FILED Jun 18 2020, 5:53 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES Amy E. Romig Richard A. Cook Jonathan P. Emenhiser Yosha, Cook & Tisch Christopher E. Kozak Indianapolis, Indiana Plews Shadley Racher & Braun LLP Indianapolis, Indiana Steven D. Liddle Nicholas A. Coulson Liddle & Dubin, P.C. Detroit, Michigan
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Clark-Floyd Landfill, LLC, June 18, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CT-2680 v. Appeal from the Clark Circuit Court Ricky Gonzalez, Yvonne The Honorable Bradley B. Jacobs, Gonzalez, Robert Scoles, and Judge Tamara Scoles, on Behalf of The Honorable Kenneth R. Themselves and All Others Abbott, Magistrate Similarly Situated, Trial Court Cause No. Appellees-Plaintiffs. 10C02-1608-CT-131
Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 1 of 19 Statement of the Case [1] In August of 2016, Ricky Gonzalez, Yvonne Gonzales, Robert Scoles, and
Tamara Scoles (“the Homeowners”) filed a putative class-action complaint
against Clark-Floyd Landfill, LLC (“CFL”) based on noxious odors emanating
from a landfill operated by CFL. On interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s
certification of the complaint as a class action, CFL raises four issues for our
review, which we restate as the following five issues:
1. Whether the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard in determining whether to certify the class action.
2. Whether the trial court’s adoption of the Homeowners’ class definition is supported by substantial evidence.
3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it found that the class members would have common questions of law or fact.
4. Whether the court erred when it found that the class’s common questions of law or fact would predominate over any questions affecting only individual members.
5. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied CFL’s motion to strike the Homeowners’ designated evidence.
[2] We affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 2 of 19 Facts and Procedural History [3] In August of 2016, the Homeowners filed their putative class-action complaint,
which the Homeowners later amended. According to the amended complaint:
8. On frequent recurrent and intermittent occasions too numerous to identify individually, [the Homeowners’] propert[ies] including [their] neighborhoods, residences and yards have been and continue to be physically invaded by noxious odors, pollutants and air contaminants.
9. The noxious odors, pollutants, and air contaminants which entered [their] propert[ies] originated from [CFL’s] Landfill [(“the landfill”)], located [in Jeffersonville, Indiana].
10. It is [the Homeowners’] informed belief that [CFL] either constructed or directed the construction of the facilities and exercised control and/or ownership over the landfill.
11. The Indiana Department of Environmental [Management, or “IDEM,”] has received numerous complaints from residents concerning the noxious odors emitted from [the] landfill.
12. On at least one occasion, [CFL] has been cited by [IDEM] for failing to adequately control the landfill gas generated by decomposing waste . . . .
13. The invasion of [the Homeowners’] propert[ies] by pollutants, noxious odors, and air contaminants has caused [the Homeowners] to suffer injuries including, but not limited to, exposure to pollutants, horrific odors, and air contaminants.
14. The invasion of [the Homeowners’] propert[ies] by pollutants, noxious odors, and air contaminants has interfered Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 3 of 19 with [the Homeowners’] use and enjoyment of their propert[ies], resulting in damages . . . .
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 52-53.
[4] Further, the Homeowners alleged that they were appropriate representatives of
a class of plaintiffs consisting of “[a]ll persons who have been owner/occupants
and/or renters of residential property within three miles of the property
boundary of the . . . landfill at any time between August 12, 2010[,] and the
present,” which they believed captured “thousands of residents.” Id. at 54.
And, after reciting allegations relevant to the demand for a class action, the
complaint claimed that CFL both had created a nuisance and had acted
negligently. Specifically, the complaint alleged in relevant part:
27. The odors, pollutants and air contaminants invading [the Homeowners’] propert[ies] are indecent and/or offensive to the senses[] and obstruct the free use of their propert[ies] so as to substantially and unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life and/or property, including in . . . the following ways:
a. causing [the Homeowners] to remain inside their homes and forego use of their yards;
b. causing [the Homeowners] to keep doors and windows closed when weather conditions otherwise would not so require; and
c. causing [the Homeowners] embarrassment and reluctance to invite guests to their homes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 4 of 19 ***
31. The injuries and damages suffered by [the Homeowners] are specially injurious to [them] as opposed to the general public because they uniquely suffer harm relating to the use and enjoyment of their land and property, and decreased property values, which are not harms suffered by the general public.
