Opinion of the court by
Hainer, J.:
This was an action brought by George Reed against the city of Oklahoma City, to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by him on account of the negligence of the city in maintaining a dangerous obstruction on the sidewalk of one of its public
streets. The cause was tried to a jury, and the plaintiff recovered a verdict for five hundred dollars, and judgment was entered in accordance therewith. From this judgment the city appeals. i
It is assigned as error that the plaintiff’s amended petition fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and therefore the court erred in not sustaining the defendant’s objection to the introduction of evidence. Plaintiff in error contends that the amended petition did not sufficiency aver that the plaintiff was, at the time of the accident, in the exercise of ordinary care, and free from fault or negligence on his part. And it is further contended that it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to allege and prove that he was not guilty of contributory negligence. And in support of this contention, the plaintiff in error has cited the case of
Pittman v. The City of El Reno,
4 Okla. 638, where the court laid down the rule that in a case where a municipal corporation is charged with negligence; “It was the duty of the plaintiff to establish 'in his ease in chief the fact that he was not guilty of contributing in any manner to the injury received.” We do not think the amended petition is subject to this objection.
The material averments of the amended petition were that the city had maintained, for a period of more than one year, a water hydrant about twenty-two inches high, and extending in the sidewalk about forty inches from the outer edge thereof. That on the night of December 24, 1902, while the plaintiff was exercising due and proper care, and without fault on his part, he stumbled on and over said hydrant, and then and there fell on said sidewalk, whereby ho
sustained great and permanent injuries, having his right arm broken, etc.
It will thus be seen that the plaintiff’s amended petition not only charges the municipality with negligence, but also alleges that at the time the plaintiff received the injuries he was exercising due and proper care, and that such injuries occurred without fault on his part.
It is true, as stated by counsel for plaintiff in error, that a ■ municipal corporation has the power to construct and maintain fire hydrants for1 the use and protection of the city. But while it has the right to construct and maintain such hydrants, they should not be placed in such a position as to obstruct, and be an object highly dangerous to pedestrians who are traveling upon the sidewalks .in accordance with the usual modes of travel. A municipal corporation is bound by law to use ordinary care to keep its sidewalks, as well as its streets, in reasonably safe condition for public use, in the ordinary modes of travel, by night as well as by day. And if it fails to do so, it is liable for injuries sustained by reason of such negligence.^
The Town of Norman v. Teel,
12 Okla. 69.
The law is well settled that a person traveling upon a sidewalk of a municipal corporation, which is in constant use by the public, has a right, when using the same with reasonable care, to presume and act upon the presumption that it is reasonably safe for ordinary travel, and free from dangerous obstructions or other defects.
Dillon, in his excellent treatise on Municipal Corporations, (2 ed.) vol. 2, section 1024-, states this doctrine as follows:
“Where streets have been rendered
unsafe by the direct act, order or authority of the municipal corporation
(not acting through independent contractors, the effect of which will be considered presently), no question has been made, or can reasonably exist, as to the liability of the corporation for injuries thus produced, where the person suffering them is without contributory fault, or was using due care.”
The adjudicated cases, are in conflict on the question whether the burden of proving contributory' negligence, or its absence, is on the plaintiff or defendant. In Indiana and some other jurisdictions it has been held that the plaintiff cannot recover unless he alleges and proves that the injury occurred without negligence on his part; in other words, that he was not guilty of contributory negligence. And this was the rule adopted by our court in the case of
Pittman v. The City of El Reno,
supra, but this decision, as we understand it, was placed upon that ground for the reason that the Indiana code was then in force in Oklahoma, and that the decisions of the courts of that state were binding on our court, while that statute remained in force here. But on the other hand, the great weight of the American authorities and the textwriters, as well as of the English authorities, supports the doctrine that it devolves on the defendant to plead and prove contributory negligence ; while all the courts seem to hold to the doctrine that if the plaintiff’s evidence estabiishes that he was guilty of contributory negligence on his part that it precludes his recovery, no matter where the burden of proof rests.
In our opinion, the true and sound rule, and one which is in consonance with justice, is that there is no presumption that the plaintiff or defendant is guilty of negligence; and
that in order to entitle tbe plaintiff to recover, it is sufficient for him to show that the defendant was guilty of negligence, with nothing in the circumstances establishing contributory negligence on his part. And when such facts are proven, it devolves upon the defendant to prove affirmatively that the plaintiff was guilty of contributorjr negligence.
In Am.
