[Cite as Cleveland v. Barnes, 2023-Ohio-1888.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
CITY OF CLEVELAND, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 111867 v. :
REGINALD E. BARNES, SR., :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: REVERSED, VACATED, AND REMANDED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 8, 2023
Criminal Appeal from the Cleveland Municipal Court Case No. 2021 CRB 007382
Appearances:
Mark Griffin, City of Cleveland Law Director, and Angel Sanchez, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Reginald E. Barnes, Sr., pro se.
LISA B. FORBES, P.J.:
Reginald E. Barnes, Sr., (“Barnes”), acting pro se, appeals his
convictions for assault and criminal damaging. After reviewing the facts of the case
and pertinent law, we reverse the trial court’s decision, vacate Barnes’s convictions and sentence, and remand this case to the municipal court with instructions to
dismiss the criminal complaint against Barnes.
I. Facts and Procedural History
On July 7, 2021, Barnes was charged with assault, a first-degree
misdemeanor, and criminal damaging, a second-degree misdemeanor, in the
Cleveland Municipal Court for an incident that occurred on June 29, 2021. The next
day, the court granted an ex parte criminal protection order prohibiting Barnes from
contacting and being within 500 feet of the victim, Barnes’s second cousin L.J. and
her son R.P. Barnes was arrested for these offenses on August 14, 2021.
Over the next year, multiple pretrials were held and the court granted
no fewer than a dozen continuances. On March 2, 2022, almost seven months after
his arrest, the court set Barnes’s first trial date for March 16, 2022. Trial did not
start on this date, and the court granted several more continuances. On June 16,
2022, Barnes filed a motion to dismiss for speedy-trial violations. The court did not
rule on this motion.
On July 6, 2022, almost 11 months after his arrest, the court held a
bench trial and found Barnes guilty as charged. The court held a sentencing hearing
on July 21, 2022, and sentenced Barnes as follows:
Assault — $1,000 fine; $990 suspended; “180 days” suspended; and court costs.
Criminal damaging — $750 fine; $710 suspended; “90 days” suspended; and court costs. At the sentencing hearing, the court asked Barnes if he spent any time
in jail. Barnes responded, “Approximately probably 30 days or more.” The court
gave Barnes “credit” for 30 days and “applied” this credit to his fine and costs,
saying, “[S]o you don’t owe any money. Cost satisfied. Fine satisfied.” The court
ordered Barnes to pay $689.42 in restitution for damage to L.J.’s vehicle and
sentenced Barnes to five years “active probation,” to include the following:
substance-abuse assessment and counseling, if recommended; random substance-
abuse testing one time per month with the imposition of a “jail sanction” in the event
of a positive test; a mental-health evaluation “pending appeal”; anger management;
and “no new cases.” The court then stated that Barnes’s entire sentence “is held in
abeyance pending appeal.”
It is from these convictions and sentence that Barnes now appeals,
raising two assignments of error for our review:
I. The trial court made a reversable [sic] error by not bringing me to trial pursuant to the Ohio Revised Code speedy trial statutes when the trial was held over one year from the filing of the criminal complaint.
II. The cumulative errors during the course of the criminal litigation resulted in prejudice affecting the outcome and my substantial rights to a fair and impartial trial.
II. Law
A. Pro Se Litigants
The Ohio Supreme Court has “repeatedly declared that ‘pro se
litigants * * * must follow the same procedures as litigants represented by counsel.’”
State ex rel. Neil v. French, 153 Ohio St.3d 271, 2018-Ohio-2692, 104 N.E.3d 764, ¶ 10, quoting State ex rel. Gessner v. Vore, 123 Ohio St.3d 96, 2009-Ohio-4150, 914
N.E.2d 376, ¶ 5. “It is well-established that pro se litigants are presumed to have
knowledge of the law and legal procedures and that they are held to the same
standard as litigants who are represented by counsel.” (Emphasis sic.) Sabouri v.
Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 145 Ohio App.3d 651, 654, 763 N.E.2d 1238 (10th
Dist.2001)
B. Speedy Trial
“A criminal defendant has a right to a speedy trial under the Ohio
Revised Code, the Ohio Constitution, and the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the
United States Constitution.” State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954,
45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 80. In the case at hand, we sustain Barnes’s first assignment of
error, finding that his statutory guarantee to a speedy trial was violated.
1. Statutory Violation
Pursuant to R.C. 2945.71(B)(2), “a person against whom a charge of
misdemeanor * * * is pending in a court of record, shall be brought to trial * * *
[w]ithin ninety days after the person’s arrest or the service of summons, if the
offense charged is a misdemeanor of the first or second degree * * *.” Furthermore,
R.C. 2945.71(E) states that “[f]or purposes of computing time * * *, each day during
which the accused is held in jail in lieu of bail on the pending charge shall be counted
as three days.”
R.C. 2945.72 lists various circumstances under which an accused’s
speedy-trial time is tolled. Pertinent to this appeal, these tolling events include the following: “(H) The period of any continuance granted on the accused’s own motion;
and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other than upon the accused’s
own motion * * *.”
2. Burden Shifting
“A defendant presents a prima facie case of a speedy-trial violation by
alleging that he or she was not brought to trial within the statutory time limits of
R.C. 2945.71.” State v. Thompson, 2021-Ohio-376, 167 N.E.3d 1072, ¶ 72 (8th Dist.).
“At that point a burden of production [arises] whereby the state [becomes] obligated
to produce evidence demonstrating [that the defendant] was not entitled to be
brought to trial within the limits of” R.C. 2945.71. State v. Butcher, 27 Ohio St.3d
28, 31, 50 N.E.2d 1368 (1986).
3. Appellate Standard of Review
“When reviewing a speedy-trial issue, the appellate court counts the
days and determines whether the number of days not tolled exceeds the time limits
for bringing the defendant to trial as set forth in R.C. 2945.72.” State v. Geraci, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 101946 and 101947, 2015-Ohio-2699, ¶ 20. An appellate
court’s standard of review concerning speedy-trial issues involves a mixed question
of fact and law. Appellate courts defer “to the trial court’s findings of fact, if any,
provided the findings are supported by competent, credible evidence in the record.”
State v. Sanders, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107253, 2019-Ohio-1524, ¶ 19.
Additionally, we review de novo the legal issue of “whether the trial court properly
applied the law to the facts.” Id. The Ohio Supreme Court has held that courts must “strictly construe the speedy trial statutes against the state * * *.” Brecksville v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as Cleveland v. Barnes, 2023-Ohio-1888.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
CITY OF CLEVELAND, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 111867 v. :
REGINALD E. BARNES, SR., :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: REVERSED, VACATED, AND REMANDED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 8, 2023
Criminal Appeal from the Cleveland Municipal Court Case No. 2021 CRB 007382
Appearances:
Mark Griffin, City of Cleveland Law Director, and Angel Sanchez, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Reginald E. Barnes, Sr., pro se.
LISA B. FORBES, P.J.:
Reginald E. Barnes, Sr., (“Barnes”), acting pro se, appeals his
convictions for assault and criminal damaging. After reviewing the facts of the case
and pertinent law, we reverse the trial court’s decision, vacate Barnes’s convictions and sentence, and remand this case to the municipal court with instructions to
dismiss the criminal complaint against Barnes.
I. Facts and Procedural History
On July 7, 2021, Barnes was charged with assault, a first-degree
misdemeanor, and criminal damaging, a second-degree misdemeanor, in the
Cleveland Municipal Court for an incident that occurred on June 29, 2021. The next
day, the court granted an ex parte criminal protection order prohibiting Barnes from
contacting and being within 500 feet of the victim, Barnes’s second cousin L.J. and
her son R.P. Barnes was arrested for these offenses on August 14, 2021.