***
45. As a direct and proximate result of the failure of [CFL] to exercise ordinary care, [the Homeowners’] residences were invaded by noxious odors, pollutants, and air contaminants.
WHEREFORE, [the Homeowners], individually and on behalf of the proposed Class, pray for . . . compensatory and punitive damages, and . . . temporary, preliminary, and permanent orders for injunctive relief . . . .
Id. at 57-61.
[5] In December of 2018, the Homeowners moved to certify their complaint as a
class action and designated evidence in support of that motion. CFL opposed
that motion, objected to the admissibility of the Homeowners’ designated
evidence, and designated its own evidence in opposition. After a hearing in
which the parties presented oral argument to the court, the court granted the
Homeowners’ motion and certified the class using the Homeowners’ proposed
class definition.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 5 of 19 [6] In particular, after overruling CFL’s objections to the designated evidence, in its
written class-certification order the court related the designated evidence to the
requirements necessary to maintain a class action in relevant part as follows:
• “joinder of over 1,200 plaintiffs would . . . be impracticable.” • “[CFL’s] actions or inactions have resulted in a common legal question of whether [CFL] has failed to comply with law and ha[s] allowed odor and emissions to escape from the landfill.” • “[The Homeowners’] claims are similar . . . to what all residents would have to prove regarding the operation of the landfill[] as well as the inconvenience, frustration, and expected monetary loss calculations.” • “[The Homeowners] have pursued this litigation vigorously for over two years, and [they] have the same interest in the outcome as would be expected from other members of the class. The counsel for the [Homeowners] ha[s] ample experience in class action cases[] and ha[s] exhibited skill in arguing the issues in this matter.” • “[The Homeowners] sustained very common injuries during the same or similar periods, in the same vicinity, and their damages are likely to be determined in the same manner without many variances in the type of relief sought. . . . Because the number of individualized issues is expected to be minimal among the class members, those issues would not overwhelm any common issues.”
Id. at 25-28. The court also stated that class litigation of the Homeowners’
claims “will be more streamlined and efficient . . . than litigating these odor-
based claims on individual bases.” Id. at 30. And, in a preamble of relevant
class action legal standards, the court stated as follows:
10. “Determination of the propriety of class certification, however, should not turn on likelihood of success on the merits.” Payton v. County of Kane, 308 F.3d 673, 677 (7th Cir. 2002). Indeed, a court may not engage in [an] analysis of the merits of the allegations in order to determine whether a class action may
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 6 of 19 be maintained. Eggleston v. Chicago Journeyman Plumbers, Local Union No. 130, 657 F.2d 890, 895 (7th Cir. 1981). The inquiry is limited to whether the requirements of [Trial] Rule 23 have been satisfied. E.g., Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 178 (1974).
Id. at 22 (footnote omitted). The court then certified its order for interlocutory
appeal, which we accepted.
Discussion and Decision Standard of Review and Trial Rule 23
[7] CFL appeals the trial court’s certification of the Homeowners’ complaint as a
class action. As the Indiana Supreme Court has explained:
The determination of whether an action is maintainable as a class action is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Appellate courts reviewing a class certification employ an abuse of discretion standard.[ 1] The trial court’s certification determination will be affirmed if supported by substantial evidence. A misinterpretation of law, however, will not justify affirmance under the abuse of discretion standard.
Associated Med. Networks, Ltd. v. Lewis, 824 N.E.2d 679, 682 (Ind. 2005)
(quotation marks and citations omitted).
1 In its class-certification order, the trial court purported to enter findings of fact and conclusions thereon. However, the court held no evidentiary hearing on the motion to certify the class action. Rather, the court based its judgment only on paper evidentiary designations and a hearing at which the parties presented only oral argument. As such, we review the court’s class-certification order under our usual abuse-of-discretion standard and not the clearly erroneous standard we would have applied in an appeal from an evidentiary fact- finding hearing.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 7 of 19 [8] To maintain a class action, Indiana Trial Rule 23(A) requires the putative class-
action plaintiffs to show each of the following four requirements:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
[9] In addition to those four requirements, Trial Rule 23(B) requires the plaintiffs to
show one of the following:
(1) the prosecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the class would create a risk of:
(a) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, or
(b) adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interest of the other members not parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests; or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 8 of 19 (2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole; or
(3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy. The matters pertinent to the findings include:
(a) the interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;
(b) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class;
(c) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum;
(d) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.
