Mo ORB, J.
The question for decision is whether or not the trial court erred in allowing the motions for nonsuit.
The City of Lenoir is a municipal corporation.
“A municipal corporation is dual in character and exercises two classes of powers — governmental and proprietary. It has a twofold existence — one as a governmental agency, the other as a private corporation.
“Any activity of the municipality which is discretionary, political, legislative or public in nature and performed for the public good in behalf of the State, rather than for itself, comes within the class of governmental functions. When, however, the activity is commercial or chiefly for the private advantage of the compact community, it is private or proprietary.
“When injury or damage results from the negligent discharge of a ministerial or proprietary function it is subject to suit in tort as a private corporation. 6 McQuillin, Mun. Corps. (2d), sec. 2792.
“While acting ‘in behalf of the State’ in promoting or protecting the health, safety, security or general welfare of its citizens, it is an agency of the sovereign. No action in tort may be maintained for resulting injury to person or property. (Citing many authorities).”
Millar v. Wilson,
222 N.C. 340, 341, 23 S.E. 2d 42. See also
Carter v. Greensboro,
249 N.C. 328, 333, 106 S.E. 2d 564.
“In the absence of a constitutional or statutory imposition of tort
liability upon governmental units, recovery for personal injury or property damage resulting from insecticide or vermin eradication operations conducted by governmental units has generally been de-mied.”'25 A.L.R. 2d, Anno: Destruction of Pest — Incidental Damage, s. 2, p. 1058. We have found no authorities contrary to the foregoing general rule.
Dr. Dula, a physician and formerly Councilman for the City of Lenoir, testified: “The purpose for the process was to destroy flies, mosquitoes and other insects which might be responsible for' the transfer of infection from one individual to another. . . . The purpose of the program was for the health of the citizens of the community.”
Moore v. Plymouth,
249 N.C. 423, 106 S.E. 2d 695, involves a factual situation somewhat similar to that of the instant case. A collision of motor vehicles resulted from the operation of a machine emitting chemical fog. The machine was mounted on a pickup truck being driven on a highway. The Town of Plymouth had procured liability insurance and had waived governmental immunity to the extent of the amount of the insurance. G.S. 160-191.1
et seq.
In the opinion delivered by
Parker, J.,
it is said:
“The evidence is clear that the Ford pickup-truck and the fogging machine were being operated at the time by the Town of Plymouth to destroy mosquitoes. It is a well known fact that the breeding and ■presence of anopheles mosquitoes constitute a menace to the health ,and comfort of persons exposed to them. See
Godfrey v. Power Co.,
190 N.C. 24, 128 S.E. 485;
Pruitt v. Bethell,
174 N.C. 454, 93 S.E. 945. The Legislature has given powers to municipalities to promote and to secure the lives and health of their residents by empowering them in G.S. 160-200 (6) ‘. . . to define, prohibit, abate, or suppress all things detrimental to the health, morals, comfort, safety, convenience, and welfare of the people, and all nuisances and causes thereof.’
“Unquestionably the Town of Plymouth had a legal right to destroy mosquitoes detrimental to the health and comfort of its ■residents, but if in doing so in the instant case it injured plaintiff by actionable negligence in the operation of its truck and fogging machine, it cannot completely avoid liability to him by reason of .the provisions of G.S., Ch. 160, Art. 15A.” (p. 431.)
Inferentially, then, this Court has held that governmental immunity applies under circumstances such as presented in the instant case unless waived by the municipality under the provisions of Art. 15A, Ch. 160, General Statutes of North Carolina (G.S. 160-191.1
et.seq).
, •
We think, in the enactment of the legislation above referred to permitting the procurement of insurance and waiver of governmental immunity, the General Assembly recognized the immunity of municipalities from tort liability in the operation of motor vehicles in performance of governmental functions, and intended by the enactment to provide a limited exception to the general doctrine. This limited exception does not apply in this case. There is no proof that the City of Lenoir had waived immunity.