Over the next year, multiple pretrials were held and the court granted
no fewer than a dozen continuances. On March 2, 2022, almost seven months after
his arrest, the court set Barnes’s first trial date for March 16, 2022. Trial did not
start on this date, and the court granted several more continuances. On June 16,
2022, Barnes filed a motion to dismiss for speedy-trial violations. The court did not
rule on this motion.
On July 6, 2022, almost 11 months after his arrest, the court held a
bench trial and found Barnes guilty as charged. The court held a sentencing hearing
on July 21, 2022, and sentenced Barnes as follows:
Assault — $1,000 fine; $990 suspended; “180 days” suspended; and court costs.
Criminal damaging — $750 fine; $710 suspended; “90 days” suspended; and court costs. At the sentencing hearing, the court asked Barnes if he spent any time
in jail. Barnes responded, “Approximately probably 30 days or more.” The court
gave Barnes “credit” for 30 days and “applied” this credit to his fine and costs,
saying, “[S]o you don’t owe any money. Cost satisfied. Fine satisfied.” The court
ordered Barnes to pay $689.42 in restitution for damage to L.J.’s vehicle and
sentenced Barnes to five years “active probation,” to include the following:
substance-abuse assessment and counseling, if recommended; random substance-
abuse testing one time per month with the imposition of a “jail sanction” in the event
of a positive test; a mental-health evaluation “pending appeal”; anger management;
and “no new cases.” The court then stated that Barnes’s entire sentence “is held in
abeyance pending appeal.”
It is from these convictions and sentence that Barnes now appeals,
raising two assignments of error for our review:
I. The trial court made a reversable [sic] error by not bringing me to trial pursuant to the Ohio Revised Code speedy trial statutes when the trial was held over one year from the filing of the criminal complaint.
II. The cumulative errors during the course of the criminal litigation resulted in prejudice affecting the outcome and my substantial rights to a fair and impartial trial.
II. Law
A. Pro Se Litigants
The Ohio Supreme Court has “repeatedly declared that ‘pro se
litigants * * * must follow the same procedures as litigants represented by counsel.’”
State ex rel. Neil v. French, 153 Ohio St.3d 271, 2018-Ohio-2692, 104 N.E.3d 764, ¶ 10, quoting State ex rel. Gessner v. Vore, 123 Ohio St.3d 96, 2009-Ohio-4150, 914
N.E.2d 376, ¶ 5. “It is well-established that pro se litigants are presumed to have
knowledge of the law and legal procedures and that they are held to the same
standard as litigants who are represented by counsel.” (Emphasis sic.) Sabouri v.
Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 145 Ohio App.3d 651, 654, 763 N.E.2d 1238 (10th
Dist.2001)
B. Speedy Trial
“A criminal defendant has a right to a speedy trial under the Ohio
Revised Code, the Ohio Constitution, and the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the
United States Constitution.” State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954,
45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 80. In the case at hand, we sustain Barnes’s first assignment of
error, finding that his statutory guarantee to a speedy trial was violated.
1. Statutory Violation
Pursuant to R.C. 2945.71(B)(2), “a person against whom a charge of
misdemeanor * * * is pending in a court of record, shall be brought to trial * * *
[w]ithin ninety days after the person’s arrest or the service of summons, if the
offense charged is a misdemeanor of the first or second degree * * *.” Furthermore,
R.C. 2945.71(E) states that “[f]or purposes of computing time * * *, each day during
which the accused is held in jail in lieu of bail on the pending charge shall be counted
as three days.”
R.C. 2945.72 lists various circumstances under which an accused’s
speedy-trial time is tolled. Pertinent to this appeal, these tolling events include the following: “(H) The period of any continuance granted on the accused’s own motion;
and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other than upon the accused’s
own motion * * *.”
