Cite as 2025 Ark. 106 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS No. CR-24-302
Opinion Delivered: June 5, 2025 CLARENCE TURNBO APPELLANT PRO SE APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, FIRST DIVISION V. [NO. 60CR-18-607]
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE LEON JOHNSON, APPELLEE JUDGE
AFFIRMED.
CODY HILAND, Associate Justice
After a Pulaski County jury convicted Clarence Turnbo of rape, Turnbo appealed,
and this court affirmed his conviction. Turnbo v. State, 2021 Ark. 166, 629 S.W.3d 797.
Turnbo now appeals the denial of his petition for postconviction relief for ineffective
assistance of counsel filed pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.1 (2023).
Because Turnbo has not demonstrated that he is entitled to such relief, we affirm.
I. Standard of Review
We will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on a petition for postconviction relief
under Rule 37.1 unless it is clearly erroneous. Price v. State, 2023 Ark. 36, 660 S.W.3d 316.
A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate
court, after reviewing the entire evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that
a mistake has been made. Lane v. State, 2019 Ark. 5, at 4, 564 S.W.3d 524, 529. II. Strickland Standard
Our standard for ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims is the two-prong analysis set
forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Reynolds v. State, 2020 Ark. 174, 599
S.W.3d 120. Under the Strickland standard, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, the petitioner must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) the
deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Id. Unless a petitioner makes both showings,
the allegations do not meet the benchmark on review for granting relief on a claim of
ineffective assistance. Id. To demonstrate prejudice, the petitioner must show there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the fact-finder would have had a
reasonable doubt respecting guilt. Id. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id.
III. Claims for Relief
On appeal, Turnbo contends that trial counsel was ineffective and that he was entitled
to an evidentiary hearing.1 Specifically, Turnbo argues that trial counsel failed to impeach a
witness regarding access to a video recording; to investigate or challenge DNA evidence; to
seek testimony from either a medical expert or a person with personal knowledge of his
sexual history to dispute the victim’s claims; to object to the prosecutor’s opening statement;
to call Turnbo as a witness to testify on his own behalf; to investigate the victim’s prior
1 Turnbo also contends that the State filed a late response in the matter. Notwithstanding the lack of merit regarding Turnbo’s claim, he failed to raise this argument below. This court will not address new or different arguments raised for the first time on appeal. Price, 2023 Ark. 36, 660 S.W.3d 316.
2 sexual history; and to “federalize” his arguments. None of Turnbo’s claims establish he is
entitled to Rule 37.1 postconviction relief.
A. Video Recording
Turnbo argues that Detective Julie Eckert falsely testified regarding her attempts to
gain access to a video recording and that trial counsel had the evidence to impeach her but
failed to make a record of it. He further argues that the State violated Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963), by failing to comply with the trial court’s order to provide pictures of
the DVR. Because Turnbo makes these arguments for the first time on appeal, this court
will not address them. Price, 2023 Ark. 36, 660 S.W.3d 316.
B. DNA Evidence
Turnbo contends on appeal, as he did in his petition below, that if the victim’s DNA
exam had been reviewed by a forensic DNA expert, he would have been found not guilty.
Turnbo does not dispute the presence of his DNA; however, he claims that trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to provide the jury with compelling evidence that no penetration
with ejaculation occurred. The trial court determined that trial counsel did, in fact, challenge
the DNA evidence, and noted that the evidence at trial showed that Turnbo’s DNA was
found on the victim’s vaginal swabs and that Turnbo failed to demonstrate that he was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to further challenge the DNA evidence. Trial counsel’s
decision to not seek further DNA testing after testing by the State indicated a match to
Turnbo was a strategic decision that normally would not support an ineffective-assistance
claim. Turnbo’s claim consists of conclusory allegations of his own self-serving conjectures.
Neither conclusory statements nor allegations without factual substantiation are sufficient to
3 overcome the presumption that counsel was effective. See Gordon v. State, 2018 Ark. 73,
539 S.W.3d 586. Moreover, any independent evidence or testimony would not have
prevented the victim’s own testimony about the rape. See Clarks v. State, 2011 Ark. 296
(per curiam). A victim’s testimony alone provides sufficient evidence to support a rape
conviction. Doucoure v. State, 2024 Ark. 162, 698 S.W.3d 643; see Clarks, 2011 Ark. 296.
