RENDERED : NOVEMBER 22, 2006 TO BE PUBLISHED
'Sixlrrmo 490urf of 2005-SC-000750-MR
CLARENCE ROBINSON APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM LINCOLN CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE DAVID A. TAPP, JUDGE 05-CR-00033
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE McANULTY
AFFIRMIN G IN PART, REVERSING AND REMANDING IN PART
A Lincoln Circuit Court jury convicted Clarence Robinson of three counts of
second-degree rape, three counts of third-degree rape and one count of first-degree
rape. Robinson committed all the offenses against S.M .H ., whom Robinson married in
Knox County, Tennessee when Robinson was 37 years old and when S.M.H. had just
turned 14 years old and was six months pregnant with his child at the time of the
marriage . In accordance with the jury's recommendation, the trial court sentenced
Robinson to a total of 61 years in prison (10 years on each count of second-degree
rape ; five years on one count and three years on two counts of third-degree rape ; and
20 years on the single count of first-degree rape to run consecutively) . Thus, he
appeals to this Court as a matter of right. Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b) .
Robinson presents two issues for our review. First, Robinson contends that the trial court erred in denying his request that the jury be instructed under KRS 510 .035
that no offense is committed if the parties are married to each other, regardless of the
person's age solely because the other person is less than 16 years old . Second,
Robinson argues that the trial court erred in directing a verdict as to the charge of first-
degree rape as there was no evidence of forcible compulsion .
Our holding in this case is three-part. (1) We conclude that the trial court erred
in refusing to instruct the jury under KRS 510.035 because the evidence was
undisputed that Robinson and S .M .H. were married when S.M.H. was 14 years old .
Thus, we reverse and remand as to the judgment of conviction for the charges of third-
degree rape. (2) Because the parties were not married, however, until shortly after
S .M.H.'s 14' birthday, we affirm the judgment of conviction on the three counts of
second-degree rape as Robinson was not entitled to an instruction under KRS 510.035
for the time period preceding the marriage . (3) And we affirm the judgment of
conviction on the single count of first-degree rape because under the evidence as a
whole, it was not clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt.
I. Facts Underlying the Convictions and Defense Trial Motions
The Commonwealth presented only two witnesses at Robinson's trial, S.M.H .
and Detective Van Wright, with whom Robinson had a conversation about his marriage
to S .M.H.
S.M .H . testified that she, her mother, and her siblings have lived in Robinson's
home since S.M.H. was eight or nine years old . S.M .H .'s date of birth is February 15,
1986 .
Robinson first had sexual intercourse with S .M.H. in October of 1998 when
S.M .H. was 12 years old . On this occasion, Robinson picked up S.M.H . from a choral program at her middle school (where S .M.H. was in seventh grade). Instead of driving
S .M.H. straight home, however, Robinson took S .M.H . off on a country road and had
sexual intercourse with her in his vehicle. After that, Robinson had sexual intercourse
with S.M.H. three to four times a week in his vehicle.
In the late summer of 1999, S.M.H. conceived her first child with Robinson. At
that point, S .M.H. was 13 years old. Six months later, on Saturday, March 18, 2000,
S .M.H .'s mother, Robinson's mother, and Robinson took S .M.H . to Knox County,
Tennessee . S-.M .H .'s mother altered her birth certificate to appear that S .M .H . was 16
years old by changing her date of birth from February 15, 1986, to February 15, 1984 .
On the application for the marriage license, S .M.H. represented that she was 16 years
old. She testified that she filled out the application as directed by the adults and did so
because she thought that they would leave her in Tennessee if she did not do as
instructed .
The county clerk issued a Tennessee marriage license, and Robinson and
S.M .H . were married in a church by a minister. They did not have a honeymoon and
did not tell anyone they were married. Their living arrangements continued as they had
been before the marriage -- S .M.H., her siblings and her mother remained in
Robinson's home . S.M.H. had a separate room in the house and did not take
Robinson's last name, although she admits that she did use his last name on hospital
records when she had her children .
