Mr. Justice NELSON
delivered the opinion of.the court.
. This,,is a writ of error to the circuit court of the United States • for. the district of Rhode Island.
The suit was brought- in the court below against the city of Providence,.to recover damages for an injury occasioned by an obstruction on the side-walk in one pf its principal streets. The obstruction consisted of a ridge of hard-trodden snow and ice on the centre of the side-walk, along which the plaintiff was passing in the night time, and by means' of which he fell across the ridge, breaking his thigh-bone in an oblique direction.
After the evidence closed', the counsel for the defendants
prayed the court to charge the jury that the statutes of Rhode Island, requiring highways to be kept- in repair, and amended from time to time, so that the same may be safe and convenient for travellers at all seasons of the year, as' far as respected obstructions from falls of snGw, merely required that the snow should be trodden down or removed, so that the highways should not be blocked up or incumbered with snow; but did not require that said highways should be free from snow or ice, so that the traveller should not be in danger of slipping thereon; and that the said snow being so trodden down and hardened into ice, and the side-walk not blocked up or incumbered therewith, but open and passable in the sense of the statute, in this case the defendants were not liable.
The counsel for the defendants, also, after referring to the statutes authorizing the city of Providence to build and repair side-walks, and also to the ordinances of the city passed in pursuance thereof, further prayed the court to charge, that neither the said statutes nor the ordinances defined or enlarged the duty or liability of the city as to the removal of snow from the side-walks, beyond that under the general statute of the State, nor were they evidence of the degree of care required of the city by the general statute-; but that, notwithstanding the same, the city would not be liable under the general law, if the snow on the side-walk was trodden down so as to be open and passable.
The court refused so to charge; but charged, that, by the statute law of the State, the city was obliged to keep this street conveniently and safely passable at all seasons of the year; that, by a special act, the legislature having authorized the • city to have side-walks designed for foot passengers, it was bound to keep those side-walks convenient and safe for pedestrians; that the law did not require absolute convenience or safety, but safety and convenience in a reasonable degree, having reference to the uses of the way and frequency of its uses; that, when a fall of snow takes place, so as to render a side-walk not conveniently and safely passable, it was the duty of the city to use ordinary care and diligence to restore it to a reasonably' safe and convenient state. 1 That the law does not prescribe how this shall be done, whether by treading down .or removing the snow; and that it was for the jury to find, as matter of fact, whether the side-walk, at the time in question, was in a reasonably safe and convenient state, having reference to its uses; and if it was not so, whether its want of safety and convenience was owing to the want of ordinary care and diligence on the part of the city.; and in considering whether due diligence required the city to remove the snow, the jury ought to take into consideration the ordinances, not as prescribing a rule binding' on the city, but as
evidence of the fact that a removal, and not a treading down of the snow, wás reasonably necessary.
The 1st section of the statute of Rhode Island concerning highways and bridges, provides, “ that all highways, town-ways, and causeways, &c., lying and being within the bounds of any town, shall be kept in repair and amended, from time to time, so that the same may be safe and convenient for travellers, with. their teams, &c.,” at all seasons of the year, at the proper charge and expense of such town, under the care and direction of the . surveyor or surveyors of highways appointed by law. The surveyors, are then authorized to remove all sorts of obstructions or things that shall in any way straiten, hinder, or incommode any highway or town-way, and when blocked up or incumbered with snow, they shall cause so much thereof to be removed or trod down as will render the road passable.
Among other provisions conferring upon the towns power to repair and amend the public highways, the 4th section enacts ■ that each town, at some public meeting of the electors, shall vote and raise such sum of money, to be expended in labor and materials on the highways, as they may deem necessary for that purpose; and either the assessors or the town council, as the town may direct, shall assess the same on the ratable estate of th.e inhabitants, and all others owning ratable property therein, as other town taxes are by law assessed. .
