RENDERED: DECEMBER 16, 2021 TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2020-SC-0431-DG
CITY OF VERSAILLES; TERRY BROWN; APPELLANTS PAUL SIMMONS; AND BRIAN TRAUGOTT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. NO. 2018-CA-1647 WOODFORD CIRCUIT COURT NO. 14-CI-00364
SHIRLEY JANE JOHNSON APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE VANMETER
REVERSING AND REMANDING
The City of Versailles appeals the decision of the Court of Appeals which
found that Shirley Jane Johnson was an invitee when she was injured in 2013
while visiting the monument marking her son’s grave at the Rose Crest
Cemetery, which the City of Versailles maintains. Finding that Johnson, not
the cemetery, owned the monument which injured her, we reverse the decision
of the Court of Appeals because the cemetery was not obligated to inspect and
repair the monument, regardless of Johnson’s status as either an invitee or
licensee while on cemetery grounds.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Following the untimely death of her son, Johnson had him buried at the
Rose Crest Cemetery, which was privately owned at the time. Concurrent with the burial, Johnson purchased the monument at issue from the Duell-Clark
Funeral Home, which also handled its installation. The monument was
constructed in two pieces: the base, which included a decorative urn on either
side of the headstone, and the headstone itself which was secured to the base
by an adhesive.
In August 2012, while visiting the grave, Johnson noticed that one of the
decorative urns had broken off from the base of the monument. Johnson
stated that she noticed the urn had black tire marks on its side, leading her to
conclude that it had been damaged when one of the cemetery employees had
been mowing the grounds. When Johnson contacted then-mayor Fred
Seigelman regarding the damage to the monument, Seigelman offered to
replace both decorative urns. Johnson did not like the replacement urns. Paul
Simmons, the assistant public works director for Versailles, offered instead to
repair and replace the original urns. When Simmons finished the repairs, he
accompanied Johnson to visit the gravesite. Although Simmons disputes the
following exchange, Johnson claims that during that visit Simmons informed
her that the headstone was loose and offered to repair it as well.
Thirteen months later, in December 2013, Johnson again visited the
cemetery to place a Christmas wreath on her son’s grave. While attempting to
stand up, Johnson gripped the headstone to steady herself. The headstone
dislodged from the base, toppling onto Johnson’s right foot and trapping her
underneath. Johnson flagged down another visitor who called for help. When
the firefighters arrived at the scene they removed the headstone from
2 Johnson’s foot and transported her to the hospital. As a result of the incident
Johnson suffered a fractured foot, a damaged knee, and apparent permanent
nerve damage.
Johnson contacted Mayor Brian Traugott after her injury and requested
the City repair her son’s monument. Despite disclaiming any responsibility for
the monument on the theory that the City did not own the headstone, Traugott
nevertheless instructed Simmons to repair it. In December 2014, Johnson
sued the City, Mayor Traugott, Assistant Simmons, Cemetery Supervisor
Brown, and “unknown employees” of the City for negligence in maintaining her
son’s monument. The City and each named defendant filed a motion for
summary judgment, which the trial court initially denied. Finally, in October
2018, the trial court granted the City’s and all named defendants’ renewed
motion for summary judgment finding that Johnson had failed to establish that
Versailles owed her a duty to maintain or repair the headstone. Instead, the
trial court found that the City’s only duty was to warn against defects of which
it was aware. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court, finding
that Johnson was a business invitee and was owed an affirmative duty by the
cemetery to inspect and repair the monument. We granted Versailles’ motion
for discretionary review and now reverse the Court of Appeals.
II. Standard of Review
On appeal, the standard of review for a summary judgment is to
ascertain whether the trial court correctly determined that no genuine issue of
material fact existed, entitling the moving party to judgment as a matter of law.
3 Coomer v. CSX Transp., Inc., 319 S.W.3d 366, 370–71 (Ky. 2010). In
conducting our review, we give no deference to the rulings below because only
legal questions are involved. Id.
Summary judgment will be granted “if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admission on file, together with
the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR1
56.03. The reviewing court must construe all facts in favor of the nonmoving
party and granting summary judgment is only appropriate when “the movant
shows that the adverse party could not prevail under any circumstances.”
Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991).
III. Analysis
To succeed on her negligence claims against the City of Versailles
Johnson must prove that the City owed her a duty to maintain the monument,
that the City breached that duty towards her, and that the breach caused her
injuries. Failure to prove a single element is fatal to her claim. In the
Commonwealth, the general rule is that property owners, such as Rose Crest
Cemetery, have “a general duty to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe
manner; and the scope of that duty is outlined according to the status of the
plaintiff.” Shelton v. Ky. Easter Seals Soc’y, Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 909 n.28
(Ky. 2013). Consequently, the City’s duty of care towards Johnson would be
1 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
4 different if she was a licensee than if she was an invitee. See Smith v. Smith,
563 S.W.3d 14, 17-18 (Ky. 2018) (landowner owes licensee a duty to “not
knowingly let[] her come upon a hidden peril or willfully or wantonly caus[e]
her harm[;]” while an invitee “enters the premises with the implied assurance of
preparation and reasonable care for his protection and safety while he is
there[]”) (citations omitted).