Here, after finding that the Homeowners had successfully satisfied the four
requirements of Trial Rule 23(A), the court additionally found that they had
satisfied Trial Rule 23(B)(3).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 9 of 19 Issue One: Whether the Trial Court Applied an Incorrect Legal Standard
[10] On appeal, CFL first asserts that, in one sentence of paragraph 10 of the trial
court’s class-certification order, a legal preamble, the trial court erroneously
stated that it “may not engage in [an] analysis of the merits of the allegations in
order to determine whether a class action may be maintained.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. II at 22. Again, a trial court abuses its discretion if it applies an
incorrect legal standard. Associated Med. Networks, Ltd., 824 N.E.2d at 682.
[11] CFL’s argument is not well taken. Paragraph 10 of the trial court’s order begins
by noting that a “[d]etermination of the propriety of class
certification . . . should not turn on likelihood of success on the merits.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 22 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The
sentence CFL complains of follows that statement. In other words, the trial
court’s point in this paragraph was that its class-certification decision does not
turn on whether the court thinks the plaintiffs will ultimately succeed on the
merits of their claims at trial. See id.
[12] CFL does not suggest that paragraph 10 as a whole is an incorrect assessment of
the law. Indeed, the trial court’s commentary in paragraph 10 of its
certification order is wholly consistent with Indiana law. As we have
explained:
“Class certification is essentially a procedural order and carries no implication about the merits of the case.” NIPSCO v. Bolka, 693 N.E.2d 613, 617 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied. Thus, “in making a determination regarding class certification, a trial Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 10 of 19 court may not conduct a preliminary inquiry into the merits of the suit.” Rene ex rel. Rene v. Reed, 726 N.E.2d 808, 816 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). As a “certification hearing is not intended to be a trial on the merits,” “Trial Rule 23 does not require a potential class representative to show a likelihood of success on the merits in order to have his claim certified as a class action.” Bolka, 693 N.E.2d at 617. Instead, assuming the merits of an action, a trial court must determine whether the plaintiff has satisfied the requirements for class certification under Trial Rule 23. Eggleston v. Chicago Journeymen Plumbers, 657 F.2d 890, 895 (7th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1017, 102 S. Ct. 1710, 72 L. Ed. 2d 134 (1982).
LHO Indianapolis One Lessee, LLC v. Bowman, 40 N.E.3d 1264, 1268 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015). Although CFL asserts that federal authority on this question has
shifted since Eggleston, Indiana authority has not, and we cannot say that the
trial court abused its discretion by following this Court’s precedent. See, e.g.,
Bogner v. Bogner, 29 N.E.3d 733, 743 (Ind. 2015).
[13] In any event, CFL’s ultimate argument on this issue is that one sentence in the
court’s class-certification order shows that the court failed to properly consider
any of the designated evidence in certifying the class. But the court’s order
plainly shows otherwise: the court consistently and specifically cited or referred
to the designated evidence throughout the order. Thus, even if the one sentence
CFL complains about were an erroneous legal statement, the order as a whole
makes clear that the court considered the designated evidence when it entered
its judgment. Accordingly, we reject CFL’s argument that the court applied an
erroneous legal standard when it certified the class.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 11 of 19 Issue Two: Definiteness of the Class
[14] CFL next asserts on appeal that the trial court erred in certifying the class
because no evidence supports the Homeowners’ definition of the class as all
residents living within a three-mile radius of the landfill. Although Trial Rule
23 does not address it, in addition to the express requirements of that Rule:
there is an implicit “definiteness” requirement. A properly defined class is necessary at the outset because a judgment in a class action has a res judicata effect on absent class members. The class definition must be specific enough for the court to determine whether or not an individual is a class member.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Bailey, 808 N.E.2d 1198, 1201 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004)
(emphasis added), trans. denied. Again, we review this issue for an abuse of the
trial court’s discretion, under which “[t]he trial court’s certification
determination will be affirmed if supported by substantial evidence.” Associated
Med. Networks, Ltd., 824 N.E.2d at 682.
[15] Although the trial court’s certification order does not expressly discuss the
definiteness requirement, we cannot say that the court’s adoption of the
Homeowners’ definition was an abuse of the court’s discretion. There is no
reasonable question as to whether a three-mile radius is specific enough to
determine whether a given individual is a class member. It plainly is. As such,
the court properly applied Indiana law here.