And the 13th section provides that if the town shall neglect to . keep in good repair its highways and bridges, she shall be liable to indictment, and “ shall also be liable to all persons who may in anywise suffer injury to their persons or property by reason of any such neglect. ”
It is admitted that-the defendants are not liable for the injury complained of at common law, but' that the plaintiff must bring the case within the above statute to sustain the action. It must also be admitted, that the act applies to cities as well as towns, and. also to side-walks where they constitute a part of the public highway. This has been repeatedly held by the state courts in several States, under statutes .substantially like the one .under consideration. 13 Pick. 343; 13 Met. 297; 3 Cush. 121, 174; 4 Ib. 247; 6 Ib. 141, 524; 7 Greenl. 442; 15 Verm. 708; 19 Ib. 470; 21 Ib. 391; 2 N. Hamp. 392; 35 Maine, 100; Ib. 242.
The counsel for the defendants, conceding this view of the statute, and of the liability of the city generally, contends that, as it respects obstructions or impediments occasioned by the fall of snow, and accumulations of ice, the liability is qualified, and exists only in case of neglect to .tread down or remove the snow, so that the track be not blocked up and incumbered
thereby'/
and that, if the . street, or side-walk is passable by not being
blocked up and incumbered with snow, as it respects this kind of obstruction, it is made safe and convenient within the meaning of the statute. And the latter clause of the 1st section of the act which directs that when the highways are blocked up or incumbered with snow, the surveyor shall cause so much thereof to be removed or trod down as wdll render the road passable; and also the 13th and 14th sections, which authorize the towns to impose penalties for the removal of snow from highways, and subjects the town to an indictment for neglect therein, are referred to as countenancing this modified liability.
But it will be found, on looking into the several decisions under a similar act in Massachusetts, that no distinction exists between obstructions of a public highway by falls of snow, and those of any other description. In the case of Loker
v.
Brookline, 13 Pick.
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Mr. Justice NELSON
delivered the opinion of.the court.
. This,,is a writ of error to the circuit court of the United States • for. the district of Rhode Island.
The suit was brought- in the court below against the city of Providence,.to recover damages for an injury occasioned by an obstruction on the side-walk in one pf its principal streets. The obstruction consisted of a ridge of hard-trodden snow and ice on the centre of the side-walk, along which the plaintiff was passing in the night time, and by means' of which he fell across the ridge, breaking his thigh-bone in an oblique direction.
After the evidence closed', the counsel for the defendants
prayed the court to charge the jury that the statutes of Rhode Island, requiring highways to be kept- in repair, and amended from time to time, so that the same may be safe and convenient for travellers at all seasons of the year, as' far as respected obstructions from falls of snGw, merely required that the snow should be trodden down or removed, so that the highways should not be blocked up or incumbered with snow; but did not require that said highways should be free from snow or ice, so that the traveller should not be in danger of slipping thereon; and that the said snow being so trodden down and hardened into ice, and the side-walk not blocked up or incumbered therewith, but open and passable in the sense of the statute, in this case the defendants were not liable.
The counsel for the defendants, also, after referring to the statutes authorizing the city of Providence to build and repair side-walks, and also to the ordinances of the city passed in pursuance thereof, further prayed the court to charge, that neither the said statutes nor the ordinances defined or enlarged the duty or liability of the city as to the removal of snow from the side-walks, beyond that under the general statute of the State, nor were they evidence of the degree of care required of the city by the general statute-; but that, notwithstanding the same, the city would not be liable under the general law, if the snow on the side-walk was trodden down so as to be open and passable.
The court refused so to charge; but charged, that, by the statute law of the State, the city was obliged to keep this street conveniently and safely passable at all seasons of the year; that, by a special act, the legislature having authorized the • city to have side-walks designed for foot passengers, it was bound to keep those side-walks convenient and safe for pedestrians; that the law did not require absolute convenience or safety, but safety and convenience in a reasonable degree, having reference to the uses of the way and frequency of its uses; that, when a fall of snow takes place, so as to render a side-walk not conveniently and safely passable, it was the duty of the city to use ordinary care and diligence to restore it to a reasonably' safe and convenient state. 1 That the law does not prescribe how this shall be done, whether by treading down .or removing the snow; and that it was for the jury to find, as matter of fact, whether the side-walk, at the time in question, was in a reasonably safe and convenient state, having reference to its uses; and if it was not so, whether its want of safety and convenience was owing to the want of ordinary care and diligence on the part of the city.; and in considering whether due diligence required the city to remove the snow, the jury ought to take into consideration the ordinances, not as prescribing a rule binding' on the city, but as
evidence of the fact that a removal, and not a treading down of the snow, wás reasonably necessary.