S.M .H . gave birth to her first child, J .A.R., on June 9, 2000, when S.M.H. was 14
years old . No father is listed on J.A.R.'s birth certificate, but Robinson stipulated that
DNA test results confirm that he is J.A.R.'s biological father.
After J .A .R. was born, Robinson started coming in S.M.H .'s room to have sexual intercourse with her and would come in her room every night for that purpose.
S .M .H . gave birth to her second child, A.J.R., on July 28, 2002, when S.M .H . was
16 years old . No father is listed on A.J .R.'s birth certificate, but Robinson stipulated
that DNA test results confirm that he is A.J .R.'s biological father.
After A.J .R. was born, Robinson continued to have sexual intercourse with
S .M.H. He would threaten her and members of her family . If she would tell him "No,"
he would push her down until she gave in to him .
S .M.H. gave birth to her third child, C.M.R., on October 18, 2003, when S .M.H .
was 17 years old . No father is listed on C.M.R.'s birth certificate, but Robinson
stipulated that DNA test results confirm that he is C.M.R.'s biological father.
S.M.H . obtained her driver's license when she was 17. Once she did, she drove
her children to their doctor's appointments at the health clinic . While there, she
requested birth control shots . The last time Robinson had sexual intercourse with
S .M .H . was in November of 2004.
On January 6, 2005, S.M .H. finally confided in social services after her children
were removed from her home that Robinson had been having sexual intercourse with
her since she was 12 years old. She stated the following on a domestic violence
petition/motion :
When I was 12 years old, Clarence forced himself on me and proceeded to have sexual intercourse with me, unwillingly, and has done so for the past six years . Throughout this time, I have also given birth to three children who belong to him. I am scared that he will harm my children, my siblings, and me . I feel this way because he said if I ever told anyone that I would regret it.
In connection with the domestic violence order, Detective Van Wright spoke with
Robinson in the judge's chambers in the Lincoln County Judicial Center. Detective Wright testified that Robinson told him that he and S.M.H. had gone to Tennessee to
get married because that is what S .M .H . wanted.
Detective Wright also spoke with S.M .H .'s mother, Lisa Robinson, regarding
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
RENDERED : NOVEMBER 22, 2006 TO BE PUBLISHED
'Sixlrrmo 490urf of 2005-SC-000750-MR
CLARENCE ROBINSON APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM LINCOLN CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE DAVID A. TAPP, JUDGE 05-CR-00033
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE McANULTY
AFFIRMIN G IN PART, REVERSING AND REMANDING IN PART
A Lincoln Circuit Court jury convicted Clarence Robinson of three counts of
second-degree rape, three counts of third-degree rape and one count of first-degree
rape. Robinson committed all the offenses against S.M .H ., whom Robinson married in
Knox County, Tennessee when Robinson was 37 years old and when S.M.H. had just
turned 14 years old and was six months pregnant with his child at the time of the
marriage . In accordance with the jury's recommendation, the trial court sentenced
Robinson to a total of 61 years in prison (10 years on each count of second-degree
rape ; five years on one count and three years on two counts of third-degree rape ; and
20 years on the single count of first-degree rape to run consecutively) . Thus, he
appeals to this Court as a matter of right. Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b) .
Robinson presents two issues for our review. First, Robinson contends that the trial court erred in denying his request that the jury be instructed under KRS 510 .035
that no offense is committed if the parties are married to each other, regardless of the
person's age solely because the other person is less than 16 years old . Second,
Robinson argues that the trial court erred in directing a verdict as to the charge of first-
degree rape as there was no evidence of forcible compulsion .
Our holding in this case is three-part. (1) We conclude that the trial court erred
in refusing to instruct the jury under KRS 510.035 because the evidence was
undisputed that Robinson and S .M .H. were married when S.M.H. was 14 years old .
