UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JOAN CLARK v. ESTATE OF DAVID FLACH, SR., et al. Civil Case No. 07-883 (RJL)
JOAN CLARK v. ESTATE OF DAVID FLACH, SR., et al. Civil Case No. 08-779 (RJL)
~ MEMORANDUM OPINION (March ?dfo., 2009)
Before the Court are motions to dismiss filed by the Estate of David Flach, Sr. (the
"Flach Estate"), GEl CO, and the District of Columbia in connection with plaintiff Joan
Clark's lawsuits alleging negligence and breach of contract arising out of a 2005 car
accident. Upon review of the parties' briefs, the entire record, and the applicable law, the
Court GRANTS the defendants' motions.
BACKGROUND
These cases arise out of a car accident that took place on May 13, 2005 in the 800
block of Southem Avenue SE in the District of Columbia. (Am. Compl., No. 07cv883
[Dkt. #42], ~ 9; Compl., No. 08cv779 [Dkt. #1], ~ 9 (collectively "Clark Compl.").) A
stolen 2003 Jaguar crashed at high speed into the vehicle in which plaintiff was a
passenger, causing plaintiff to suffer severe and permanent injuries. (Jd. ~~ 11, 15.) The
two unknown individuals operating the Jaguar fled the scene on foot and were not
apprehended. (Id. ~ 14.) Plaintiff alleges that DC Metropolitan Police Department
("MPD") officers were pursuing the Jaguar at the time of the accident. (Id. ~ 12.)
1 Plaintiff further alleges that the Jaguar was owned by David Flach, Sr. ("Flach"), who
had loaned the car to defendant Anita Lacey ("Lacey") at some point prior to the
accident.! (Jd. ~ 16.)
Plaintiff filed an initial complaint on May 10, 2007 asserting negligence claims
against two Virginia corporations and John and Jane Doe (the "2007 action"). (CompI.,
No. 07cv883 [Dkt. #1].) Upon conducting discovery, plaintiff stipulated to the dismissal
of her claims against the corporations and moved to amend her complaint, which 2 Magistrate Judge Robinson granted on June 11,2008. Following plaintiffs motion to
amend her complaint, but before Magistrate Judge Robinson's ruling, plaintiff also
instituted a new action in this Court (the "2008 action"), filing as her complaint a
verbatim copy of her proposed amended complaint in the 2007 action (the "Complaint").
In the Complaint, plaintiff asserts negligence claims against the Flach Estate and Lacey, a
breach of contract claim against Flach's insurance provider, GEICO, and two gross
negligence claims against the District of Columbia. 3 (Clark CompI., Counts I-VI.) The
Flach Estate, GEICO, and the District have each moved to dismiss plaintiffs claims
Plaintiff confusingly alleges both that Lacey had possession of the vehicle and that "[ s]he also stated she had fallen asleep at a party on [sic] and someone took the vehicle." (Clark CompI. ~ 17.) 2 The Court referred all non-dispositive motions in the 2007 action to Magistrate Judge Robinson by Minute Order on October 30, 2007. 3 Flach passed away in between the time of the accident and the filing ofplaintiffs amended complaint in the 2007 action. (Mot. to Amend CompI. at 2, No. 07cv883 [Dkt. #33].)
2 against them for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).4
Lacey has not yet been served.
LEGAL STANDARD
When evaluating a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court must
assume all factual allegations to be true and draw all reasonable inferences in the
plaintiffs favor. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007);
Aktieselskabet AF 21. November 2001 v. Fame Jeans Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 17 (D.C. Cir.
2008). However, the Court "need not accept inferences drawn by plaintiffIJ if such
inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint. Nor must the court
accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations." Kowal v. MCI
Commc'ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271,1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). While a plaintiff need only
provide "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), a plaintiff must furnish "more than labels and
conclusions" and the facts alleged "must be enough to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level." Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1965.
ANALYSIS
I. The Flach Estate's Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiffs Complaint alleges that by loaning Lacey his vehicle, Lacey became
Flach's agent pursuant to the District of Columbia Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility
4 Flach and GEICO have only moved to dismiss plaintiffs Complaint in the 2008 action, as it does not appear that they have been served in the 2007 action. The District, however, has filed motions to dismiss in both the 2007 and 2008 actions. Because the 2007 action and the 2008 action rely on the same complaint, the Court, on its own motion, consolidates the cases for efficiency purposes. Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(a)(2)-(3).