C. Expert Testimony
For his third argument, Turnbo contends that trial counsel failed to investigate,
present exculpatory testimony, and make appropriate objections to medical testimony.
Specifically, Turnbo alleges that counsel should have sought an expert or testimony from a
witness with personal knowledge of his sexual history and proclivities––namely, his ex-
wife––to testify in support of his claim that no penetration occurred. Turnbo argues that
had counsel presented testimony to rebut the State’s evidence, the outcome of the trial
would have been different. With respect to a claim of ineffective assistance regarding trial
counsel’s decision whether to call a witness, such matters are generally trial strategy and
outside the purview of Rule 37.1. Arnold v. State, 2022 Ark. 191, 653 S.W.3d 781. When
assessing an attorney’s decision not to call a particular witness, it must be taken into account
that the decision is largely a matter of professional judgment that experienced advocates
could endlessly debate, and the fact that a witness or witnesses could have offered testimony
beneficial to the defense is not itself proof of counsel’s ineffectiveness. Id.
D. Opening Statement
Turnbo argues that the prosecutor’s statement during opening that the victim was
raped by Turnbo was prejudicial and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object.
4 Experienced advocates might differ about when, or if, objections are called for since, as a
matter of trial strategy, further objections from counsel may result in comments seeming
more significant to the jury. Gay v. State, 2022 Ark. 23. Because a lawyer may refrain from
objecting during opening statement and closing argument, absent egregious misstatements,
the failure to object during closing argument and opening statement is within the wide
range of permissible professional legal conduct. Id.
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Cite as 2025 Ark. 106 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS No. CR-24-302
Opinion Delivered: June 5, 2025 CLARENCE TURNBO APPELLANT PRO SE APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, FIRST DIVISION V. [NO. 60CR-18-607]
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE LEON JOHNSON, APPELLEE JUDGE
AFFIRMED.
CODY HILAND, Associate Justice
After a Pulaski County jury convicted Clarence Turnbo of rape, Turnbo appealed,
and this court affirmed his conviction. Turnbo v. State, 2021 Ark. 166, 629 S.W.3d 797.
Turnbo now appeals the denial of his petition for postconviction relief for ineffective
assistance of counsel filed pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.1 (2023).
Because Turnbo has not demonstrated that he is entitled to such relief, we affirm.
I. Standard of Review
We will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on a petition for postconviction relief
under Rule 37.1 unless it is clearly erroneous. Price v. State, 2023 Ark. 36, 660 S.W.3d 316.
A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate
court, after reviewing the entire evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that
a mistake has been made. Lane v. State, 2019 Ark. 5, at 4, 564 S.W.3d 524, 529. II. Strickland Standard
Our standard for ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims is the two-prong analysis set
forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Reynolds v. State, 2020 Ark. 174, 599
S.W.3d 120. Under the Strickland standard, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, the petitioner must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) the
deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Id. Unless a petitioner makes both showings,
the allegations do not meet the benchmark on review for granting relief on a claim of
ineffective assistance. Id. To demonstrate prejudice, the petitioner must show there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the fact-finder would have had a
reasonable doubt respecting guilt. Id. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id.
III. Claims for Relief
On appeal, Turnbo contends that trial counsel was ineffective and that he was entitled
to an evidentiary hearing.1 Specifically, Turnbo argues that trial counsel failed to impeach a
witness regarding access to a video recording; to investigate or challenge DNA evidence; to
seek testimony from either a medical expert or a person with personal knowledge of his
sexual history to dispute the victim’s claims; to object to the prosecutor’s opening statement;
to call Turnbo as a witness to testify on his own behalf; to investigate the victim’s prior
1 Turnbo also contends that the State filed a late response in the matter. Notwithstanding the lack of merit regarding Turnbo’s claim, he failed to raise this argument below. This court will not address new or different arguments raised for the first time on appeal. Price, 2023 Ark. 36, 660 S.W.3d 316.
2 sexual history; and to “federalize” his arguments. None of Turnbo’s claims establish he is
entitled to Rule 37.1 postconviction relief.