However, while these status-based duties continue to serve Kentuckians
well in general premises liability matters, cemeteries are uniquely situated
among public spaces in the Commonwealth. Part and parcel of the distinction
between businesses (or public spaces, generally) and cemeteries is the property
interests associated with purchasing a grave plot and placing monuments
thereon. Ordinarily, purchasing a grave plot results in an easement, or a
license, to inter whomever the purchaser wishes. Poe v. Gaunce, 371 S.W.3d
769, 773 (Ky. App. 2011). That easement is a property right, which, if
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
RENDERED: DECEMBER 16, 2021 TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2020-SC-0431-DG
CITY OF VERSAILLES; TERRY BROWN; APPELLANTS PAUL SIMMONS; AND BRIAN TRAUGOTT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. NO. 2018-CA-1647 WOODFORD CIRCUIT COURT NO. 14-CI-00364
SHIRLEY JANE JOHNSON APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE VANMETER
REVERSING AND REMANDING
The City of Versailles appeals the decision of the Court of Appeals which
found that Shirley Jane Johnson was an invitee when she was injured in 2013
while visiting the monument marking her son’s grave at the Rose Crest
Cemetery, which the City of Versailles maintains. Finding that Johnson, not
the cemetery, owned the monument which injured her, we reverse the decision
of the Court of Appeals because the cemetery was not obligated to inspect and
repair the monument, regardless of Johnson’s status as either an invitee or
licensee while on cemetery grounds.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Following the untimely death of her son, Johnson had him buried at the
Rose Crest Cemetery, which was privately owned at the time. Concurrent with the burial, Johnson purchased the monument at issue from the Duell-Clark
Funeral Home, which also handled its installation. The monument was
constructed in two pieces: the base, which included a decorative urn on either
side of the headstone, and the headstone itself which was secured to the base
by an adhesive.
In August 2012, while visiting the grave, Johnson noticed that one of the
decorative urns had broken off from the base of the monument. Johnson
stated that she noticed the urn had black tire marks on its side, leading her to
conclude that it had been damaged when one of the cemetery employees had
been mowing the grounds. When Johnson contacted then-mayor Fred
Seigelman regarding the damage to the monument, Seigelman offered to
replace both decorative urns. Johnson did not like the replacement urns. Paul
Simmons, the assistant public works director for Versailles, offered instead to
repair and replace the original urns. When Simmons finished the repairs, he
accompanied Johnson to visit the gravesite. Although Simmons disputes the
following exchange, Johnson claims that during that visit Simmons informed
her that the headstone was loose and offered to repair it as well.
Thirteen months later, in December 2013, Johnson again visited the
cemetery to place a Christmas wreath on her son’s grave. While attempting to
stand up, Johnson gripped the headstone to steady herself. The headstone
dislodged from the base, toppling onto Johnson’s right foot and trapping her
underneath. Johnson flagged down another visitor who called for help. When
the firefighters arrived at the scene they removed the headstone from
2 Johnson’s foot and transported her to the hospital. As a result of the incident
Johnson suffered a fractured foot, a damaged knee, and apparent permanent
nerve damage.
Johnson contacted Mayor Brian Traugott after her injury and requested
the City repair her son’s monument. Despite disclaiming any responsibility for
the monument on the theory that the City did not own the headstone, Traugott
nevertheless instructed Simmons to repair it. In December 2014, Johnson
sued the City, Mayor Traugott, Assistant Simmons, Cemetery Supervisor
Brown, and “unknown employees” of the City for negligence in maintaining her
son’s monument. The City and each named defendant filed a motion for
summary judgment, which the trial court initially denied. Finally, in October
2018, the trial court granted the City’s and all named defendants’ renewed
motion for summary judgment finding that Johnson had failed to establish that
Versailles owed her a duty to maintain or repair the headstone. Instead, the
trial court found that the City’s only duty was to warn against defects of which
it was aware. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court, finding
that Johnson was a business invitee and was owed an affirmative duty by the
cemetery to inspect and repair the monument. We granted Versailles’ motion
for discretionary review and now reverse the Court of Appeals.
II. Standard of Review
On appeal, the standard of review for a summary judgment is to
ascertain whether the trial court correctly determined that no genuine issue of
material fact existed, entitling the moving party to judgment as a matter of law.
3 Coomer v. CSX Transp., Inc., 319 S.W.3d 366, 370–71 (Ky. 2010). In
conducting our review, we give no deference to the rulings below because only
legal questions are involved. Id.
