MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 31 2020, 10:37 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES Grant M. Reeves GERALD A. MCCORMICK AND Barada Law Offices LLC CHRISTOPHER THAYER Rushville, Indiana Andrew M. Sumerford Meils Thompson Dietz & Berish Indianapolis, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE CITY OF RUSHVILLE Julie A. Newhouse Tracy J. Newhouse Rushville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
City of Rushville Board of August 31, 2020 Zoning Appeals, by Joe Rathz in Court of Appeals Case No. his capacity as Chairman, 20A-PL-212 Appellant-Defendant, Appeal from the Rush Circuit Court v. The Honorable Matthew D. Bailey, Special Judge Gerald A. McCormick and Trial Court Cause No. Christopher Thayer, 70C01-1810-PL-392 Appellees-Plaintiffs, and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 1 of 11 The City of Rushville, Indiana, by Michael Pavey in his capacity 1 as Mayor, Appellee-Defendant.
Shepard, Senior Judge.
[1] In this interlocutory appeal, the city of Rushville Board of Zoning Appeals
appeals the trial court’s order setting aside its decision that Christopher Thayer
had abandoned a non-conforming use of property he had owned. We conclude
that the evidence before the Board was sufficient under the standards applicable
to judicial review. We thus reverse the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History [2] The city of Rushville enacted its zoning ordinance in 1974. Among other
things, the ordinance defined “Mobile Home Park” as “[a]n area of land on
which two or more mobile homes are regularly accommodated with or without
charge including any building or other structure, fixture or equipment that is
used or intended to be used in providing that accommodation.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. III, p. 29 (1974 Zoning Ord. § 5.1.21).
1 Although counsel for the city of Rushville entered their appearance, they did not file a brief or participate in this appeal. Yet, the city is still a party on appeal. See Ind. Appellate Rule 17(A) (“A party of record in the trial court or Administrative Agency shall be a party on appeal.”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 2 of 11 [3] In 1982, the then-owners of the piece of property at issue in this case
successfully petitioned to have the property rezoned to a “Mobile Home Park”
classification. At that time, the 1974 ordinance, and its corresponding
definition of “Mobile Home Park,” was still in effect.
[4] In approximately 1999, Christopher Thayer purchased the property. Thayer
operated a mobile home park on the property, which had space for up to seven
mobile homes.
[5] In 2006, the city of Rushville adopted a new zoning ordinance. Under the 2006
ordinance, Thayer’s property was rezoned to the “Central Business District”
classification, in which a mobile home park was not a permitted use.
Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 55 (2006 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-4 H.). However,
because the property was lawfully being used as a mobile home park at the time
of the rezoning, it could remain a mobile home park as a pre-existing, non-
conforming use under the new zoning classification. The 2006 ordinance
defined “Mobile Home Park” as “[a]n area of land under single ownership used
for the parking of two (2) or more occupied mobile homes.” Id. at 23 (2006 2 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-3 B.).
[6] By the end of January 2013, Thayer had removed all but one mobile home from
the property. The property has contained only one mobile home since 2013.
2 Although the city again adopted a new zoning ordinance in 2009, the definition of “Mobile Home Park” remained unchanged. Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 24 (2009 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-3 B.).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 3 of 11 [7] Effective January 2016, Rushville again adopted a new zoning ordinance. This
ordinance did not contain the term “Mobile Home Park” but rather used the
term “Manufactured Home Park,” which it defined as “[a]n area of land under
single ownership used for the parking of two (2) or [m]ore occupied
manufactured homes.” Appellant’s App. Vol. VI, p. 18 (2016 Zoning Ord. Art.
II B.).
[8] In November 2017, Thayer sold the property on contract to Gerald
McCormick, who intended to operate a mobile home park on the property.
However, in May 2018, the city of Rushville Department of Planning and
Zoning sent McCormick a letter informing him that, due to a several-year lapse
in the use of the property as a mobile home park as defined in the Rushville
zoning ordinance, the property could no longer be used as such without a use
variance or rezoning.
[9] McCormick appealed to the Board. At the public hearings on the matter,
evidence was presented, including the testimony of Thayer, who described his
efforts to obtain tenants for the park thusly: “one time . . . I put flyers up,” “[I]
would tell the girls at the utility office,” and “I had a good friend that was plant
manager . . . [and k]new a lot of people.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 80 (Tr.
BZA Hrgs.). Thayer also explained that he “got a little too stringent” with his
standard for an acceptable tenant and admitted that he “didn’t devote enough
energy” to the park. Id. at 80, 82 (Tr. BZA Hrgs.). The Board affirmed the
decision of the Department of Planning and Zoning and issued findings and
conclusions.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 4 of 11 [10] McCormick then petitioned for judicial review. The trial court issued its
findings and conclusions determining the Board’s decision was erroneous and
remanding the case to the Board for further proceedings. This Court
subsequently granted the Board’s petition for interlocutory appeal.