Thus, we reverse and remand as to the judgment of conviction for the charges of third-
degree rape. (2) Because the parties were not married, however, until shortly after
S .M.H.'s 14' birthday, we affirm the judgment of conviction on the three counts of
second-degree rape as Robinson was not entitled to an instruction under KRS 510.035
for the time period preceding the marriage . (3) And we affirm the judgment of
conviction on the single count of first-degree rape because under the evidence as a
whole, it was not clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt.
I. Facts Underlying the Convictions and Defense Trial Motions
The Commonwealth presented only two witnesses at Robinson's trial, S.M.H .
and Detective Van Wright, with whom Robinson had a conversation about his marriage
to S .M.H.
S.M .H . testified that she, her mother, and her siblings have lived in Robinson's
home since S.M.H. was eight or nine years old . S.M .H .'s date of birth is February 15,
1986 .
Robinson first had sexual intercourse with S .M.H. in October of 1998 when
S.M .H. was 12 years old . On this occasion, Robinson picked up S.M.H . from a choral program at her middle school (where S .M.H. was in seventh grade). Instead of driving
S .M.H. straight home, however, Robinson took S .M.H . off on a country road and had
sexual intercourse with her in his vehicle. After that, Robinson had sexual intercourse
with S.M.H. three to four times a week in his vehicle.
In the late summer of 1999, S.M.H. conceived her first child with Robinson. At
that point, S .M.H. was 13 years old. Six months later, on Saturday, March 18, 2000,
S .M.H .'s mother, Robinson's mother, and Robinson took S .M.H . to Knox County,
Tennessee . S-.M .H .'s mother altered her birth certificate to appear that S .M .H . was 16
years old by changing her date of birth from February 15, 1986, to February 15, 1984 .
On the application for the marriage license, S .M.H. represented that she was 16 years
old. She testified that she filled out the application as directed by the adults and did so
because she thought that they would leave her in Tennessee if she did not do as
instructed .
The county clerk issued a Tennessee marriage license, and Robinson and
S.M .H . were married in a church by a minister. They did not have a honeymoon and
did not tell anyone they were married. Their living arrangements continued as they had
been before the marriage -- S .M.H., her siblings and her mother remained in
Robinson's home . S.M.H. had a separate room in the house and did not take
Robinson's last name, although she admits that she did use his last name on hospital
records when she had her children .
S.M .H . gave birth to her first child, J .A.R., on June 9, 2000, when S.M.H. was 14
years old . No father is listed on J.A.R.'s birth certificate, but Robinson stipulated that
DNA test results confirm that he is J.A.R.'s biological father.
After J .A .R. was born, Robinson started coming in S.M.H .'s room to have sexual intercourse with her and would come in her room every night for that purpose.
S .M .H . gave birth to her second child, A.J.R., on July 28, 2002, when S.M .H . was
16 years old . No father is listed on A.J .R.'s birth certificate, but Robinson stipulated
that DNA test results confirm that he is A.J .R.'s biological father.
After A.J .R. was born, Robinson continued to have sexual intercourse with
S .M.H. He would threaten her and members of her family . If she would tell him "No,"
he would push her down until she gave in to him .
S .M.H. gave birth to her third child, C.M.R., on October 18, 2003, when S .M.H .
was 17 years old . No father is listed on C.M.R.'s birth certificate, but Robinson
stipulated that DNA test results confirm that he is C.M.R.'s biological father.
S.M.H . obtained her driver's license when she was 17. Once she did, she drove
her children to their doctor's appointments at the health clinic . While there, she
requested birth control shots . The last time Robinson had sexual intercourse with
S .M .H . was in November of 2004.
On January 6, 2005, S.M .H. finally confided in social services after her children
were removed from her home that Robinson had been having sexual intercourse with
her since she was 12 years old. She stated the following on a domestic violence
petition/motion :
When I was 12 years old, Clarence forced himself on me and proceeded to have sexual intercourse with me, unwillingly, and has done so for the past six years . Throughout this time, I have also given birth to three children who belong to him. I am scared that he will harm my children, my siblings, and me . I feel this way because he said if I ever told anyone that I would regret it.