2. Burden Shifting
“A defendant presents a prima facie case of a speedy-trial violation by
alleging that he or she was not brought to trial within the statutory time limits of
R.C. 2945.71.” State v. Thompson, 2021-Ohio-376, 167 N.E.3d 1072, ¶ 72 (8th Dist.).
“At that point a burden of production [arises] whereby the state [becomes] obligated
to produce evidence demonstrating [that the defendant] was not entitled to be
brought to trial within the limits of” R.C. 2945.71. State v. Butcher, 27 Ohio St.3d
28, 31, 50 N.E.2d 1368 (1986).
3. Appellate Standard of Review
“When reviewing a speedy-trial issue, the appellate court counts the
days and determines whether the number of days not tolled exceeds the time limits
for bringing the defendant to trial as set forth in R.C. 2945.72.” State v. Geraci, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 101946 and 101947, 2015-Ohio-2699, ¶ 20. An appellate
court’s standard of review concerning speedy-trial issues involves a mixed question
of fact and law. Appellate courts defer “to the trial court’s findings of fact, if any,
provided the findings are supported by competent, credible evidence in the record.”
State v. Sanders, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107253, 2019-Ohio-1524, ¶ 19.
Additionally, we review de novo the legal issue of “whether the trial court properly
applied the law to the facts.” Id. The Ohio Supreme Court has held that courts must “strictly construe the speedy trial statutes against the state * * *.” Brecksville v.
Cook, 75 Ohio St.3d 53, 57, 661 N.E.2d 706 (1996).
III. Analysis
In the case at hand, the municipal court did not rule on Barnes’s
motion to dismiss for a speedy-trial violation and did not make any findings of fact.
Accordingly, we review de novo whether Barnes’s speedy-trial rights were violated.
Barnes’s speedy-trial clock began to run on August 15, 2021, the day
after his arrest for the offenses at issue. See State v. Shepherd, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 97962, 2012-Ohio-5415, ¶ 17 (“Generally, when computing how much time has
run against the state under R.C. 2945.71, we begin with day after the accused was
arrested.”). (Emphasis omitted.). Barnes’s trial commenced on July 6, 2022. More
than 90 days passed between his arrest and his trial. Therefore, Barnes established
a prima facie case that his right to a speedy-trial was violated. See S. Euclid v. Schutt,
2020-Ohio-3661, 154 N.E.3d 1184, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.) (“Once the statutory time limit
has expired, the defendant has established a prima facie case for dismissal.”).
As discussed, the burden then shifted to the city to show that, taking
into consideration the tolling events that occurred during the municipal court
proceedings, Barnes’s speedy-trial rights were not violated. On appeal, the city
argues that 78 speedy-trial days elapsed, which is less than the 90 days allotted in
R.C. 2945.71(B)(2). Using the city’s speedy-trial calculation as a baseline, we find that at
least two municipal court events that the city categorized as “tolling events” should
have counted as speedy-trial days.
First, on September 1, 2021, the court held a pretrial hearing at which
the court sua sponte told Barnes on the record, “Your next court date is exactly one
week from today, September the eighth, 8:30, courtroom 15-C.” Neither the city nor
Barnes requested a continuance. On appeal, the city argues that this seven-day
continuance tolled Barnes’s speedy-trial time.1 We disagree.
Upon review, we find that, on September 1, 2021, the court sua sponte
continued Barnes’s case to September 8, 2021. Pursuant to R.C. 2945.72(H),
speedy-trial time is tolled during “the period of any reasonable continuance granted
other than upon the accused’s own motion * * *.” The Ohio Supreme Court has held
that “when sua sponte granting a continuance under R.C. 2945.72(H), the trial court
must enter the order of continuance and the reasons therefore by journal entry prior
to the expiration of the time limits prescribed in R.C. 2945.71 for bringing a
defendant to trial. State v. Mincy, 2 Ohio St.3d 6, 9, 441 N.E.2d 571 (1982). See also
State v. Lee, 48 Ohio St.2d 208, 209, 357 N.E.2d 1095 (1976) (“The record of the
trial court must in some manner affirmatively demonstrate that a sua sponte
continuance by the court was reasonable in light of its necessity or purpose.”).