Issue [11] Whether the trial court properly reversed the Board’s decision.
Discussion and Decision [12] When reviewing a zoning board’s decision, this Court applies the same
standard as the trial court. Stiller Props., LLC v. Floyd Cty. Bd. of Zoning Appeals,
144 N.E.3d 727 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020). That is, we may not substitute our
judgment for that of the zoning board, and we may neither weigh evidence nor
assess witness credibility. Id.
[13] Instead, we are limited to determining whether the zoning board’s decision was
based upon substantial evidence. House of Prayer Ministries, Inc. v. Rush Cty. Bd.
of Zoning Appeals, 91 N.E.3d 1053 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied.
“Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might
accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Snyder v. Kosciusko Cty. Bd. of
Zoning Appeals, 774 N.E.2d 550, 552 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied (2003).
“Evidence is considered substantial if it is more than a scintilla and less than a
preponderance.” Id. A decision not supported by substantial evidence is
arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. House of Prayer Ministries, Inc.,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 31 2020, 10:37 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES Grant M. Reeves GERALD A. MCCORMICK AND Barada Law Offices LLC CHRISTOPHER THAYER Rushville, Indiana Andrew M. Sumerford Meils Thompson Dietz & Berish Indianapolis, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE CITY OF RUSHVILLE Julie A. Newhouse Tracy J. Newhouse Rushville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
City of Rushville Board of August 31, 2020 Zoning Appeals, by Joe Rathz in Court of Appeals Case No. his capacity as Chairman, 20A-PL-212 Appellant-Defendant, Appeal from the Rush Circuit Court v. The Honorable Matthew D. Bailey, Special Judge Gerald A. McCormick and Trial Court Cause No. Christopher Thayer, 70C01-1810-PL-392 Appellees-Plaintiffs, and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 1 of 11 The City of Rushville, Indiana, by Michael Pavey in his capacity 1 as Mayor, Appellee-Defendant.
Shepard, Senior Judge.
[1] In this interlocutory appeal, the city of Rushville Board of Zoning Appeals
appeals the trial court’s order setting aside its decision that Christopher Thayer
had abandoned a non-conforming use of property he had owned. We conclude
that the evidence before the Board was sufficient under the standards applicable
to judicial review. We thus reverse the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History [2] The city of Rushville enacted its zoning ordinance in 1974. Among other
things, the ordinance defined “Mobile Home Park” as “[a]n area of land on
which two or more mobile homes are regularly accommodated with or without
charge including any building or other structure, fixture or equipment that is
used or intended to be used in providing that accommodation.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. III, p. 29 (1974 Zoning Ord. § 5.1.21).
1 Although counsel for the city of Rushville entered their appearance, they did not file a brief or participate in this appeal. Yet, the city is still a party on appeal. See Ind. Appellate Rule 17(A) (“A party of record in the trial court or Administrative Agency shall be a party on appeal.”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 2 of 11 [3] In 1982, the then-owners of the piece of property at issue in this case
successfully petitioned to have the property rezoned to a “Mobile Home Park”
classification. At that time, the 1974 ordinance, and its corresponding
definition of “Mobile Home Park,” was still in effect.
[4] In approximately 1999, Christopher Thayer purchased the property. Thayer
operated a mobile home park on the property, which had space for up to seven
mobile homes.
[5] In 2006, the city of Rushville adopted a new zoning ordinance. Under the 2006
ordinance, Thayer’s property was rezoned to the “Central Business District”
classification, in which a mobile home park was not a permitted use.
Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 55 (2006 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-4 H.). However,
because the property was lawfully being used as a mobile home park at the time
of the rezoning, it could remain a mobile home park as a pre-existing, non-
conforming use under the new zoning classification. The 2006 ordinance
defined “Mobile Home Park” as “[a]n area of land under single ownership used
for the parking of two (2) or more occupied mobile homes.” Id. at 23 (2006 2 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-3 B.).
[6] By the end of January 2013, Thayer had removed all but one mobile home from
the property. The property has contained only one mobile home since 2013.
2 Although the city again adopted a new zoning ordinance in 2009, the definition of “Mobile Home Park” remained unchanged. Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 24 (2009 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-3 B.).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 3 of 11 [7] Effective January 2016, Rushville again adopted a new zoning ordinance. This
ordinance did not contain the term “Mobile Home Park” but rather used the
term “Manufactured Home Park,” which it defined as “[a]n area of land under
single ownership used for the parking of two (2) or [m]ore occupied
manufactured homes.” Appellant’s App. Vol. VI, p. 18 (2016 Zoning Ord. Art.