In connection with the domestic violence order, Detective Van Wright spoke with
Robinson in the judge's chambers in the Lincoln County Judicial Center. Detective Wright testified that Robinson told him that he and S.M.H. had gone to Tennessee to
get married because that is what S .M .H . wanted.
Detective Wright also spoke with S.M .H .'s mother, Lisa Robinson, regarding
S .M.H.'s allegations . Lisa Robinson stated that S .M.H. and Robinson were married
because they loved each other, yet Lisa Robinson stated that she had had sexual
intercourse with Robinson since he and her daughter had been married . (Lisa
Robinson was indicted and tried jointly with Robinson for three counts of complicity to
commit second-degree rape, three counts of complicity to commit third-degree rape,
and one count of complicity to commit first-degree rape.)
At the close of the Commonwealth's case-in-chief, Robinson made a motion for
a directed verdict of acquittal . He renewed his motion once he announced that he
would not put on any proof. He also requested that the jury be instructed under KRS
510.035.
The trial court, in response, denied his motion for a directed verdict and his
request for an instruction under KRS 510.035 . As to KRS 510.035, the trial court held
that a valid marriage was a prerequisite to the defense under KRS 510.035 and
Robinson's marriage to S.M.H. was invalid for three reasons.
First, the trial court concluded that the marriage in Tennessee was in violation of
at least three Tennessee statutes : (a) the county clerk did not wait the requisite three
days under T.C.A. § 36-3-104(b)(1) before issuing the license; (b) under T.C.A. § 36-3
105(a), it is unlawful for a county clerk to issue a marriage license if one of the
contracting parties is under the age of 16; and (c) T.C.A. § 36-3-106(a) requires the
consent of the parent or guardian when either applicant is between the age of 16 and
18, yet the trial court found no consent in this case. Second, the trial court concluded that the marriage was in violation of KRS
402 .020 . KRS 402.020(1)(f) states that a marriage is prohibited and void when at the
time of the marriage, either person is under the age of 16, unless the female is
pregnant, in which case permission to marry must be granted by the district court upon
application .
Third, the trial court considered KRS 402.040, which states : "[i]f any resident of
this state marries in another state, the marriage shall be valid here if valid in the state
where solemnized, unless the marriage is against Kentucky public policy." The trial
court reasoned that the state of Kentucky has a public policy of protecting those of
tender years who wish to marry and that public policy is not furthered by permitting
individuals to use marriage as a defense to avoid what would otherwise be criminal
sexual contact .
11. First Issue: Did the trial court err in refusing to instruct the jury under KRS 510.035?
Robinson's marriage to S .M.H. was voidable, not void. Thus, we conclude that
the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury under KRS 510.035 for that time
period when the parties were married .
While the trial court's analysis under KRS 402 .040 seems just under the
circumstances of this case, we cannot agree that the legislature has declared that the
marriage of a female under the age of 16 is against the public policy of Kentucky. We
reach this conclusion after considering and harmonizing the language of five Kentucky
statutes : KRS 402 .040, KRS 402.010, KRS 402 .020, KRS 402.030, and KRS 510 .035 .
Because the parties married in Tennessee, the trial court properly considered
KRS 402 .040 . KRS 402 .040(1), as referenced above, announces the general rule that an out-of-state marriage shall be valid in Kentucky if valid in the state where solemnized
unless the marriage is against Kentucky public policy . KRS 402 .040(2) affirms that
same-sex marriages are against Kentucky public policy .
To determine if an underage marriage is against Kentucky public policy, we turn
to KRS 402.010, KRS 402 .020 and KRS 402 .030 . See Mangrum v. Mangrum, 310 Ky.
226, 220 S.W .2d 406, 407-408 (Ky. 1949) (construing KRS 402.010, KRS 402.020 and
KRS 402 .030 in connection with one another and with other statutes and holding that
underage marriages are not void, but merely voidable); Holbert v. West, 730 F.Supp.
50, 53 (E.D. Ky. 1990) (relying on the holding in Mangrum and concluding that under
Kentucky law, minor's marriage without parents' consent is merely voidable rather than
void).