But plaintiff contends that the City is liable in this instance for the reason that the negligent conduct of its employee created a condition that obstructed and rendered dangerous a public highway within the City and that this condition proximately caused damage to plaintiff. The construction and maintenance of streets by a municipality is a governmental function. But, as an exception to the doctrine of governmental immunity, it has been uniformly held in this jurisdiction that municipalities may be held liable in tort for failure to maintain their streets in a reasonably safe condition and they are now required by statute (G.S. 160-54) to do so.
Glenn v. Raleigh,
246 N.C. 469, 98 S.E. 2d 913.
But G.S. 160-54 relates to the maintenance and repair of the streets themselves. Parenthetically, it would appear that the duty to maintain and repair the highway in question rested upon the State Highway Commission. G.S. 136-41.1; G.S. 160-54.
The fact that chemical fog temporarily covered the highway as the jeep passed and rendered the passage of meeting vehicles perilous is only an incidental result of the performance of the governmental activity of insect extermination and does not impose liability in this case.
Stephenson v. Raleigh,
232 N.C. 42, 59 S.E. 2d 195.
The court properly sustained the City of Lenoir’s motion for nonsuit.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant Scheld was negligent in that he operated his automobile at a greater speed than was reasonable and prudent under the circumstances, failed to maintain a proper lookout, neglected to keep his vehicle under reasonable control, and drove recklessly.
Ordinarily the mere fact of a collision with a vehicle ahead furnishes some evidence that the following motorist was negligent as to speed, was following too closely, or failed to keep a proper lookout.
Clontz v. Krimminger,
253 N.C. 252, 116 S.E. 2d 804;
Smith v. Rawlins,
253 N.C. 67, 116 S.E. 2d 184. However, “The relative duties automobile drivers owe one another when they are travelling along a highway in the same direction, are governed ordinarily by the cir
cumstances in each particular case.”
Beaman v. Duncan,
228 N.C. 600, 604, 46 S.E. 2d 707.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mo ORB, J.
The question for decision is whether or not the trial court erred in allowing the motions for nonsuit.
The City of Lenoir is a municipal corporation.
“A municipal corporation is dual in character and exercises two classes of powers — governmental and proprietary. It has a twofold existence — one as a governmental agency, the other as a private corporation.
“Any activity of the municipality which is discretionary, political, legislative or public in nature and performed for the public good in behalf of the State, rather than for itself, comes within the class of governmental functions. When, however, the activity is commercial or chiefly for the private advantage of the compact community, it is private or proprietary.
“When injury or damage results from the negligent discharge of a ministerial or proprietary function it is subject to suit in tort as a private corporation. 6 McQuillin, Mun. Corps. (2d), sec. 2792.
“While acting ‘in behalf of the State’ in promoting or protecting the health, safety, security or general welfare of its citizens, it is an agency of the sovereign. No action in tort may be maintained for resulting injury to person or property. (Citing many authorities).”
Millar v. Wilson,
222 N.C. 340, 341, 23 S.E. 2d 42. See also
Carter v. Greensboro,
249 N.C. 328, 333, 106 S.E. 2d 564.
“In the absence of a constitutional or statutory imposition of tort
liability upon governmental units, recovery for personal injury or property damage resulting from insecticide or vermin eradication operations conducted by governmental units has generally been de-mied.”'25 A.L.R. 2d, Anno: Destruction of Pest — Incidental Damage, s. 2, p. 1058. We have found no authorities contrary to the foregoing general rule.
Dr. Dula, a physician and formerly Councilman for the City of Lenoir, testified: “The purpose for the process was to destroy flies, mosquitoes and other insects which might be responsible for' the transfer of infection from one individual to another. . . . The purpose of the program was for the health of the citizens of the community.”
Moore v. Plymouth,
249 N.C. 423, 106 S.E. 2d 695, involves a factual situation somewhat similar to that of the instant case. A collision of motor vehicles resulted from the operation of a machine emitting chemical fog. The machine was mounted on a pickup truck being driven on a highway. The Town of Plymouth had procured liability insurance and had waived governmental immunity to the extent of the amount of the insurance. G.S. 160-191.1
et seq.