II B.).
[8] In November 2017, Thayer sold the property on contract to Gerald
McCormick, who intended to operate a mobile home park on the property.
However, in May 2018, the city of Rushville Department of Planning and
Zoning sent McCormick a letter informing him that, due to a several-year lapse
in the use of the property as a mobile home park as defined in the Rushville
zoning ordinance, the property could no longer be used as such without a use
variance or rezoning.
[9] McCormick appealed to the Board. At the public hearings on the matter,
evidence was presented, including the testimony of Thayer, who described his
efforts to obtain tenants for the park thusly: “one time . . . I put flyers up,” “[I]
would tell the girls at the utility office,” and “I had a good friend that was plant
manager . . . [and k]new a lot of people.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 80 (Tr.
BZA Hrgs.). Thayer also explained that he “got a little too stringent” with his
standard for an acceptable tenant and admitted that he “didn’t devote enough
energy” to the park. Id. at 80, 82 (Tr. BZA Hrgs.). The Board affirmed the
decision of the Department of Planning and Zoning and issued findings and
conclusions.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 4 of 11 [10] McCormick then petitioned for judicial review. The trial court issued its
findings and conclusions determining the Board’s decision was erroneous and
remanding the case to the Board for further proceedings. This Court
subsequently granted the Board’s petition for interlocutory appeal.
Issue [11] Whether the trial court properly reversed the Board’s decision.
Discussion and Decision [12] When reviewing a zoning board’s decision, this Court applies the same
standard as the trial court. Stiller Props., LLC v. Floyd Cty. Bd. of Zoning Appeals,
144 N.E.3d 727 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020). That is, we may not substitute our
judgment for that of the zoning board, and we may neither weigh evidence nor
assess witness credibility. Id.
[13] Instead, we are limited to determining whether the zoning board’s decision was
based upon substantial evidence. House of Prayer Ministries, Inc. v. Rush Cty. Bd.
of Zoning Appeals, 91 N.E.3d 1053 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied.
“Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might
accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Snyder v. Kosciusko Cty. Bd. of
Zoning Appeals, 774 N.E.2d 550, 552 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied (2003).
“Evidence is considered substantial if it is more than a scintilla and less than a
preponderance.” Id. A decision not supported by substantial evidence is
arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. House of Prayer Ministries, Inc.,
91 N.E.3d 1053. There is a presumption that determinations of a zoning board, Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 5 of 11 with expertise in the area of zoning issues, are correct and should not be
overturned unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Id.;
see Ind. Code § 36-7-4-1614(d)(1) (2011) (judicial relief from zoning decision
may be granted only if court determines that party seeking relief has been
prejudiced by decision that is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise not in accordance with law).
[14] We initially note that a “non-conforming use” is a use of a premises which
lawfully exists prior to the enactment of a zoning ordinance and which is
allowed to be maintained or continued after the effective date of the ordinance
although it does not comply with the use restrictions applicable in the area. Bd.
of Pub. Works & Safety of City of Hammond v. Alcantar, 47 N.E.3d 1276 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015). The party claiming a legal non-conforming use has the burden of
establishing such, and, once that use has been established, the burden of
proving the termination of that use by abandonment or discontinuance rests on
the party opposing the non-conforming use. Id.
[15] The parties agree that from 1982 to 2006 the property was lawfully used as a
mobile home park and that, when it was rezoned to the Central Business
District classification in 2006, it continued to be used as a mobile home park as
a pre-existing, non-conforming use. Thus, the Board bore the burden of
establishing the abandonment of the use of the property as a mobile home park.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 6 of 11 [16] The Board began by deciding which ordinance and corresponding definition of
“Mobile Home Park” was applicable to the use of the property. It determined
that the 1974 ordinance applies:
4. At the hearing, the BZA heard discussions regarding which ordinance would apply to govern the use in question. This situation arose because the applicable sections of the zoning ordinance were amended at numerous times. The BZA believes that the most applicable ordinance defining the use would be the ordinance governing such use at the time it was created.
5. Here, the use was created in August of 1982, and the ordinance in effect at that time would have been the June 18, 1974, Ordinance (the “74 Ordinance”).
Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 23 (BZA’s Findings and Conclusions).