[16] CFL nonetheless asks that we invent new rules to heighten the evidentiary
burden under Trial Rule 23’s implicit definiteness requirement. We decline to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 12 of 19 do so, but we do note that the record is replete with designated evidence that
identifies residents who complained of odors emanating from the landfill to
IDEM or in response to a survey distributed by the Homeowners’ counsel. In
each case, the residents provided their home addresses. While there is not a
map in the record that plots specifically where each address falls relative to a
three-mile radius around the landfill, the trial court was within its discretion to
take notice of those addresses and their locations relative to the landfill, and
“[w]e presume the trial court correctly followed the law.” Perkins v. Brown, 901
N.E.3d 63, 65 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
[17] It is CFL’s burden on appeal to show that the numerous addresses in the record
would not be captured by the Homeowners’ class definition, that other residents
who should have been captured by the definition were omitted by the
Homeowners’ definition, that the Homeowners’ definition is somehow
inappropriately overinclusive, or, most significantly, that the Homeowners’
definition is not specific enough to allow the court to determine whether a given
individual is a class member. CFL fails to do any of those things and instead
simply, and erroneously, asserts that the definition here is “untethered to any
actual evidence.” Appellant’s Br. at 32. Accordingly, we conclude that CFL
has not met its burden on appeal to show that the trial court erred in adopting
the Homeowners’ definition of the class.
Issue Three: Evidence of Commonality
[18] Next, CFL asserts that the Homeowners failed to show commonality—that is,
that the designated evidence does not support the Homeowner’s requirement Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 13 of 19 under Trial Rule 23(A)(2) that there are “questions of law or fact common to
the class.” In particular, CFL argues that the Homeowners have not designated
evidence to show the “odors suffered by the class area can be traced to a
common defendant.” Appellant’s Br. at 39.
[19] This assertion is not credible. Numerous IDEM reports in the designated
evidence identify complaints of odors from the landfill, with the complaining
residents identified by name and address. Moreover, again, numerous survey
responses by residents near the landfill also complained of odors from the
landfill. At best, CFL’s argument on this issue points out what CFL perceives
to be inconsistencies in the evidence, but such purported inconsistences are not
relevant to our review. We will not reweigh the evidence but instead will affirm
if there is substantial evidence that supports the court’s judgment, which there
is. Thus, we reject this argument.
Issue Four: Evidence of Predominance
[20] In addition to Trial Rule 23(A)(2)’s commonality requirement, Rule 23(B)(3)
requires that the common questions of law or fact “predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members.” As our Supreme Court has
there must be more than a mere nucleus of facts in common with the plaintiff class. Predominance requires more than commonality. Predominance cannot be established merely by facts showing a common course of conduct, but the common facts must also actually “predominate over any questions affecting only individual members.” T.R. 23(B)(3).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 14 of 19 Indiana’s Trial Rule 23 is based upon Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and it is thus appropriate to consider federal court interpretations when applying the Indiana rule. The text of 23(B)(3) is identical in both rules. The Federal Advisory Committee Notes, which supported the adoption of Rule 23, in discussing the predominance requirement, states, “It is only where this predominance exists that economies can be achieved by means of the class-action device.” Published in William F. Harvey, 2 INDIANA PRACTICE, RULES OF PROCEDURE ANNOTATED 464. It is generally accepted that the analogous federal Rule 23(b)(3) “is designed to be a means of achieving economies of time, effort, and expense.” James Wm. Moore, 5 MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 23.44[1], at 23-207, and cases cited therein at footnote 4. Other noted commentators explain:
Thus the predominance test really involves an attempt to achieve a balance between the value of allowing individual actions to be instituted so that each person can protect his own interests and the economy that can be achieved by allowing a multiple party dispute to be resolved on a class action basis.
Charles Alan Wright, Arthur Miller, Mary Kay Kane, 7A FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1777, at 518-19. Professor Moore’s treatise provides a helpful look at the problems of determining predominance under the heading “No Bright Line Test Measures Predominance; Each Case Is Measured by Its Own Facts:”
In a Rule 23(b)(3) class action, common questions of law or fact must predominate over questions affecting only individual members. There is no precise test for determining whether common questions of law or fact predominate, however. Instead, the Rule requires a pragmatic assessment of the entire action and all the issues Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 15 of 19 involved. In making that assessment, courts have enunciated a number of standards, finding . . . predominance if:
● The substantive elements of class members’ claims require the same proof for each class member;
● The proposed class is bound together by a mutual interest in resolving common questions more than it is divided by individual interests.