3 Act ("MVSRA"), D.C. Code §§ 50-1301.01 et seq., and therefore the Flach Estate is
liable for Lacey's failure to maintain control of the vehicle. (Clark CompI.,-r,-r 19-22.)
The Flach Estate contends that MVSRA does not apply because plaintiff admits that the
car was stolen at the time of the accident. For the following reasons, I agree.
Under MVSRA, when an automobile is involved in an accident in the District, the
operator of the vehicle is deemed an agent of the vehicle's owner if the operator was driving the vehicle with either the express or implied consent of the owner.5 D.C. Code §
50-1301.08. MVSRA further creates a rebuttable presumption that the vehicle's operator
at any given time is operating the car with the owner's consent. Id.; Athridge v. Rivas,
312 F.3d 474,477 (D.C. Cir. 2002). MVSRA, however, does not create an expansive
agency relationship between the owner of a vehicle and the person to whom the owner
lends the vehicle. Rather, by its plain terms, MVSRA premises vicarious liability on the
person to whom consent was given being the person driving the car at the time of the
accident. See D.C. Code § 50-1301.08 (creating agency relationship when vehicle is
"operated upon the public highways of the District of Columbia by any person other than
the owner, with the consent of the owner, express or implied"); id. § 50-1301.02(2)
MVSRA provides in pertinent part: Whenever any motor vehicle, after the passage of this chapter, shall be operated upon the public highways of the District of Columbia by any person other than the owner, with the consent of the owner, express or implied, the operator thereof shall in case of accident, be deemed to be the agent of the owner of such motor vehicle, and the proof of the ownership of said motor vehicle shall be prima facie evidence that such person operated said motor vehicle with the consent of the owner. D.C. Code § 50-1301.08.
4 (defining "operator" under MVSRA as "every person who drives or is in actual physical
control of a motor vehicle upon a public highway"). Here, plaintiff alleges in the
Complaint, and therefore admits, Shear v. Nat '[ Rifle Ass 'n ofAm., 606 F.2d 1251, 1253
(D.C. Cir. 1979), that at the time of the accident the car was stolen and was being driven
by two unknown individuals, (Clark Compi. ,-r 11).6 A stolen car, by definition, is one
that is operated without the owner's consent. Accordingly, even assuming that Flach
consented to Lacey's use of the Jaguar, MVSRA cannot create an agency relationship
between Flach and Lacey upon which the Flach Estate can be liable for an accident
caused by Lacey's failure to prevent the Jaguar's theft and collision with plaintiff. See
Athridge, 312 F.3d at 477 ("Under District of Columbia law, an automobile owner is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law if he or she asserts without contradiction that the
vehicle was taken and used without consent."); Curtis v. Cuff, 537 A.2d 1072, 1073 (D.C.
1987) ("Because appellant offered uncontested evidence to rebut the statutory
presumption of consent, she was entitled to judgment as a matter of law."). Plaintiffs
claim against the Flach Estate in both actions therefore must be dismissed. 7
6 In plaintiff s opposition brief, she attempts to call into question whether the car was, in fact, stolen, stating that plaintiff "ha[s] evidence that Defendant Lacey may have been the one driving the vehicle at the time of the accident." (Pl.'s Opp'n to Def. Flach Estate's Motion to Dismiss at 8, No. 08cv779 [Dkt. #12].) The Court, however, when evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, may not consider facts alleged only in the briefs, particularly when they conflict with those alleged in the complaint. Henthorn v. Dep't of Navy, 29 F.3d 682, 688 (D.C. Cir. 1994). 7 The Court also notes that, given plaintiffs admission that the car was stolen, plaintiffs complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to plead a prima facie negligence claim, which requires alleging a causal link between the defendant's acts and the plaintiffs injury. See District of Columbia v. Frick, 291 A.2d 83, 84 (D.C. 1972). In ordinary circumstances, an intervening act by a third party "breaks the chain if it is not reasonably foreseeable." McKethean v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 588 A.2d 708, 716 (D.C. 1991). But when the intervening act is
5 II. GEICO's Motion to Dismiss
In a related claim, plaintiff brings a breach of contract claim against GEICO on the
basis that GEICO, through an automobile insurance contract, "provided liability coverage
for any claims that may have been brought against [Flach] resulting from the use of his
vehicle." (Clark CompI. ~ 30.) Plaintiff alleges that GEICO breached its duty pursuant
to that contract to defend and provide coverage for "any claims that [plaintiff] may make
as a result of her injuries," and is thus liable for damages owed plaintiff. (Id. ~~ 31-33.)