In the opinion delivered by
Parker, J.,
it is said:
“The evidence is clear that the Ford pickup-truck and the fogging machine were being operated at the time by the Town of Plymouth to destroy mosquitoes. It is a well known fact that the breeding and ■presence of anopheles mosquitoes constitute a menace to the health ,and comfort of persons exposed to them. See
Godfrey v. Power Co.,
190 N.C. 24, 128 S.E. 485;
Pruitt v. Bethell,
174 N.C. 454, 93 S.E. 945. The Legislature has given powers to municipalities to promote and to secure the lives and health of their residents by empowering them in G.S. 160-200 (6) ‘. . . to define, prohibit, abate, or suppress all things detrimental to the health, morals, comfort, safety, convenience, and welfare of the people, and all nuisances and causes thereof.’
“Unquestionably the Town of Plymouth had a legal right to destroy mosquitoes detrimental to the health and comfort of its ■residents, but if in doing so in the instant case it injured plaintiff by actionable negligence in the operation of its truck and fogging machine, it cannot completely avoid liability to him by reason of .the provisions of G.S., Ch. 160, Art. 15A.” (p. 431.)
Inferentially, then, this Court has held that governmental immunity applies under circumstances such as presented in the instant case unless waived by the municipality under the provisions of Art. 15A, Ch. 160, General Statutes of North Carolina (G.S. 160-191.1
et.seq).
, •
We think, in the enactment of the legislation above referred to permitting the procurement of insurance and waiver of governmental immunity, the General Assembly recognized the immunity of municipalities from tort liability in the operation of motor vehicles in performance of governmental functions, and intended by the enactment to provide a limited exception to the general doctrine. This limited exception does not apply in this case. There is no proof that the City of Lenoir had waived immunity.
But plaintiff contends that the City is liable in this instance for the reason that the negligent conduct of its employee created a condition that obstructed and rendered dangerous a public highway within the City and that this condition proximately caused damage to plaintiff. The construction and maintenance of streets by a municipality is a governmental function. But, as an exception to the doctrine of governmental immunity, it has been uniformly held in this jurisdiction that municipalities may be held liable in tort for failure to maintain their streets in a reasonably safe condition and they are now required by statute (G.S. 160-54) to do so.
Glenn v. Raleigh,
246 N.C. 469, 98 S.E. 2d 913.
But G.S. 160-54 relates to the maintenance and repair of the streets themselves. Parenthetically, it would appear that the duty to maintain and repair the highway in question rested upon the State Highway Commission. G.S. 136-41.1; G.S. 160-54.
The fact that chemical fog temporarily covered the highway as the jeep passed and rendered the passage of meeting vehicles perilous is only an incidental result of the performance of the governmental activity of insect extermination and does not impose liability in this case.
Stephenson v. Raleigh,
232 N.C. 42, 59 S.E. 2d 195.
The court properly sustained the City of Lenoir’s motion for nonsuit.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant Scheld was negligent in that he operated his automobile at a greater speed than was reasonable and prudent under the circumstances, failed to maintain a proper lookout, neglected to keep his vehicle under reasonable control, and drove recklessly.
Ordinarily the mere fact of a collision with a vehicle ahead furnishes some evidence that the following motorist was negligent as to speed, was following too closely, or failed to keep a proper lookout.
Clontz v. Krimminger,
253 N.C. 252, 116 S.E. 2d 804;
Smith v. Rawlins,
253 N.C. 67, 116 S.E. 2d 184. However, “The relative duties automobile drivers owe one another when they are travelling along a highway in the same direction, are governed ordinarily by the cir
cumstances in each particular case.”