1 That same day, the court issued a journal entry summarily continuing the case until September 8, 2021, and charging this continuance to Barnes. This journal entry is inconsistent with the transcript, which evidences that the court issued a sua sponte continuance. The court gave no reason for its sua sponte continuance, and
therefore, we find that the municipal court did not show that this seven-day sua
sponte continuance was “reasonable” as contemplated by R.C. 2945.72(H).
Therefore, it did not toll Barnes’s speedy-trial time. Using the city’s calculation that
78 speedy-trial days elapsed, we add seven days to this count and find that the
running total of elapsed speedy-trial days is 85.
The second “tolling” event that we review on appeal occurred on
October 26, 2021. The court held a pretrial hearing on the record, at which Barnes’s
counsel stated, “I know that Mr. Barnes wants me to set his case for a jury trial.” The
court asked the prosecutor, “[D]o you want to set a jury trial date now?” The
prosecutor requested another pretrial hearing on November 3, 2021, and said,
“[T]hen we can set a jury trial date from there. I just don’t want to call the jury and
then potentially not have enough witnesses.” The court continued the case to
November 3, 2021, without setting a trial date.2
Upon review, we find that this continuance was at the city’s request,
and, under the ambit of R.C. 2945.72(H), it was not reasonable and did not toll
Barnes’s speedy-trial time. The Ohio Supreme Court has held that when the
prosecution fails to use due diligence “to secure and insure the attendance of [a]
witness,” this “cannot be classified as a ‘* * * reasonable continuance granted other
than upon the accused’s own motion.’” State v. Reeser, 63 Ohio St.2d 189, 191, 407
2 On October 26, 2021, the court issued a journal entry summarily continuing the case until November 3, 2021, and inconsistently charging this continuance to Barnes. N.E.2d 25 (1980), quoting R.C. 2945.72(H). See also Cleveland v. Dancy, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 107241, 2019-Ohio-2433, ¶ 16 (holding that “the city requested the
continuance [because it] was without its witness”; therefore, “the 35 days from
November 6 to December 11 are charged against the city for speedy trial purposes”).
In the case at hand, there was no reason not to set a trial date as
Barnes requested at the pretrial hearing on October 26, 2021. The city had one
witness to secure — Barnes’s second cousin, L.J., who was the victim in this case. At
the pretrial, the city informed the court that it spoke with L.J. two weeks prior about
the case. We cannot say that the city used due diligence to secure this witness by
essentially requesting that a trial date not be set yet. Accordingly, we find that the
city’s request for a continuance from October 26, 2021, to November 3, 2021, should
be charged as speedy-trial time under R.C. 2945.72(H).
Using our previous calculation that 85 speedy-trial days elapsed, we
add eight days to this count and find that the running total of elapsed speedy-trial
days is 93. This exceeds the statutory limit in R.C. 2945.71 of 90 days. The
municipal court did not rule on Barnes’s motion to dismiss for a speedy-trial
violation, and it is well-settled that “when a court fails to rule on a motion it will be
presumed that the court * * * denied said motion.” Univ. Mednet v. Blue Cross &
Blue Shield, 126 Ohio App.3d 219, 236, 710 N.E.2d 279 (8th Dist.1997). Accordingly,
we find that the court erred by presumptively denying Barnes’s motion to dismiss
for a speedy-trial violation. Barnes’s first assignment of error is sustained. Pursuant
to App.R. 12(A)(1)(c), Barnes’s second assignment of error is moot. The trial court’s judgment is reversed, Barnes’s convictions and
sentence are vacated, and this case is remanded to the municipal court with
instructions to dismiss with prejudice the criminal complaint against Barnes.
It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
Cleveland Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
LISA B. FORBES, PRESIDING JUDGE
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., and MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR