, a

rational trier of fact could find that Jordan was operating the vehicle, thus establishing

that element of an OVI offense under Cleveland Codified Ordinances 443.01.

{¶14} In her third assignment of error, Jordan maintains that the court’s verdict is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. She argues that the court found her guilty of

an offense relating to a refusal to take a breath test without the city offering any evidence

to prove that she had a prior OVI conviction within the last 20 years. We reject this

contention consistent with our rejection of Jordan’s first assignment of error and her

claim that the court found her guilty for refusing to take a breath test. As indicated, the

court’s judgment entry did not state that it found Jordan guilty of any refusal offense — it

found her guilty of an OVI. Whether or not the city offered evidence to show that Jordan

had committed an OVI offense within the previous 20 years is immaterial.

{¶15} The remaining part of Jordan’s argument under this assignment of error —

that the police officer failed to offer compelling evidence of Jordan’s intoxication — is

equally without merit. Two police officers testified at trial and both very firmly stated that Jordan smelled of alcohol and that she was “staggering” when brought to the police

station. The influence of this alcohol on her ability to drive was shown by her attempt to

maneuver her vehicle through one of the busiest, working railyards in the city and then

grounding the vehicle on a rail. Instead of abandoning her vehicle for safety, Jordan

tried to call a tow truck. In addition to the manner in which she drove her vehicle,

Jordan, by her own admission, acted belligerently in her encounter with the police.

Jordan conceded that she was “very rude” to the officers and that for most of her

encounter with the police she was yelling “as loud as possibly [sic] I could go.” In fact,

Jordan was so belligerent that the police could not perform field sobriety tests.

{¶16} Jordan testified and admitted driving the truck. She denied being

intoxicated and claimed that she was driving home from a friend’s house, made a wrong

turn, and found herself stranded on the railroad tracks. She admitted

that she was belligerent and uncooperative with the police both at the time of stop and

when transported to the police station. This belligerence was a fact that the court could

have considered, along with evidence that Jordan stalled her vehicle on tracks in a busy

railyard, smelled of alcohol, and staggered and stumbled when taken to the police station,

as proof that she was under the influence of alcohol. State v. Hill, 9th Dist. Summit No.

26519, 2013-Ohio-4022, ¶ 14.

{¶17} The fourth assigned error complains that Jordan was denied her Sixth

Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel because counsel failed to file a motion to suppress evidence on grounds that the police had no probable cause to arrest

her for OVI and because counsel decided to have Jordan testify in her own defense.

{¶18} A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel bears the burden of

establishing two elements: (1) that trial counsel’s performance fell below objective

standards for reasonably effective representation, and (2) that counsel’s deficiency

prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 104 S.Ct.

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

{¶19} The failure to file a motion to suppress constitutes ineffective assistance of

counsel only when the record demonstrates that the motion would have been successful if

made. State v. Moon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101972, 2015-Ohio-1550, ¶ 28; State v.

Anderson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100090, 2014-Ohio-1831, ¶ 21. As previously

detailed, Jordan’s poor driving, the odor of alcohol, her inability to walk, and her

belligerent manner were all indicia of her being under the influence of alcohol. Chagrin

Falls v. Bloom, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101686, 2015-Ohio-2264, ¶ 7.

{¶20} As for Jordan’s argument that counsel failed to provide effective assistance

of counsel by calling her as a witness, that was a matter of trial strategy that we cannot

second-guess on appeal. State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 490, 739 N.E.2d 749

(2001). In any event, Jordan does not say how her own testimony prejudiced her apart

from admitting that she was driving the vehicle. The circumstantial evidence that the

police found Jordan alone in the vehicle, sitting in the driver’s seat, was enough from

which the court could conclude that she operated the vehicle. Even if she had not testified at trial, there is no reasonable probability that the court would have concluded

that she was not driving the vehicle.

{¶21} Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover of said appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cleveland

Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

______________________________________________ MELODY J. STEWART, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., CONCURS; EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., DISSENTS (WITH SEPARATE OPINION)

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., DISSENTING:

{¶22} I respectfully dissent. I find the court’s final judgment ambiguous

because it conflicts with the findings the court made in open court and on the record.

Accordingly, I would remand this case to the trial court for clarification of its judgment.

{¶23} As stated by the majority, a court speaks through its journal. Miller, 127

Ohio St.3d 407, 2010-Ohio-5707, 940 N.E.2d 924, ¶ 12. However, depending on the

type of discrepancy, the court may correct the journal entry to reflect what actually occurred in open court with a nunc pro tunc entry. State v. Jama, 189 Ohio App.3d 687,

2010-Ohio-4739, 939 N.E.2d 1309, ¶ 14 (10th Dist.).

{¶24} In this case, the court stated on the record that it found Jordan not guilty of

OVI by observation, in violation of Cleveland Codified Ordinances 433.01(a)(1), but

guilty of OVI by refusal, which is not a crime under the Cleveland Codified Ordinances.

However, the court’s corrected journal entry does not mention the word “refusal,” it

indicates the court found Jordan guilty of OVI, in violation of Cleveland Codified

Ordinances 433.01(a)(1). This is not the type of error that may be corrected with a nunc

pro tunc journal entry. Jama at ¶ 14 (“[N]unc pro tunc shall not be used to modify a

court’s judgment”). We should not assume what the court actually determined on a

substantive issue such as a guilty finding, when the finding in the journal entry conflicts

with the court’s oral pronouncement of guilt in open court.

{¶25} In State v. Lewis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 88627, 88628, and 88629,

2007-Ohio-3640, a sentencing transcript indicated the court had ordered restitution, but

the journal entry was silent regarding restitution. Noting the conflict between the

transcript and signed journal entry, this court remanded the case to the trial court for

clarification. Id. at ¶ 17. The Lewis court “did not try to resolve the discrepancy by

finding and declaring the ‘truth’ of the matter.” State v. Rogers, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

88755, 2007-Ohio-4058, ¶ 7.

{¶26} One could reasonably infer the trial court intended to find Jordan guilty of

OVI in violation of Cleveland Codified Ordinances 433.01(a)(1) based on the overwhelming evidence regarding her intoxicated condition at the time of her arrest.

However, without clarification, we are left guessing what the trial court actually found,

and we should not make any presumptions about a defendant’s guilt. Therefore, I would

follow this court’s precedent in Lewis, and remand the case to the trial court for

clarification.