&
E. Enc. Law, (2 ed.) vol. 7, page 455, this doctrine is clearly stated as follows:
“Perhaps the true doctrine is, that there is no presumption of either negligence or care which is applicable as a general rule in all cases, but that the question of the burden of proof should be determined on the facts of each case according to whether they show a duty of care on the plaintiff or the defendant. On principle, it would seem sufficient to entitle the plaintiff to recover, for him to show a negligent injury by the defendant, with nothing in the circumstances establishing contributory negligence on his part; and this done, it would devolve upon fhe defendant to show the plaintiff’s contributory negligence affirmatively.”
In
Lincoln v. Walker,
18 Neb. 244, 5 Am. & Eng. Corp Gas. 611, the supreme court of Nebraska, in passing upon this question, said:
“In view of the conflict in the authorities, we are compelled to adopt such rule as may seem most consonant with justice. This being so, there certainly is no presumption that the plaintiff was negligent. We therefore hold the rule to be, that if the plaintiff can prove his case without showing contributory negligence, it is a matter of defense to be proved by the defendant.”
In
Hough v. Railway Co.,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion of the court by
Hainer, J.:
This was an action brought by George Reed against the city of Oklahoma City, to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by him on account of the negligence of the city in maintaining a dangerous obstruction on the sidewalk of one of its public
streets. The cause was tried to a jury, and the plaintiff recovered a verdict for five hundred dollars, and judgment was entered in accordance therewith. From this judgment the city appeals. i
It is assigned as error that the plaintiff’s amended petition fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and therefore the court erred in not sustaining the defendant’s objection to the introduction of evidence. Plaintiff in error contends that the amended petition did not sufficiency aver that the plaintiff was, at the time of the accident, in the exercise of ordinary care, and free from fault or negligence on his part. And it is further contended that it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to allege and prove that he was not guilty of contributory negligence. And in support of this contention, the plaintiff in error has cited the case of
Pittman v. The City of El Reno,
4 Okla. 638, where the court laid down the rule that in a case where a municipal corporation is charged with negligence; “It was the duty of the plaintiff to establish 'in his ease in chief the fact that he was not guilty of contributing in any manner to the injury received.” We do not think the amended petition is subject to this objection.
The material averments of the amended petition were that the city had maintained, for a period of more than one year, a water hydrant about twenty-two inches high, and extending in the sidewalk about forty inches from the outer edge thereof. That on the night of December 24, 1902, while the plaintiff was exercising due and proper care, and without fault on his part, he stumbled on and over said hydrant, and then and there fell on said sidewalk, whereby ho
sustained great and permanent injuries, having his right arm broken, etc.
It will thus be seen that the plaintiff’s amended petition not only charges the municipality with negligence, but also alleges that at the time the plaintiff received the injuries he was exercising due and proper care, and that such injuries occurred without fault on his part.
It is true, as stated by counsel for plaintiff in error, that a ■ municipal corporation has the power to construct and maintain fire hydrants for1 the use and protection of the city. But while it has the right to construct and maintain such hydrants, they should not be placed in such a position as to obstruct, and be an object highly dangerous to pedestrians who are traveling upon the sidewalks .in accordance with the usual modes of travel. A municipal corporation is bound by law to use ordinary care to keep its sidewalks, as well as its streets, in reasonably safe condition for public use, in the ordinary modes of travel, by night as well as by day. And if it fails to do so, it is liable for injuries sustained by reason of such negligence.^
The Town of Norman v. Teel,
12 Okla. 69.
The law is well settled that a person traveling upon a sidewalk of a municipal corporation, which is in constant use by the public, has a right, when using the same with reasonable care, to presume and act upon the presumption that it is reasonably safe for ordinary travel, and free from dangerous obstructions or other defects.
Dillon, in his excellent treatise on Municipal Corporations, (2 ed.) vol. 2, section 1024-, states this doctrine as follows:
“Where streets have been rendered
unsafe by the direct act, order or authority of the municipal corporation
(not acting through independent contractors, the effect of which will be considered presently), no question has been made, or can reasonably exist, as to the liability of the corporation for injuries thus produced, where the person suffering them is without contributory fault, or was using due care.”
The adjudicated cases, are in conflict on the question whether the burden of proving contributory' negligence, or its absence, is on the plaintiff or defendant. In Indiana and some other jurisdictions it has been held that the plaintiff cannot recover unless he alleges and proves that the injury occurred without negligence on his part; in other words, that he was not guilty of contributory negligence. And this was the rule adopted by our court in the case of
Pittman v. The City of El Reno,
supra, but this decision, as we understand it, was placed upon that ground for the reason that the Indiana code was then in force in Oklahoma, and that the decisions of the courts of that state were binding on our court, while that statute remained in force here. But on the other hand, the great weight of the American authorities and the textwriters, as well as of the English authorities, supports the doctrine that it devolves on the defendant to plead and prove contributory negligence ; while all the courts seem to hold to the doctrine that if the plaintiff’s evidence estabiishes that he was guilty of contributory negligence on his part that it precludes his recovery, no matter where the burden of proof rests.