Summary judgment will be granted “if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admission on file, together with
the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR1
56.03. The reviewing court must construe all facts in favor of the nonmoving
party and granting summary judgment is only appropriate when “the movant
shows that the adverse party could not prevail under any circumstances.”
Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991).
III. Analysis
To succeed on her negligence claims against the City of Versailles
Johnson must prove that the City owed her a duty to maintain the monument,
that the City breached that duty towards her, and that the breach caused her
injuries. Failure to prove a single element is fatal to her claim. In the
Commonwealth, the general rule is that property owners, such as Rose Crest
Cemetery, have “a general duty to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe
manner; and the scope of that duty is outlined according to the status of the
plaintiff.” Shelton v. Ky. Easter Seals Soc’y, Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 909 n.28
(Ky. 2013). Consequently, the City’s duty of care towards Johnson would be
1 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
4 different if she was a licensee than if she was an invitee. See Smith v. Smith,
563 S.W.3d 14, 17-18 (Ky. 2018) (landowner owes licensee a duty to “not
knowingly let[] her come upon a hidden peril or willfully or wantonly caus[e]
her harm[;]” while an invitee “enters the premises with the implied assurance of
preparation and reasonable care for his protection and safety while he is
there[]”) (citations omitted).
However, while these status-based duties continue to serve Kentuckians
well in general premises liability matters, cemeteries are uniquely situated
among public spaces in the Commonwealth. Part and parcel of the distinction
between businesses (or public spaces, generally) and cemeteries is the property
interests associated with purchasing a grave plot and placing monuments
thereon. Ordinarily, purchasing a grave plot results in an easement, or a
license, to inter whomever the purchaser wishes. Poe v. Gaunce, 371 S.W.3d
769, 773 (Ky. App. 2011). That easement is a property right, which, if
unassigned, passes to the owner’s descendants. Id. In contrast to the
easement, the monuments and grave stones which adorn these plots are the
personal property of the purchaser. While perhaps intuitive, we note that
unless specifically detailed in a perpetual care agreement, the cemetery where
the monument is located has no property interest in the monument and
consequently no duty towards its maintenance. See KRS2 367.932(17)
(defining “cemetery merchandise” as “urns, memorials, monuments, markers,
2 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
5 vases, foundations, memorial bases, and other similar personal property
commonly sold by or used in cemeteries[]”). In fact, Johnson’s own
arrangements regarding her son’s monument reflect this principle well. When
Johnson purchased the monument in question she did not buy it from Rose
Crest Cemetery. Instead she worked with the Duell-Clark Funeral Home to
design, purchase, and install the monument on the grave. At no time during,
or since, that exchange was the cemetery involved. The result of this duality is
that the same plot of land confers different rights and duties depending on
whether the monument is implicated.
The inescapable reality is that even if we were to resolve the question of
Johnson’s status as either an invitee or licensee, our inquiry would still be
incomplete because Johnson was not injured by anything which the cemetery
controlled. Johnson does not allege that the pathways were in disrepair, or
that fallen tree branches or other debris caused her harm. Instead, Johnson
was hurt when she attempted to lean on the only property in the cemetery for
which she was responsible. Moreover, according to her own testimony,
Johnson was already aware on the day she was injured that the headstone was
coming loose from the base and required repairs.
Finally, we note that Johnson’s statutory argument based on KRS
381.697 is similarly unpersuasive because KRS 381.697(2) does not create an
affirmative duty on cemeteries to inspect headstones for disrepair, where
otherwise none exists. By its plain language, this statute requires cemeteries
to “keep the burial grounds or cemetery free of growth of weeds, free from
6 accumulated debris, displaced tombstones, or other signs and indication of
vandalism or gross neglect.” As the Court of Appeals correctly noted, the
cemetery’s duty is to maintain the premises, generally, and to ensure that all
visitors may travel the common spaces without harm. This general duty to
maintain the premises is consistent with the various property interests in a
cemetery. Where the cemetery has a cognizable interest, and retains control
over the premises, it must ensure those spaces are maintained. However,
because the cemetery has no property interests in the monuments, its duties
are strictly defined by statute and limited here to the removal of displaced
headstones.
IV. Conclusion
Since the City did not owe Johnson a duty with regards to the monument
we do not discuss the remaining elements of negligence. Instead, we reverse
the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand the case to the Woodford
Circuit Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
All sitting. All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS:
Victoria Frances Dickson Jonathan L. Gay Erica Keenan Mack Walther, Gay & Mack, PLC
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Bradly Edward Moore Kopka, Pinkus & Dolin, PC
Ryan Edward Singleton 7 COUNSEL FOR AMICUS, KENTUCKY CEMETERY ASSOCIATION, INC.:
Stephen Avritt Brooks