KRS 402.010 expressly declares void incestuous marriages.
KRS 402.020 is as follows:
(1) Marriage is prohibited and void :
(f) 1 . Except as provided in subparagraph 3. of this paragraph, when at the time of the marriage, the person is under sixteen (16) years of age ;
3. In case of pregnancy the male and female, or either of them, specified in subparagraph 1 . or 2. of this paragraph, may apply to a District Judge for permission to marry, which application may be granted, in the form of a written court order, in the discretion of the judge. There shall be a fee of five dollars ($5) for hearing each such application.
Despite KRS 402.020's plain language that such a marriage is prohibited and
void, KRS 402.030(3) states:
At the instance of any next friend, courts having general jurisdiction may declare void any marriage where: (a) The person was under sixteen (16) years of age at the time of the marriage ; (b) The marriage was not conducted with the permission of a District Judge, as required by KRS 402.020(1)(f)3 ., in the form of a written court order; and (c) The marriage has not been ratified by cohabitation after the person reached eighteen (18) years of age.
If the legislature had intended to declare an underage marriage against the
public policy of the state, it would have made it absolutely void -- as it has done with
incestuous marriages and same-sex marriages -- and it would not have enacted KRS
402 .030.
Nor would it have allowed the defense under KRS 510.035 that is at issue in this
case . KRS 510 .035 is as follows:
A person who engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual intercourse with another person to whom the person is married, or subjects another person to whom the person is married to sexual contact, does not commit an offense under this chapter regardless of the person's age solely because the other person is less than sixteen (16) years old or mentally retarded.
Interpreting these statutes in connection with one another, we conclude that a
marriage of a person under the age of 16, which is in violation of KRS 402 .020(1)(f), is
voidable, not void. See Mangrum, 220 S.W .2d at 408 . As such, the marriage is not
against Kentucky public policy .
Likewise, as to the validity of the Tennessee marriage, the marriage was
voidable, not void -- a circumstance which the Commonwealth concedes in this appeal.
See Brown v. Brown , 29 S.W .3d 491, 495 (Tenn . Ct. App. 2000), permission to appeal
denied, ("`A marriage is voidable from the beginning (1) when either party was insane ;
or (2) the complainant was under duress ; or (3) was under the age of consent; or (4)
when the consent was obtained by force, or fraud, and was given by mistake; or (5)
when the defendant was impotent ; or (6) when the woman was pregnant by another man without the knowledge of the complainant ; or (7) when, for any other reason, the
marriage was not binding on the complainant . . ."'). And a voidable marriage is valid
and binding upon the parties until such time as it is annulled by a competent court. See
Brewer v. Miller , 673 S.W.2d 530, 532 (Tenn. App. 1984) .
Turning to the facts of this case, the evidence at trial established that Robinson
and S .M .H . married in Knox County, Tennessee on March 18, 2000, when S.M.H. was
14. S .M.H. did not testify that the marriage had been annulled .
Given the fact of the marriage, Robinson requested that the trial court give an
instruction on marriage as a defense to the second and third-degree rape charges.
This preserved the error for review. See RCr 9.54. Upon review, we conclude that
there was evidence to support the instruction on the third-degree rape charges, but not
on the second-degree rape charges because S.M.H. testified that she and Robinson
did not marry until about one month after her 14th birthday . See KRS 510.050.
Robinson was not entitled to an instruction under KRS 510.035 for the time period
preceding the marriage .
Upon review, this seems to be the case of a sophisticated child predator. In
holding as we do today, we are not condoning this marriage . We are following the
public policy as established by the legislature . "It is beyond the power of a court to
vitiate an act of the legislature on the grounds that public policy promulgated therein is
contrary to what the court considers to be in the public interest. It is the prerogative of
the legislature to declare that acts constitute a violation of public policy." Com. ex rel.
Cowan v. Wilkinson, 828 S.W.2d 610, 614 (Ky. 1992) .
