The opinion of the court was delivered by
Yeazey, J.
Four causes between the same parties were heard together. Two of them were referred, and the referee heard them together and made one report on both. The case Clay v. Severance is an action of assumpsit in the common counts with a special count on a promissory note. The case Severance v. Clay is also assumpsit in the common counts. Each party pleaded the general issue and composition with creditors under the United States bankrupt law.- Severance did not name Clay as a creditor in his statement of creditors and debts filed in the composition proceedings, therefore by the terms of the bankrupt act, section 5015, Revised Laws (U. S.), Clay’s debt was not discharged and is not barred by the composition.
The referee does not state whether Clay named Severance in his list of creditors and debts filed in his composition proceedings. The report only shows Clay had compromised with his creditors in bankruptcy. Clay’s debt to Severance accrued before Clay resorted to bankruptcy. To defeat this debt it was not enough for Clay to show he had compromised with his creditors; the burden was on him to show he included Severance in his schedule of creditors filed in the composition proceedings, not on Severance to show his name was not on the list. The bankrupt act only purports to discharge the debts of the bankrupt to those creditors specified in the schedule which the act made it the duty of the bankrupt to file. Under composition proceedings the bankrupt receives no general discharge. The statement in the referee’s report that the composition offered by Clay “ was accepted by the several creditors,” and “ confirmed,” &c., was not sufficient to warrant the court in presuming and holding that Severance was named in the schedule of creditors and accepted the [304]*304offer. Upon the report, therefore, both these cases stand as though there had been no composition in bankruptcy.
The specification in each case contained several items. The only item in dispute in the case of Clay against Severance is the item of $114, which Clay had paid on a promissory note which he had signed as surety for Severance and one Hammond as principal. Severance objects to this item on the ground that Clay cannot maintain a several action against him, Severance, and can only recover in a joint action against him and his joint principal, Hammond. This note, which ran to one Bingham, was proved against Clay’s estate in bankruptcy, and in the composition Clay paid the amount named, $114. No other defence is claimed than as above stated. The question is whether, where a surety for two or more principals pays the debt, the law raises an implied obligation against each principal severally to reimburse the surety, or a joint obligation only.
Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty, section 178, states the rule as follows: “ If the surety is bound for several principals, he is entitled to recover from any one of them the whole of what he has paid. Each of the principals is debtor for the whole of the debt to the creditors, and the surety, being liable for each of them, has, by paying the debt, freed each of them from the creditors’ claim for the whole, and consequently has a right to recover the whole amount from any one of them ”; and he cites several cases in support of this proposition. In Apgar's Administrator v. Hiler, 24 N. J. L. (4 Zab.), 812, the court below charged the jury that whether the original note be joint or several, the liability of the principals to the surety is several; each is liable for the whole amount. The Court of Errors and Appeals in review said: “ If the surety is bound for several principals, he is entitled to proceed against each of them for the recovery of the whole of what he has paid. Each of the principals is debtor of the whole debt in favor of the creditor; and the person being surety for each of them has, by paying the debt, liberated each of them from the whole, and consequently has a right to conclude in solido against each of them for the reimbursement of the whole of what he has paid, with interest from the day of the demand. This rule pre[305]*305vails both in civil and common law.” In Dickey v. Rogers, 9 Martin (La.), 588, it was held that where there are several joint debtors, the surety has the right to call on each of them for the whole amount of his obligation.
In Overton v. Woodson et al. 17 Mo. 453, it was held that where two executors or administrators unite in one bond they are jointly and severally liable as principals to indemnify the surety who has been subjected'to the payment of money by the default of one of them.
In Duncan v. Keiffer, 3 Binney, 126, the court held to the same doctrine in case of a bond between individuals. Baylies on Sureties and Guarantors, 461, says: “Having borne the burden of his principals, he stands, in many respects, in the place of a creditor, and may proceed against one or all of them for the whole amount paid.” This was said upon the authority of a case in the 14th Barb. 32, where a surety had paid a joint judgment against two principals and himself. See also Poth. Tr. des Oblig. p. 2, c. 6, s. 7, art. 1, s. 5; Theo. Pr. & Sur. 169, Ed. of 1836 ; 17 Ves. 22; Riddle v. Bowman, 27 N. H. (7 Foster), 236; Jones v. Fita, 5 N. H. 444.
The above authorities do not all meet the precise question in this case, but they show the tendency of decisions so far as they have gone. The rule as abo\e indicated seems to be just, and is in conflict with no authority as far as we have observed. It is in analogy with our decisions so far as the court has had occasion to decide. In West v. Bank, 19 Vt. 403, it was held that if one sign, or indorse, a note, as surety for several joint principals, and one of the principals dies, the surety, having paid the debt, may claim a dividend from the estate upon the entire debt, notwithstanding he may hold collateral security for his liability. Devaynes v. Noble, 2 Rus. & Mylne, 495.