Even assuming GEICO had such a contractual duty, however, plaintiff, as discussed
above, has failed to plead a valid claim for liability against Flach in connection with the
accident, much less secure a judgment against Flach that would authorize a direct action
criminal, a "more heightened showing of foreseeability" is required. District of Columbia v. Beretta, U.S.A., Corp., 872 A.2d 633,641 (D.C. 2005) (quoting Potts v. District of Columbia, 697 A.2d 1249, 1252 (D.C. 1997)). Indeed, "[i]n such a case, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the criminal act was so foreseeable that a duty arises to guard against it." Id. (emphasis in original). Here, plaintiffs only factual allegation as to Lacey's alleged negligence is that "[s]he also stated that she had fallen asleep at a party on [sic] and someone took the vehicle." (Compi. ~ 17.) Plaintiff does not make any allegations as to whether Lacey should have, or could have, foreseen that her actions would have resulted in the criminal act of the car being stolen. Nor does plaintiff make any allegations that Lacey violated any public safety ordinances that would support a claim of negligence per se. See Bailey v. J & B Trucking Servs., Inc., 590 F. Supp. 2d 4,8, 10-11 (D.D.C. 2008) (the act ofleaving keys in an unlocked and unattended vehicle on public property can constitute negligence per se under D.C. law); Ross v. Hartman, 139 F.2d 14, 14-16 (D.C. Cir. 1943) (truck owner liable for negligence per se where agent of owner left truck "unattended in a public alley, with the ignition unlocked and the key in the switch," in violation of traffic ordinance). Accordingly, even if the Flach Estate could be held vicariously liable under MVSRA for Lacey's alleged negligence in allowing the car to be stolen, plaintiff has failed to allege facts sufficient to plead aprimafacie claim. And finally, despite also characterizing her negligence claim in her opposition brief as one of negligent entrustment given Lacey's supposed "past history of untrustworthiness," (PI.'s Opp'n to Def. Flach Estate's Motion to Dismiss at 6-7), plaintiff fails to plead any factual allegations as to whether Flach knew, or should have known, that Lacey intended or was likely to use his vehicle in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of harm to others. See A thridge v. Rivas, 141 F.3d 357, 363 (D.C. Cir. 1998).
6 against GEICO. Plaintiffs claim against GEICO in both actions therefore must also be
dismissed for failure to state a claim. 8 See Young Women's Christian Ass 'n o/Nat.
Capital Area, Inc. v. All State Ins., 158 F.R.D. 6, 8 (D.D.C. 1994) ("[A] plaintiff seeking
to secure the benefits of an insurance policy has the burden of pleading that he has a right
to recover under the terms of the policy."); A.S. Johnson Co. v. Atlantic Masonry Co.,
693 A.2d 1117, 1119 n.1 (D.C. 1997) ("[L liability policies are only required to afford a
direct action by an injured party against an insurer after a judgment has been obtained
against the assured, which is unsatisfied after execution." (quoting Gorman v. St. Paul
Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 121 A.2d 812, 815 (Md. 1956))).
III. The District's Motions to Dismiss
Finally, plaintiffs Complaint alleges that the District, through its police officers
and employees, was grossly negligent by pursuing the stolen Jaguar at high speeds
though crowded streets and by failing to properly hire, train, and control its police
officers. (Clark CompI. ~~ 34-43.) The District contends that plaintiffs claims against it
must be dismissed on account of plaintiffs failure to comply with the D.C. Code's notice
requirement. D.C. Code § 12-309. For the following reasons, I agree.
D.C. Code § 12-309 requires potential tort plaintiffs to give written notice to the
District within six months of an injury in order to bring suit. 9 The notice requirement's
8 In this instance, because GEICO filed an answer prior to filing its motion to dismiss, the Court formally construes GEICO's motion as a motion for jUdgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c). Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). However, because the same substantive standard applies for both motions, Holt v. Davidson, 441 F. Supp. 2d 92,94-95 (D.D.C. 2006), the Court's analysis is unaffected. 9 D.C. Code § 12-309 provides:
7 purpose is "to give reasonable notice to the District of Columbia so that the facts may be
ascertained and, if possible, deserving claims adjusted and meritless claims resisted."
Pitts v. District of Columbia, 391 A.2d 803,807 (D.C. 1978). Compliance with the
notice requirement is mandatory and, because "it is in derogation of the common law
principle of sovereign immunity," it is "construed narrowly against claimants." District
a/Columbia v. Dunmore, 662 A.2d 1356, 1359 (D.C. 1995); see also Tucci v. District 0/
Columbia, 956 A.2d 684, 693-96 (D.C. 2008).
It is uncontested that plaintiff did not provide written notice to the District. (PI.' s
Opp'n to Def. District of Columbia's Motion to Dismiss at 3-4, No. 08cv779 [Dkt. #19].)
Plaintiff argues, not surprisingly, that the District was nevertheless on actual notice
"based on the police reports created contemporaneously with the accident." (Jd. at 4.)
Indeed, police reports created in the regular course of duty are permissible alternatives
under the notice requirement. D.C. Code § 12-309 ("A report in writing by the [MPD], in
regular course of duty, is a sufficient notice under this section."). However, whether any
given police report satisfies § 12-309 is a question of law, see Doe v. District of
Columbia, 697 A.2d 23,24 (D.C. 1997), and, for the following reasons, the reports
plaintiff relies on in this case did not!
An action may not be maintained against the District of Columbia for unliquidated damages to person or property unless, within six months after the injury or damage was sustained, the claimant, his agent, or attorney has given notice in writing to the Mayor of the District of Columbia of the approximate time, place, cause, and circumstances of the injury or damage. A report in writing by the [MPD], in regular course of duty, is a sufficient notice under this section.
8 In order for a police report to qualify as notice, it must "contain information as to
time, place, cause and circumstances of injury or damage with at least the same degree of
specificity required of a written notice." Miller v. Spencer, 330 A.2d 250, 252 (D.C.
1974). It must also provide the requisite information with enough particularity that "it
could be reasonably anticipated that a claim against the District might arise." Pitts, 391
A.2d at 809; see also Washington v. District a/Columbia, 429 A.2d 1362, 1366 (D.C.
1981) (a police report will suffice if it "describe[ s] the injuring event with sufficient
detail to reveal, in itself, a basis for the District's potential liability"). When evaluating
the content of a police report under § 12-309, courts must interpret the requirements
liberally and resolve close cases in favor of finding compliance with the statute. Wharton
v. District a/Columbia, 666 A.2d 1227, 1230 (D.C. 1995). Disputes under § 12-309 are
"an area where no 'bright line' tests are applicable" and courts must resolve them on a
case-by-case basis. Pitts, 391 A.2d at 808.
Here, neither the police reports, nor the Event Chronology, on which plaintiff
relies provided sufficient notice to satisfy § 12-309. The two police reports, a PD-lO
Traffic Accident Report and a PD-66B Evidence Report, merely describe a hit-and-run
traffic accident between plaintiffs vehicle and the stolen jaguar. (PI. 's Opp'n to Def.
District of Columbia's Motion to Dismiss, Exs. 2-3.) While the Traffic Accident Report
documents plaintiffs injury and states that the Jaguar was traveling at "a high rate of
speed" when it caused the accident, neither report indicates any involvement by the
9 District or its police officers in the events leading up to the accident. 10 (ld.) The Event
Chronology, while providing more information about the District's conduct, does not
cure this shortcoming. The chronology, which appears to be a computer-generated log
documenting communications from officers in the field relating to the accident
investigation, states in pertinent part: "GRAY JAGUAR WAS FOLLOWED" and
"BOTH SUBJS CRASHED THE SILVER JAGUAR AND FLED THE SCENE INTO
PG COUNTY THROUGH THE TIGERMART TOWARDS SOUTHERNVIEW APTS.