A. Video Recording
Turnbo argues that Detective Julie Eckert falsely testified regarding her attempts to
gain access to a video recording and that trial counsel had the evidence to impeach her but
failed to make a record of it. He further argues that the State violated Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963), by failing to comply with the trial court’s order to provide pictures of
the DVR. Because Turnbo makes these arguments for the first time on appeal, this court
will not address them. Price, 2023 Ark. 36, 660 S.W.3d 316.
B. DNA Evidence
Turnbo contends on appeal, as he did in his petition below, that if the victim’s DNA
exam had been reviewed by a forensic DNA expert, he would have been found not guilty.
Turnbo does not dispute the presence of his DNA; however, he claims that trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to provide the jury with compelling evidence that no penetration
with ejaculation occurred. The trial court determined that trial counsel did, in fact, challenge
the DNA evidence, and noted that the evidence at trial showed that Turnbo’s DNA was
found on the victim’s vaginal swabs and that Turnbo failed to demonstrate that he was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to further challenge the DNA evidence. Trial counsel’s
decision to not seek further DNA testing after testing by the State indicated a match to
Turnbo was a strategic decision that normally would not support an ineffective-assistance
claim. Turnbo’s claim consists of conclusory allegations of his own self-serving conjectures.
Neither conclusory statements nor allegations without factual substantiation are sufficient to
3 overcome the presumption that counsel was effective. See Gordon v. State, 2018 Ark. 73,
539 S.W.3d 586. Moreover, any independent evidence or testimony would not have
prevented the victim’s own testimony about the rape. See Clarks v. State, 2011 Ark. 296
(per curiam). A victim’s testimony alone provides sufficient evidence to support a rape
conviction. Doucoure v. State, 2024 Ark. 162, 698 S.W.3d 643; see Clarks, 2011 Ark. 296.
C. Expert Testimony
For his third argument, Turnbo contends that trial counsel failed to investigate,
present exculpatory testimony, and make appropriate objections to medical testimony.
Specifically, Turnbo alleges that counsel should have sought an expert or testimony from a
witness with personal knowledge of his sexual history and proclivities––namely, his ex-
wife––to testify in support of his claim that no penetration occurred. Turnbo argues that
had counsel presented testimony to rebut the State’s evidence, the outcome of the trial
would have been different. With respect to a claim of ineffective assistance regarding trial
counsel’s decision whether to call a witness, such matters are generally trial strategy and
outside the purview of Rule 37.1. Arnold v. State, 2022 Ark. 191, 653 S.W.3d 781. When
assessing an attorney’s decision not to call a particular witness, it must be taken into account
that the decision is largely a matter of professional judgment that experienced advocates
could endlessly debate, and the fact that a witness or witnesses could have offered testimony
beneficial to the defense is not itself proof of counsel’s ineffectiveness. Id.
D. Opening Statement
Turnbo argues that the prosecutor’s statement during opening that the victim was
raped by Turnbo was prejudicial and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object.
4 Experienced advocates might differ about when, or if, objections are called for since, as a
matter of trial strategy, further objections from counsel may result in comments seeming
more significant to the jury. Gay v. State, 2022 Ark. 23. Because a lawyer may refrain from
objecting during opening statement and closing argument, absent egregious misstatements,
the failure to object during closing argument and opening statement is within the wide
range of permissible professional legal conduct. Id. There is nothing in the record to
demonstrate that the prosecutor made an egregious misstatement; rather, the prosecutor’s
statement was merely a reference to the offense as charged, and Turnbo failed to show that
the verdict would have been different had counsel made a sustainable objection.2
E. Right to Testify
Axiomatically, although Turnbo claimed that the prosecutor’s statement made during
opening would compel him to testify, he argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to call him as a witness because he had expressed a desire to testify to “convince the jury
that he, rather than the alleged victim, was credible.” The trial court found that Turnbo had
acknowledged his right to testify on the record and that he failed to give a specific showing
of prejudice because of his failure to testify, and we agree. Whether a defendant testifies is
not a basis for postconviction relief. Dansby v. State, 347 Ark. 674, 66 S.W.3d 585 (2002).