The well-settled doctrine that a surety is entitled to be subrogated to all the rights and remedies of the creditor, including his securities, against the principal whose debt he is compelled to pay, is said to rest not in contract, but upon principles of natural jus‘ tice and moral obligation. Fell’s Law of Guaranty & Suretyship, 3 Ed. p. 275. Although the form of the obligation of the princi[306]*306pals to the payee may have been such as to compel the payee to proceed against them jointly, yet they were.each bound to see the note paid and thereby release the surety from liability. Having failed in this duty and the surety having paid the debt, we think it accords with sound rules and with authority to hold that the promise raised by implication of law, which is the foundation of the action of assumpsit by the surety against the' principal for money paid to his use, is several as well as joint, where there are more than one principal.
The only item in dispute in Severance’s specification against Clay is an item of $266.80. The facts pertaining to this item, as stated- in the report, are all' material. From them it appears that Clay, Severance and Hammond owned all the stock of the Middle-bury Paper Company in January, 1874; and early in this month Clay and Hammond offered Severance to transfer all their stock and interest in the company to him if he would assume their liabilities for the company.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Yeazey, J.
Four causes between the same parties were heard together. Two of them were referred, and the referee heard them together and made one report on both. The case Clay v. Severance is an action of assumpsit in the common counts with a special count on a promissory note. The case Severance v. Clay is also assumpsit in the common counts. Each party pleaded the general issue and composition with creditors under the United States bankrupt law.- Severance did not name Clay as a creditor in his statement of creditors and debts filed in the composition proceedings, therefore by the terms of the bankrupt act, section 5015, Revised Laws (U. S.), Clay’s debt was not discharged and is not barred by the composition.
The referee does not state whether Clay named Severance in his list of creditors and debts filed in his composition proceedings. The report only shows Clay had compromised with his creditors in bankruptcy. Clay’s debt to Severance accrued before Clay resorted to bankruptcy. To defeat this debt it was not enough for Clay to show he had compromised with his creditors; the burden was on him to show he included Severance in his schedule of creditors filed in the composition proceedings, not on Severance to show his name was not on the list. The bankrupt act only purports to discharge the debts of the bankrupt to those creditors specified in the schedule which the act made it the duty of the bankrupt to file. Under composition proceedings the bankrupt receives no general discharge. The statement in the referee’s report that the composition offered by Clay “ was accepted by the several creditors,” and “ confirmed,” &c., was not sufficient to warrant the court in presuming and holding that Severance was named in the schedule of creditors and accepted the [304]*304offer. Upon the report, therefore, both these cases stand as though there had been no composition in bankruptcy.
The specification in each case contained several items. The only item in dispute in the case of Clay against Severance is the item of $114, which Clay had paid on a promissory note which he had signed as surety for Severance and one Hammond as principal. Severance objects to this item on the ground that Clay cannot maintain a several action against him, Severance, and can only recover in a joint action against him and his joint principal, Hammond. This note, which ran to one Bingham, was proved against Clay’s estate in bankruptcy, and in the composition Clay paid the amount named, $114. No other defence is claimed than as above stated. The question is whether, where a surety for two or more principals pays the debt, the law raises an implied obligation against each principal severally to reimburse the surety, or a joint obligation only.
Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty, section 178, states the rule as follows: “ If the surety is bound for several principals, he is entitled to recover from any one of them the whole of what he has paid. Each of the principals is debtor for the whole of the debt to the creditors, and the surety, being liable for each of them, has, by paying the debt, freed each of them from the creditors’ claim for the whole, and consequently has a right to recover the whole amount from any one of them ”; and he cites several cases in support of this proposition. In Apgar's Administrator v. Hiler, 24 N. J. L. (4 Zab.), 812, the court below charged the jury that whether the original note be joint or several, the liability of the principals to the surety is several; each is liable for the whole amount. The Court of Errors and Appeals in review said: “ If the surety is bound for several principals, he is entitled to proceed against each of them for the recovery of the whole of what he has paid. Each of the principals is debtor of the whole debt in favor of the creditor; and the person being surety for each of them has, by paying the debt, liberated each of them from the whole, and consequently has a right to conclude in solido against each of them for the reimbursement of the whole of what he has paid, with interest from the day of the demand. This rule pre[305]*305vails both in civil and common law.” In Dickey v. Rogers, 9 Martin (La.), 588, it was held that where there are several joint debtors, the surety has the right to call on each of them for the whole amount of his obligation.
In Overton v. Woodson et al. 17 Mo. 453, it was held that where two executors or administrators unite in one bond they are jointly and severally liable as principals to indemnify the surety who has been subjected'to the payment of money by the default of one of them.
In Duncan v. Keiffer, 3 Binney, 126, the court held to the same doctrine in case of a bond between individuals. Baylies on Sureties and Guarantors, 461, says: “Having borne the burden of his principals, he stands, in many respects, in the place of a creditor, and may proceed against one or all of them for the whole amount paid.” This was said upon the authority of a case in the 14th Barb. 32, where a surety had paid a joint judgment against two principals and himself. See also Poth. Tr. des Oblig. p. 2, c. 6, s. 7, art. 1, s. 5; Theo. Pr. & Sur. 169, Ed. of 1836 ; 17 Ves. 22; Riddle v. Bowman, 27 N. H. (7 Foster), 236; Jones v. Fita, 5 N. H. 444.