In our opinion, the true and sound rule, and one which is in consonance with justice, is that there is no presumption that the plaintiff or defendant is guilty of negligence; and
that in order to entitle tbe plaintiff to recover, it is sufficient for him to show that the defendant was guilty of negligence, with nothing in the circumstances establishing contributory negligence on his part. And when such facts are proven, it devolves upon the defendant to prove affirmatively that the plaintiff was guilty of contributorjr negligence.
In Am.
&
E. Enc. Law, (2 ed.) vol. 7, page 455, this doctrine is clearly stated as follows:
“Perhaps the true doctrine is, that there is no presumption of either negligence or care which is applicable as a general rule in all cases, but that the question of the burden of proof should be determined on the facts of each case according to whether they show a duty of care on the plaintiff or the defendant. On principle, it would seem sufficient to entitle the plaintiff to recover, for him to show a negligent injury by the defendant, with nothing in the circumstances establishing contributory negligence on his part; and this done, it would devolve upon fhe defendant to show the plaintiff’s contributory negligence affirmatively.”
In
Lincoln v. Walker,
18 Neb. 244, 5 Am. & Eng. Corp Gas. 611, the supreme court of Nebraska, in passing upon this question, said:
“In view of the conflict in the authorities, we are compelled to adopt such rule as may seem most consonant with justice. This being so, there certainly is no presumption that the plaintiff was negligent. We therefore hold the rule to be, that if the plaintiff can prove his case without showing contributory negligence, it is a matter of defense to be proved by the defendant.”
In
Hough v. Railway Co.,
100 U. S. 213-225, the supreme court of the United States has laid down the rule that in a case of this kind the burden of proof is upon the defendant
to show contributory negligence. And to the same effect are the following authorities:
Railroad Company v. Gladmon,
15 Wall. 401; Wharton, Negligence, sec. 423, and authorities there cited in note 1;
Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad Co. v.
Horst, 93 U. S. 291.
In
St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co. v.
Weaver, 11 Pac. 408-414, the supreme court of Kansas holds that the burden of proving-contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff rests upon the defendant. In the course of the opinion Mr. Justice Yalentine, speaking for the court, says:
“It is claimed, however, that the burden of proof rests upon the plaintiff to show that he was
not
guilty of contributory negligence, and not upon the defendant to show that he
was.
The rule, however, in this state, is otherwise.
Kansas Pac. Ry. Co. v. Pointer.
14 Kan. 38, 50;
Kansas
City,
L. & S. B. Co. v. Phillibert,
25 Kans.-583. See also, Beach, Neg. 430, 15?. The law presumes that every person performs his duty, and this presumption -continues until it is shown affirmatively that he does not or has not. Hence, wherever there is no evidence upon the subject, or where the evidence is equally bálanced, this presumption in favor of the person in question requires that the findings of the court and jury should be that such person has performed his duty, and is not guilty of any culpable negligence, contributory or otherwise. Hence, while it may be said, in a general sense, that the burden of proving his case devolves upon the plaintiff, yet, if he has shown that the defendant was guilty of the negligence causing the injury complained of, and the evidence tending to show that he has performed his duty is at least equal to that which tends to show otherwise, he has made out his case. This is virtually throwing the burden of proof to show that the plaintiff has been guilty of culpable contributory negligence upon the defendant, and this has been the uniform holding of this court.”
The doctrine announced in
Pittman v. The City of El Reno,
4 Okla. 638, so far as it is in conflict with the rule herein announced, is overruled.
It follows that the amended petition stated facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant, and therefore the court properly overruled the objection of the defendant to the introduction of evidence in support thereof.
It seems to us that the evidence in this case clearly establishes that the plaintiff was in the exercise of ordinary care and caution at the time he received the injury, and that it was negligence on the part of the city in maintaining an obstruction that endangered the life and limb of the public who were traveling upon the sidewalk in question, and the jury were fully warranted in finding the issues in favor of the plaintiff. And, moreover, the damages that were allowed by the jury seem to be reasonable under the circumstances.
Finding no error in the record which would justify a reversal of the cause, the judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Burwell, d., who presided in the court below, not sitting; Rurford, O. J., dissenting; all the other Justices concurring.