[17] The 1974 ordinance defined “Mobile Home Park” as: “An area of land on
which two or more mobile homes are regularly accommodated with or without
charge including any building or other structure, fixture or equipment that is
used or intended to be used in providing that accommodation.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. III, p. 29 (1974 Zoning Ord. § 5.1.21) (emphasis added). Applying
this definition, the Board concluded:
7. Under this definition, the use of the Property as a mobile home park lapsed as a pre-existing non-conforming use when all but one mobile/manufactured home was removed prior to 2013. The definition of “Mobile Home Park” requires that two or more mobile homes be regularly accommodated under the 74 Ordinance. The BZA finds the failure to maintain two or more mobile homes on the Property for a period of at least 5 years (far
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 7 of 11 more than any minimum or reasonable time) means the pre- existing non-conforming use has lapsed under any reasonable interpretation for at least the following reasons:
a. More than 50% of the original structures on the Property were removed (leaving only one of many previous mobile/manufactured homes).
b. To the extent that the removal of the additional mobile homes brought the Property closer to conformity with the current ordinance (though not into compliance), it may not now be changed back to a use that is even more non- conforming.
c. Definitionally, there was a change of use when the use of the Property failed to meet the definition of a “Mobile Home Park.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 23 (BZA’s Findings and Conclusions).
[18] Additionally, the Board determined that, while its decision was primarily based
on the 1974 ordinance, the non-conforming use would have lapsed under any of
the possible definitions because they all require two or more occupied
mobile/manufactured homes. See id. at 23-24 (BZA’s Findings and
Conclusions).
[19] Finally, the Board addressed McCormick’s argument that Thayer had not
abandoned the use of the property because he had continued to maintain his
mobile home park license through the State. However, in light of the evidence
of Thayer’s voluntary removal of all but one mobile home on the property
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 8 of 11 without replacement and only minimal effort to market the property to secure
new tenants, the Board determined that merely maintaining the State license by
paying a fee did not overcome the evidence of abandonment or lapse of use.
See id. at 24-25 (BZA’s Findings and Conclusions).
[20] McCormick argues that the Board erred by basing its decision on the 1974
ordinance. The Board determined the 1974 ordinance applies because it was
the governing ordinance in effect in 1982 when the property was rezoned to the
“Mobile Home Park” classification. Additionally, the 1974 ordinance was still
in effect and governing the use of the property as a mobile home park when it
was grandfathered in as a pre-existing, non-conforming use in 2006 when the
property was rezoned to Central Business District. A non-conforming use is a
use which lawfully exists prior to the enactment of a zoning ordinance and
which is allowed to be continued after the effective date of the ordinance
although it does not comply with the use restrictions of the new ordinance. Bd.
of Pub. Works & Safety of City of Hammond, 47 N.E.3d 1276. Accordingly, the
1974 ordinance is the only ordinance under which this property lawfully existed
as a mobile home park. From 2006 to the present, the property merely was
permitted to continue to be used as a mobile home park as a non-conforming
use.
[21] The zoning ordinance in effect in Rushville at the time this issue arose is the
2016 ordinance. In Article XI, entitled Non-Conforming Uses, that ordinance
provides:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 9 of 11 3. Abandonment or discontinuance. If a nonconforming use other than a single-family residential use is discontinued or terminated for a period of 12 months, any future use of the structure, or land shall conform to the provisions of this ordinance.
Appellant’s App. Vol. VI, p. 100 (2016 Zoning Ord. Art. XI C.). Similarly,
prior to 2016, the 2006 ordinance provided:
C. DISCONTINUANCE OR ABANDONMENT
When a nonconforming use of land, structure, or land and structure in combination is discontinued or abandoned for twelve (12) consecutive months, the structure, land, or structure and land in combination shall not thereafter be used except in conformance with regulations of the district in which it is located.
Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 158 ( 2006 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-10).
[22] The non-conforming use here, as defined by the governing ordinance, is “[a]n
area of land on which two or more mobile homes are regularly accommodated
with or without charge including any building or other structure, fixture or
equipment that is used or intended to be used in providing that
accommodation.” Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 29 (1974 Zoning Ord. § 5.1.21).
Pursuant to either ordinance, abandonment occurs after the use is discontinued
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 10 of 11 for a period of 12 months, and the property at issue here contained only one 3 mobile home for a period of more than five years.
Conclusion [23] The Board carefully considered whether the non-conforming use had been
abandoned, and we conclude the Board’s decision rested upon substantial
evidence. Therefore, the trial court erred by setting aside the Board’s decision.
We reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[24] Reversed and remanded.
Crone, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
3 Assuming, arguendo, that either the 2006 or the 2016 zoning ordinance was the definitional governing ordinance, we observe that the result would be the same as under the 1974 ordinance. See Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 23 (2006 Zoning Ord. § 6-101-3 B.) (defining “Mobile Home Park” as “[a]n area of land under single ownership used for the parking of two (2) or more occupied mobile homes.”); Appellant’s App. Vol. VI, p. 18 (2016 Zoning Ord. Art. II B.) (defining “Manufactured Home Park” as “[a]n area of land under single ownership used for the parking of two (2) or [m]ore occupied manufactured homes.”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PL-212 | August 31, 2020 Page 11 of 11