The above authorities do not all meet the precise question in this case, but they show the tendency of decisions so far as they have gone. The rule as abo\e indicated seems to be just, and is in conflict with no authority as far as we have observed. It is in analogy with our decisions so far as the court has had occasion to decide. In West v. Bank, 19 Vt. 403, it was held that if one sign, or indorse, a note, as surety for several joint principals, and one of the principals dies, the surety, having paid the debt, may claim a dividend from the estate upon the entire debt, notwithstanding he may hold collateral security for his liability. Devaynes v. Noble, 2 Rus. & Mylne, 495.
The well-settled doctrine that a surety is entitled to be subrogated to all the rights and remedies of the creditor, including his securities, against the principal whose debt he is compelled to pay, is said to rest not in contract, but upon principles of natural jus‘ tice and moral obligation. Fell’s Law of Guaranty & Suretyship, 3 Ed. p. 275. Although the form of the obligation of the princi[306]*306pals to the payee may have been such as to compel the payee to proceed against them jointly, yet they were.each bound to see the note paid and thereby release the surety from liability. Having failed in this duty and the surety having paid the debt, we think it accords with sound rules and with authority to hold that the promise raised by implication of law, which is the foundation of the action of assumpsit by the surety against the' principal for money paid to his use, is several as well as joint, where there are more than one principal.
The only item in dispute in Severance’s specification against Clay is an item of $266.80. The facts pertaining to this item, as stated- in the report, are all' material. From them it appears that Clay, Severance and Hammond owned all the stock of the Middle-bury Paper Company in January, 1874; and early in this month Clay and Hammond offered Severance to transfer all their stock and interest in the company to him if he would assume their liabilities for the company. He took time for consideration a-nd investigation to see how he could settle with the creditors of the company, and on the 19th of January accepted the proposition. In the mean time the business of the company was going on, and Clay, who was the treasurer, collected, in due course, said $266.80 from the St. Albans Advertiser Company. When the contract between said parties was closed Severance did not know this account had been collected, but supposed it was one of the assets. Clay had been individually paying out a large amount to the operatives of the company through November and December preceding, foT which the company owed him, and when he collected this money he applied it on his account against the company. Severance now claims, under all the facts detailed in the report, that he is entitled to recover this sum of Clay; that -the contract under which he .took Clay and Hammond’s stock and interest should have relation back to the time of the offer and he thereby have the benefit of all the assets of the company at that time, instead of at the time the contract was closed. We think the claim is not well founded. The transaction of collecting this account was open ; proper entries were made on the book; Hammond knew of it, and Severance might have known about it; he must have [307]*307known how the business was kept along, and how the operatives were paid, and that the condition of the company as to assets and liabilities was constantly changing; he made no provision for any past operation of the contract, therefore by its terms it applied as of its date; the transaction was quite large, and so far as appears was “ open-handed ” and fair, all parties standing on an equal footing. We see no occasioun or propriety in giving it any different operation from what the parties in terms provided. It appears that Severance was to have until the first of March of that year, 1874, to carry out his agreement to get Clay and Hammond released from their liabilities for this company, their stock in the mean time to be held by a trustee; also that after Severance learned of this collection by Clay and before the first of March, he found fault with Clay about it, and Clay once told Severance before the first of March “ he would make it up to him.” Severance now insists he is entitled to recover on the strength of this promise. That depends on whether there was any consideration for it. We think the facts stated in the report fail to show any legal or moral obligation resting on Clay to pay this money to Severance when he made this promise. No other consideration is claimed. It does not appear that Severance relied on it. The inference- is the other way. This item should be disallowed.
The other two cases are petitions, one to the' County Court, and one to this court, to have the report recommitted to the referee to find and report whether Clay included Severance in his schedule of creditors filed in his composition proceedings. The views above expressed show there was no necessity for recommittal for this purpose. The County Court properly dismissed the petition. It was not made in that court until after the case had passed on exceptions to this court. The report was not then within the control of the County Court. Section 1392 of the Revised Laws provides that when the judgment of a county court upon a question of law is to be revised by the Supreme Court, the original files and papers shall be removed to the Supreme Court.
As to the other petition made to this court. In a proper case this court would remand a case to the County Court with direction to recommit a report for further findings. It would probably be [308]*308only in exceptional cases that this power would.be exercised. There is no necessity to exercise it here, and it is doubtful whether it would be exercised in behalf of a party who, situated as the petitioner'was, had not made his application sooner.
As to the case of Severance against Clay which was referred, the judgment of the County Court is reversed, and judgment for the plaintiff for the amount found by the referee with interest, less the item $266.80.
As to the case of Clay against Severance which was referred, the judgment of the County Court is reversed, and judgment for the amount found by the referee with interest. And as to these judgments it is ordered that they be offset against each other, and execution issue for the balance.
As- to the petition filed in the County Court, the judgment of that court is affirmed with costs. As to the petition filed in this court, the same is dismissed without costs.