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment in regard to Robinson's convictions and
sentence for three counts of second-degree rape . However, we reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion that part of his conviction and sentence for
three counts of third-degree rape .
11. Did the trial court err in refusing to grant a directed verdict on first- degree rape because there was no evidence of forcible compulsion?
Under the evidence as a whole, it was not clearly unreasonable for a jury to find
guilt on the charge of first-degree rape . Thus, the trial court did not err in denying
Robinson's motion for a directed verdict on that charge.
On a motion for directed verdict, the trial court must draw all fair and reasonable
inferences from the evidence in favor of the Commonwealth, reserving to the jury all
questions of credibility and weight of the evidence . See Commonwealth v. Benham,
816 S.W .2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991); Commonwealth v. Sawhill , 660 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky.
1983) . "On appellate review, the test of a directed verdict is, if under the evidence as a
whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the defendant is
entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal ." Benham , 816 S.W .2d at 187.
A conviction for first-degree rape, as it relates to this case, required the jury to
find that Robinson engaged in sexual intercourse with S.M.H. by forcible compulsion.
KRS 510 .040(1)(a) . As defined in KRS 510.010(2), "'[foorcible compulsion' means
physical force or threat of physical force, express or implied, which places a person in
fear of, immediate death, physical injury to self or another person, fear of the immediate
kidnap of self or another person, or fear of any offense under this chapter . Physical
resistance on the part of the victim shall not be necessary to meet this definition."
Turning to S.M.H .'s testimony at trial, she stated that (1) Robinson would
threaten her and members of her family, and (2) if she told him "No," he would push her
down until she gave in to him . In addition, S.M.H. testified that in her application for a
-10- domestic violence order she stated that (1) Robinson forced himself on her when she
was 12 years old and proceeded to have sexual intercourse with her, unwillingly, and
has done so for the past six years ; and (2) she is scared that he will harm her children,
her siblings, and her, because he said if she ever told anyone that she would regret it.
This evidence was sufficient to establish forcible compulsion and to withstand a
directed verdict. Thus, we affirm the judgment in regard to Robinson's conviction and
sentence on the charge of first-degree rape .
For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the Lincoln Circuit
Court in regard to Robinson's convictions and sentence for three counts of second-
degree rape and one count of first-degree rape . We reverse that part of the judgment
in regard to his convictions and sentence for three counts of third-degree rape, and we
remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion .
Graves, Minton, and Roach, JJ., concur. Wintersheimer, J ., dissents by
separate opinion in which Lambert, C.J . ; and Scott, J ., join .
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :
John Kevin West McCoy, West & Franklin 309 North Broadway P .O . Box 1660 Lexington, Ky 40588-1660
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Gregory D. Stumbo Attorney General of Kentucky
Samuel J . Floyd, Jr. Assistant Attorney General Office of Criminal Appeals Office of the Attorney General 1024 Capital Center Drive Frankfort, Ky 40601 RENDERED : NOVEMBER 22, 2006 TO BE PUBLISHED
,;vuyrtmr (;9vurf of ~firufurkt 2005-SC-000750-MR
APPEAL FROM LINCOLN CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE DAVID A. TAPP, JUDGE INDICTMENT NO. 05-CR-00033
DISSENTING OPINION BY JUSTICE WINTERSHEIMER
1 respectfully dissent from Part II of the majority opinion in which the
majority reverses and remands Robinson's conviction and sentence for three counts of
third-degree rape . I simply cannot agree that upholding this marriage does not offend
Kentucky's public policy due to the fraud perpetuated on Tennessee officials and the
lack of true consent to the marriage by the child, S .M .H. The adults responsible for
protecting S.M.H . purposefully altered her birth certificate and took her to another state
for the marriage, where she was afraid she would be abandoned if she did not go
through with the marriage . So I would hold that the trial court was correct in not
regarding this marriage as valid and in refusing to give an instruction on marriage as a
defense to the third-degree rape charges . I would affirm the trial court's judgment in all
respects .
Lambert, C.J . ; and Scott, J ., join.