The 1st section of the statute of Rhode Island concerning highways and bridges, provides, “ that all highways, town-ways, and causeways, &c., lying and being within the bounds of any town, shall be kept in repair and amended, from time to time, so that the same may be safe and convenient for travellers, with. their teams, &c.,” at all seasons of the year, at the proper charge and expense of such town, under the care and direction of the . surveyor or surveyors of highways appointed by law. The surveyors, are then authorized to remove all sorts of obstructions or things that shall in any way straiten, hinder, or incommode any highway or town-way, and when blocked up or incumbered with snow, they shall cause so much thereof to be removed or trod down as will render the road passable.
Among other provisions conferring upon the towns power to repair and amend the public highways, the 4th section enacts ■ that each town, at some public meeting of the electors, shall vote and raise such sum of money, to be expended in labor and materials on the highways, as they may deem necessary for that purpose; and either the assessors or the town council, as the town may direct, shall assess the same on the ratable estate of th.e inhabitants, and all others owning ratable property therein, as other town taxes are by law assessed. .
And the 13th section provides that if the town shall neglect to . keep in good repair its highways and bridges, she shall be liable to indictment, and “ shall also be liable to all persons who may in anywise suffer injury to their persons or property by reason of any such neglect. ”
It is admitted that-the defendants are not liable for the injury complained of at common law, but' that the plaintiff must bring the case within the above statute to sustain the action. It must also be admitted, that the act applies to cities as well as towns, and. also to side-walks where they constitute a part of the public highway. This has been repeatedly held by the state courts in several States, under statutes .substantially like the one .under consideration. 13 Pick. 343; 13 Met. 297; 3 Cush. 121, 174; 4 Ib. 247; 6 Ib. 141, 524; 7 Greenl. 442; 15 Verm. 708; 19 Ib. 470; 21 Ib. 391; 2 N. Hamp. 392; 35 Maine, 100; Ib. 242.
The counsel for the defendants, conceding this view of the statute, and of the liability of the city generally, contends that, as it respects obstructions or impediments occasioned by the fall of snow, and accumulations of ice, the liability is qualified, and exists only in case of neglect to .tread down or remove the snow, so that the track be not blocked up and incumbered
thereby'/
and that, if the . street, or side-walk is passable by not being
blocked up and incumbered with snow, as it respects this kind of obstruction, it is made safe and convenient within the meaning of the statute. And the latter clause of the 1st section of the act which directs that when the highways are blocked up or incumbered with snow, the surveyor shall cause so much thereof to be removed or trod down as wdll render the road passable; and also the 13th and 14th sections, which authorize the towns to impose penalties for the removal of snow from highways, and subjects the town to an indictment for neglect therein, are referred to as countenancing this modified liability.
But it will be found, on looking into the several decisions under a similar act in Massachusetts, that no distinction exists between obstructions of a public highway by falls of snow, and those of any other description. In the case of Loker
v.
Brookline, 13 Pick. 346, 347, Morton, J., speaking of the 1st section of the statute, observes, that language so general and explicit cánnot be misunderstood or restrained. It must extend to all kinds of defects, as well as to all seasons of the year; and an obstruction caused, by snow is as clearly included as one caused by flood, or tempest, or any other source of injury. See also, 13 Met 297; 6 Cush. 141.