● The resolution of an issue common to the class would significantly advance the litigation.
● One or more common issues constitute significant parts of each class member’s individual cases.
● The common questions are central to all of the members’ claims.
● The same theory of liability is asserted by or against all class members, and all defendants raise the same basic defenses.
Courts generally agree that the predominance of common issues does not mean that common issues merely outnumber individual issues. Nor should a court determine predominance by comparing the time that the common issues can be anticipated to consume in the litigation to the time that individual issues will require. Otherwise, only the most complex common issues could predominate, because only complex issues tend to require more time to litigate.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 16 of 19 5 MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 23.45[1], at 23-210 to 212 (footnotes omitted).
Associated Med. Networks, LLC, 824 N.E.2d at 685-86 (some citations omitted).
In other words, the predominance requirement directs that the common
questions of law or fact be questions the resolution of which would make the
class action a more efficient trial procedure than individualized actions.
[21] Here, the trial court found that the questions common to the class would
predominate over any individualized questions. The court’s conclusion is
plainly correct: “[t]he proposed class is bound together by a mutual interest in
resolving common questions” regarding the emanation of odors from the
landfill “more than it is divided by individual interests” or variances in the
specific measure of damages from those emanations, and the resolution of those
questions “would significantly advance the litigation.” Id. at 686. That is,
proceeding as a class action is readily more efficient than proceeding
individually. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in concluding that the
Homeowners met the predominance requirement of Trial Rule 23(B)(3).
[22] Still, CFL asserts that there is no evidence that the class members’ “damages
are similar or that their damages will be assessed in the same manner . . . .”
Appellant’s Br. at 41. That is, CFL asserts that there is no evidence the class
representatives agree on “the nature” of the odor or how specifically the odor
interfered with each of their quiet enjoyments of life and property, with some
complaining about not being able to open windows and others complaining
about not inviting company over. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 17 of 19 [23] But the class members are those who suffered noxious intrusions from the
landfill’s odors—that is the damage, and that is a common question, which
predominates over individualized concerns. CFL would replace the need to
show a common question with the need for each class member to show identical
questions. Such a conclusion would obviate Trial Rule 23, and we reject it.
CFL has not met its burden to show that the court abused its discretion on this
issue.
Issue Five: Admission of Evidence
[24] Finally, CFL asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to
strike numerous exhibits designated by the Homeowners in support of their
motion for class certification. CFL’s motion to strike raised numerous concerns
with the form and substance of the Homeowners’ designations. In denying
CFL’s motion to strike, the trial court stated that the Homeowners’
designations were “sufficient at the Class Certification stage.” Appellant’s App.
Vol. IV at 68.
[25] According to CFL, the court’s statement was error as a matter of law because,
CFL asserts, the court’s statement shows that it failed to properly apply our
Evidence Rules with the same measure the court would have given them during
a civil trial. But we agree with the trial court’s assessment. In the summary
judgment context, the Indiana Supreme Court has made clear that “an affidavit
that would be inadmissible at trial may be considered at the summary judgment
stage of the proceedings if the substance of the affidavit would be admissible in
another form at trial.” Reeder v. Harper, 788 N.E.2d 1236, 1241-42 (Ind. 2003). Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 18 of 19 That is, designated evidence at summary judgment must “set forth facts as
would be admissible at trial”; Trial Rule 56 “does not require that the [evidence
as designated] itself be admissible.” Id. at 1242.
[26] There is no good reason to impose a more stringent standard for a class-
certification decision. As such, the trial court’s rejection of CFL’s motion to
strike the Homeowners’ designations on various objections to the form of those
designations, such as concerns CFL had with the authentication of third-party
statements, was correct motions practice.
[27] As for the substantive objections CFL raised to the Homeowners’ designations,
the most relevant argument on appeal is that the IDEM reports and survey
results from other nearby residents are inadmissible hearsay. We cannot agree.
Those designations were offered to prove the requirements of class certification,
not the truth of the matters of nuisance or negligence. We affirm the trial
court’s admission of that evidence. As for CFL’s other arguments regarding the
designated evidence, we conclude that any error in the admission of that
evidence was harmless.
Conclusion [28] In sum, we affirm the trial court’s certification of the class.
[29] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2680 | June 18, 2020 Page 19 of 19