A criminal defendant has a right to testify on his own behalf if he so chooses. Wertz v. State,
2014 Ark. 240, 434 S.W.3d 895. Counsel may only advise the accused in making the
2 A petitioner does not demonstrate the requisite prejudice for a claim of ineffective assistance based on counsel’s failure to make an objection if he does not establish that counsel could have made a successful objection. Lowe v. State, 2012 Ark. 185, 423 S.W.3d 6 (per curiam).
5 decision, and the decision to testify is purely one of strategy. Id. Notwithstanding Turnbo’s
acknowledgement that the right to testify is his own right to exercise,3 Turnbo failed to
show what the omitted testimony would have been and how it could have changed the
outcome of the trial. See Decay v. State, 2014 Ark. 387, 441 S.W.3d 899. Moreover, to the
extent that Turnbo contends that his counsel’s advice affected his decision whether to testify,
an attorney need not advance every argument urged by his client. Id. Although another
attorney might have chosen a different course––even if it proves unsuccessful––it is a matter
of professional judgment. Id. Turnbo has failed to demonstrate that the defense provided to
him by trial counsel was not supported by reasonable professional judgment.
F. Rape-Shield Evidence
Although the issue of rape-shield evidence was addressed on direct appeal, Turnbo
argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence of the victim’s prior
sexual history. The trial court noted in its order denying relief that the victim’s alleged prior
sexual history was addressed during a pretrial hearing and that the information was found to
be inadmissible—a decision affirmed on appeal.4 A proceeding under Rule 37.1 does not
allow a petitioner the opportunity to reargue points that were decided on direct appeal.
Sartin v. State, 2012 Ark. 155, 400 S.W.3d 694.
3 Turnbo cited Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72 (1977), for the proposition that a decision whether to testify on one’s behalf is ultimately for the accused to make. 4 On direct appeal, this court found that the evidence Turnbo sought to admit fell within the purview of Rule 411 because Turnbo sought to admit “evidence of a victim’s prior allegations of sexual conduct” to attack the victim’s credibility, which is precisely what the rule addresses. Turnbo, 2021 Ark. 166, 629 S.W.3d 797.
6 G. Federal Claims
Turnbo claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to “federalize” his motion
regarding the admissibility of the victim’s sexual history. Specifically, Turnbo contends that,
although trial counsel made “rape shield” motions, they were based on state law and that
federal habeas corpus requires that the motions be made under the U.S. Constitution as
well. As has been noted, Turnbo failed to offer any persuasive argument that counsel made
some error at trial that deprived him of effective assistance. Failure to preserve an issue for
federal habeas review is not the prejudice contemplated by the Strickland test, which requires
a reasonable probability that the outcome at trial or, in this case, on appeal, would have
been different. See Johnson v. State, 356 Ark. 534, 157 S.W.3d 151 (2004).
H. Evidentiary Hearing
Finally, Turnbo argues that he was entitled to a hearing on his Rule 37.1 petition. 5
Rule 37.3 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that an evidentiary hearing
should be held in a postconviction proceeding unless the files and record of the case
conclusively show that a prisoner is entitled to no relief. Dennis v. State, 2020 Ark. 28, 592
S.W.3d 646. If the files and record show that the petitioner is not entitled to relief, the trial
court is required to make written findings to that effect. Ark. R. Crim. P. 37.3(a). Here,
5 Turnbo argued that the trial court erred because it should have granted his motion for reconsideration regarding his request for an evidentiary hearing. However, Rule 37.2(d) states that no petition for rehearing shall be considered. In his motion for reconsideration, Turnbo did not seek a ruling on an omitted issue but rather only requested reconsideration for the lack of an evidentiary hearing. See Lowery, 2021 Ark. 97, 621 S.W.3d 140 (This court has held that a request that the trial court modify its order to include an omitted issue does not constitute a request for rehearing that is prohibited by Rule 37.2(d)).
7 the petition and record conclusively showed that Turnbo was entitled to no relief, and the
trial court made the requisite findings. For the above-stated reasons, we affirm the trial
court’s denial of Turnbo’s petition for postconviction relief without an evidentiary hearing.
Special Justice SHANE HENRY joins this opinion.
BRONNI, J., not participating.
Clarence Turnbo, pro se appellant.
Tim Griffin, Att’y Gen., by: Kent G. Holt, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.