The foundation of the action rests mainly on the 1st and 13th sections of the statute. The 1st imposes upon the town the duty of keeping in repair and amending the highways within its limits, so that the same may be safe and convenient for travellers at all seasons of the year; and the 13th declares, that if the towns shall neglect to keep in good, repair its' highways and bridges, it shall be liable to indictment, and shall also
“
be liable to all persons who may in anywise suffer-injury to their persons or property by reason of any such neglect.”
The other provisions, and among them those referred to by the counsel, relate to the powers conferred upon the. towns to enable them to fulfil the obligations enjoined, and to the powers and' duties of the several officers having charge of the repairs of the highways. Ample means are furnished the several to wns. ■ to discharge their obligations under the statute.
The act of 1821, amended by the act of 1841, confers powers upon the city of Providence, to build and keep in repair their side-walks, at the-expense of the owners of the adjoining lots; and as may be seen from the several ordinances of the city, given in evidence, these powers have been liberally exercised for the purpose.
The powers of the towns and of the city are as ample for the purpose of removing obstructions from the highways, streets, and side-walks, arising from falls of snow and accumulations of' ice, as those arising from any other cause; and the reason for'
the removal, so that they may be safe and convenient for travellers, is the same in the one case as in the others. The 13th section of the act which gives the personal remedy, makes no distinction in the two cases; and, in the absence of some plain distinction pointed out by the statute, it would be "exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to state one. It is conceded that an obstruction from falls of snow or accumulations of ice must be removed by the towns and cities, so as to make the highways and streets passable; and that this is a duty expressly enjoined upon them. The question is, what sort of removal will satisfy the requirement of the statute ? It is admitted that, as it respects every other species of obstruction, the repairs must be such that the highways and streets may be safe and convenient for travellers; and that this is a question of fact to' be determined by the jury. Is an obstruction by snow or ice to be determined by any other rule, or by any other- tribunal? The counsel for the defendants suggests, that as it respects such safety and convenience for travellers in case of falls of snow, the statute should be construed as meaning merely that the snow should be trodden down or removed, as that the highways and streets should not be so blocked up or incumbered as not to be safely and conveniently open and passable. But it is quite clear that this would be a very indefinite and uncertain rule to guide either the officers, whose duty it is to remove theses 'obstructions, or the jury in passing upon them when the subject of legal proceedings. The suggestion may be very well as an argument to the jury, for the purpose of satisfying them that the repairs in the manner mentioned were such as to fulfil the requirement of the statute, but to lay it down as a rule of law in the terms stated, might in many cases, and under the circumstances, fall far short of it.
The treading down of snow when it falls in great depth, or in case of drifts, so that the highway or street .shall not be blocked up or incumbered, may-fin some sense, and for the time being, have the effect to remove the obstruction; but as it respects the side-walks and their uses, this remedy would be, at best, temporary;' and, in case of rains or extreme changes of weather, would have the effect to increase rather than remove it. It is but common observation, and-knowledge of. those familiar with the climate of our northern latitudes, that not unfrequently the most serious obstructions arise from the great depth of snow and changes in the temperature of the weather; and that simply treading down the snow, and leaving it in that condition without further attention, would have the effect to render the highways and side-walks utterly impassable.
In the case also of obstructions from snow, the side-walks may
frequently require its removal, so as to make a safe and convenient passage for the pedestrian, when, at the same time, the treading of it down in the street would answer the purpose for the traveller with his teám. The nature and extent of the repairs 'must necessarily depend upon their location and uses; those thronged with travellers may require much greater attention than others less frequented. ,
The just rule of responsibility, and the one, we think, prescribed by the statute, whether the obstruction . be by snow or by any other material, is the removal' or abatement so as to render the highway, street, or side-walk, at all times safe and convenient, regard being had to its locality and uses.
We are satisfied the ruling of the court below was correct, . and that the judgment should be affirmed.
Mr. Justice DANIEL dissented.
Order.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the circuit court of the United States for the district of Rhode Island, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof it is now here ordered and adjudged by this court that the judgm'ent of the said circuit court in this cause 'be and the same is hereby affirmed, with costs, and interest until. paid, at the same rate per annum that similar judgments bear in the courts of the State of Rhode Island.