SUBJS POSSIBLY ARMED, SUBJS WERE BEING FOLLOWED Y [sic] CR8632 ON
SOUTHERN AVE AND REFUSED TO STOP." (Pl.'s Opp'n to Def. District of
Columbia's Motion to Dismiss, Ex. 1, Event Chronology.) Unlike cases where the
District's direct involvement in the injurious event is apparent on the face of the police
report, such as when District employees directly cause an injury, e.g., Jones v. Ritter, 587
F. Supp. 2d 152, 158-59 (D.D.C. 2008) (assault and battery during arrest), or the injury
occurs on District property, e.g., Pitts, 391 A.2d at 809-810 (slip-and-fall in public
housing), the statements in the Event Chronology only reveal that a District police cruiser
wasjollowing the Jaguar at the time of the accident. The chronology, on its face, does
10 The narrative portion of the Traffic Accident Report states: On 05-13-05 at approximately 1355 hours, D-l was traveling E/B in the 800 block of Southern Avenue, SE at a high rate of speed, crossed over the double yellow lines striking D-2' s vehicle causing it to spin out of control. D-l' s vehicle also spun out of control before coming to a complete stop at which time D-l and the passenger jumped out of vehicle and fled the scene in the wooded area in the 800 block of Southern Ave., SE. (PI. 's Opp'n to Def. District of Columbia's Motion to Dismiss, Ex. 2 at 4.) The Evidence Report similarly only indicates that a hit-and-run accident involving a stolen vehicle occurred and documents the various items and prints recovered from the vehicle. (Jd., Ex. 3 at 1.)
10 not reveal whether the police were "pursuing" the Jaguar in a manner, or with an intent,
to induce a traffic stop, or whether the cruiser even had its emergency lights on.
Proximity to the accident does not, alone, indicate involvement by the District, and
therefore any inference of potential liability based on the chronology is too remote to
satisfy § 12-309, particularly given that the formal police report fails to reference police
involvement in any capacity. I I Cf Doe, 697 A.2d at 27-29 (in case involving negligence
claim for failure to intervene to remove child from abusive home environment, police
reports insufficient where they "d[id] not refer to any direct involvement by the District
in determining [child's] primary caretaker or residence"); Braxton v. Nat 'I Capital Hous.
Auth., 396 A.2d 215, 217 (D.C. 1978) (police report failed to satisfy § 12-309 where it
contained no indication that District employees were involved in the events leading up to
the burglary and theft). Accordingly, because the police report and Event Chronology
fail to "reveal, in [themselves], a basis for the District's potential liability," the Court will
dismiss plaintiffs claims against the District in both actions. 12 Washington, 429 A.2d at
1366.
II The Court also notes, in any event, that it is not entirely clear that the Event Chronology qualifies as a type of police report sufficient to provide notice under § 12-309. While the District does not argue that the chronology was not created in the regular course of duty, the chronology's (apparent) automated nature raises questions as to whether it is, in fact, the type of "report in writing" contemplated in § 12-309. See Doe, 697 A.2d at 28 ("Section 12-309 makes clear that police reports are the only acceptable alternatives to a formal notice. The court is not free to go beyond the express language of the statute and authorize any additional documents to meet its requirements."). 12 Plaintiffs argument that the purpose of § 12-309 was satisfied because the police reports indicate that the District was "afforded ample time to conduct an investigation" and that the District did, in fact, conduct an investigation misses the mark. (Pl.'s Opp'n to Def. District of Columbia's Motion to Dismiss at 5.) The purpose of § 12-309 is "to allow the District to
11 CONCLUSION
Thus for all the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the Estate of David Flach,
Sf. 's, the District of Columbia's, and GEICO's motions to dismiss. An appropriate Order
will issue with this Memorandum Opinion.
RICHARD. L N United States Istnct Judge
conduct a prompt investigation of the injured person's claim," Doe, 697 A.2d at 27 (emphasis added), separate and apart from any investigation the District may conduct as a matter of course into a hit-and-run automobile accident involving a stolen vehicle, as the District performed here.