Beaman v. Duncan,
228 N.C. 600, 604, 46 S.E. 2d 707.
“The driver of a car is not required to anticipate that vehicles will be stopped or parked on the highway at night without lights or the warning signals required by statute, but this does not relieve him of the duty to keep a proper lookout and not exceed a speed at which he can stop within the radius of his lights, taking into consideration the darkness and atmospheric conditions, and the duty to anticipate the presence of others and hazards of the road, such as disabled vehicles.” Strong: N. C. Index, Vol. 1, Automobiles, s. 10, pp. 241-2;
Weavil v. Trading Post,
245 N.C. 106, 95 S.E. 2d 533;
Singletary v. Nixon,
239 N.C. 634, 80 S.E. 2d 676;
Morris v. Transport Co.,
235 N.C. 568, 70 S.E. 2d 845;
Wilson v. Motor Lines,
230 N.C. 551, 54 S.E. 2d 53.
There is no allegation that defendant Scheld followed plaintiff’s car more closely than was reasonable and prudent. And the evidence does not support the allegation of reckless driving.
There is no evidence from which it may be inferred that Scheld was exceeding the maximum speed limit of 55 miles per hour. The inquiry as to speed is whether it was greater than was reasonable and prudent under the circumstances. Scheld was in a line of traffic. ’He did not overtake and pass or attempt to pass any other vehicle in the line. For a mile or more he had been narrowing the distance between his and plaintiff’s automobiles. The weather was clear and the road was dry. Plaintiff had been travelling at a moderate rate and his speed just prior to the collision was 30 to 35 miles per hour. There was nothing visible, to Scheld which indicated any unusual danger. He could see the headlights of the jeep approaching from the opposite direction, but it appeared to be an ordinary motor vehicle. According to plaintiff’s testimony the red flashing light was not visible and the chemical fog could not be seen until the headlights of the jeep had been passéd. Plaintiff testified that he had no time to give notice or warning that he was going to stop. Plaintiff applied brakes, but there is no evidence as to whether they took effect before or after he entered the fog. There is no evidence as to whether he had brake lights, or, if he did, whether they were in working order. The distance between Scheld’s and plaintiff’s vehicles just béfore the accident does not appear; plaintiff stated that when he stopped Scheld was “right behind” him. This expression is so indefinite as to be' speculative, and recovery is not sought on the theory that Scheld was following too closely. It does not appear how quickly plaintiff stopped after entering the fog or whether there was-sufficient
reaction time or space within which to stop after Scheld discovered the foggy condition. Ten vehicles in this line of traffic, including Scheld’s car, suffered similar rear end collisions. It is true there was extensive damage to plaintiff’s car, but Scheld’s car was struck in the rear by Suddreth. Taken as a whole the evidence does not indicate that Scheld might, in the exercise of ordinary care, have avoided the collision ■ with plaintiff’s automobile. If Scheld saw all that could have been seen, the evidence does not disclose anything which would have warned him of peril until he reached the area of fog behind the jeep’s headlights. The law does not require omniscience and proof of negligence must rest on a more solid foundation than mere conjecture.
Cheek v. Brokerage Co.,
209 N.C. 569, 183 S.E. 729.
In
Moore v. Plymouth, supra,
involving chemical fog on a highway, the defendant Daniel saw the cloud of fog at a distance of 250 yards and as he drew nearer he saw the red flashing light. He had ample warning of danger. But in the instant case there is positive testimony from plaintiff that neither the fog nor the red light was visible until the headlights of the jeep had passed.
This case is easily distinguishable from those in which motorists travelled for some distance through smoke or fog before collision and were aware of, or under duty to anticipate, danger.
Clontz v. Krim-minger, supra; Royal v. McClure,
244 N.C. 186, 92 S.E. 2d 762;
Dawson v. Transportation Co.,
230 N.C. 36, 51 S.E. 2d 921;
Bus Co. v. Products Co.,
229 N.C. 352, 49 S.E. 2d 623;
Riggs v. Oil Corp.,
228 N.C. 774, 47 S.E. 2d 254;
Sibbitt v. Transit Co.,
220 N.C. 702, 18 S.E. 2d 203.
A consideration of the evidence within the framework of the complaint leads us to the conclusion that plaintiff failed to make out a
prima jade
case of actionable negligence as against defendant Scheld.
The judgments appealed from are
Affirmed.