JUDGE BURNAM
delivebed the opinion oe the coubt.
Appellee, Mary S. Kuntz, instituted this action against R. L. Clark and the city of Louisville, alleging that she was [587]*587the owner of a lot, and the improvements thereon, located in the city of Louisville; that the city authorized the construction of an alley by the side of it, and that the contract for the work was left to the defendant, Clark; and that the appellant, in constructing the alley, encroached upon her - premises without right, and negligently destroyed a part of her stableT The defendant, Clark, filed his separate answer, denying the allegations of the petition, while appellant, in addition to its general traverse, in the second paragraph of its answer pleaded the six-months’ statute of limitations, which is a provision of charters of cities of the first class, and which provides that “actions against the city for damages for injuries to person or property shall be begun within six months after the cause of action accrued.” Appellee demurred to this paragraph, and the court below sustained the demurrer, and upon the trial appellee recovered a judgment against both defendants, and, the motion of the city for a new trial having been overruled, this appeal is j>rosecuted.
The only question involved on the appeal is whether the statute of limitations relied on by appellant is a good defense to the action, and this depends upon the power of the Legislature to enact it. The question, therefore, to be determined is, is it a special or local act which is prohibited by section 59, subsection 5, Constitution, which provides that “the General Assembly shall not pass local or special acts concerning any of the following subjects or for any of the following pttrposes, namely: . . . Fifth, to regulate the limitation of civil or criminal causes?” Or is it authorized and embraced by the provisions of section 15G of the Constitution, which provides for the classification of cities and towns, and that the organization and powers of each class shall be defined and provided for by [588]*588general laws, so that all municipal, corporations of the same class shall possess the same powers and be subject to the same restrictions ? Appellant contends that as the provision relied on is a section of the general act of the Legislature passed in conformity with the requirements of section 156 of the Constitution, providing for the government of all cities of the first class, it is a general statute of local application, not special or local within the inhibition of section 59, and that it was within the power of the Legislature to pass it. This six-months’ statute of limitations was a provision of the old charter of appellant prior to the adoption of the general act for the government of cities of the first class, and its constitutionality was upheld by this court in the case of Preston v. City of Louisville, 84 Ky., 118; and similar provisions in the charters of the city of Covington were held to be constitutional in City of Covington v. Voskotter, 80 Ky., 219, and City of Covington v. Hoadley, 88 Ky., 444. But at the time these opinions were rendered there was no constitutional provision enumerating specifically the subjects concerning which it wras provided the Legislature should not pass local or special acts, and those cases turned upon the question as to whether this provision conferred a special privilege upon the city not in consideration of a public service; and it was held that, “as between a municipal corporation and a private person, a different rule might be adopted by the Legislature,” upon the theory that “the city istan arm of the State government, and as such performs a public service.” But section 59 of the Constitution expressly prohibits the Legislature from passing a local or special act relating to limitation, and this case clearly illustrates the wisdom of the provision. The city and an individual are sued for a joint trespass. If either is guilty, the city [589]*589is most in fault, because it was the instigator of the wrong-complained of, but,, if the statute relied on is held to be not a local or special one, it will be permitted to escape all liability, while its mere servant in the perpetration of the injury must bear the burden of their joint wrongdoing; and thus we have one rule of limitation for cities of the first class, and another for all persons, natural or artificial.
When the Constitution prohibits the Legislature from passing special laws upon any given subject, it means that all laws upon that subject shall operate alike upon all, whether individual or corporate, public or private. It is a safeguard provided by the Constitution for the protection of the weak as well as the strong. The Legislature has power to make laws fixing the time when an action must be brought, but they must be general in their character, as the Constitution prohibits the Legislature from discriminating in favor of or against-individuals or classes, when it declares that there shall be no special legislation on the subjects enumerated in section 59; whilst section 156 makes classification of cities only for the purpose of organization and government, and provides that the powers and organization of each shall be defined and provided for by general laws pertaining thereto. But section 59 expressly excepts the subject of limitation of civil and criminal causes from the operation of such laws, and it seems to us that properly they have no connection with the necessary powers, government, or organization of cities. It is a recognized canon of construction that constitutional provisions should be construed so as to give force and effect to all of them, and this is done by limiting the Legislature, in granting municipal charters, to the powers which are incident to, and necessary for, their organization and [590]*590government, as pointed out by section 150. While the cities of the State may be subject to different laws, so far-as they relate to their organization and government, yet, as to matters prohibited by the Constitution, they must be subject to the same general laws which apply to other corporations and private citizens.
The Constitution of Pennsylvania prohibits local or special legislation on the same subjects, and in almost the same language, as the Constitution of Kentucky; and the Supreme Court of that State, in passing upon a question similar to the one we have here, (132 Pa. St.,, 275) [19 Atl., 221], said: “In order that a given act of the Assembly relating to a class of cities may escape the charge of being a local law, it is necessary, as was said in Weinman v. Railway Co., 118 Pa. St., 202 [12 Atl., 290], that it should “be applicable to all the members of the class to which it relates, and must be directed to the existence and regulation of municipal powrers and to matters of local government.” 'A law that will bear the application of this test is within the purpose for which classification was designed, and therefore constitutional. A law that will not bear its application is local, and offends against the Constitution. Among the many subjects of legislation which classification presents, we may call attention to such as the establishment, maintenance, and' control of an adequate police force for the public protection; the preservation of the public health; protection against fire; the provision of an adequate water supply; the paving, grading, curbing, and lighting of the public streets; the regulation of public markets and market houses, and of docks and wharves; the erection and care of public buildings and other municipal improvements. These are mentioned, not because they embrace all the sub
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JUDGE BURNAM
delivebed the opinion oe the coubt.
Appellee, Mary S. Kuntz, instituted this action against R. L. Clark and the city of Louisville, alleging that she was [587]*587the owner of a lot, and the improvements thereon, located in the city of Louisville; that the city authorized the construction of an alley by the side of it, and that the contract for the work was left to the defendant, Clark; and that the appellant, in constructing the alley, encroached upon her - premises without right, and negligently destroyed a part of her stableT The defendant, Clark, filed his separate answer, denying the allegations of the petition, while appellant, in addition to its general traverse, in the second paragraph of its answer pleaded the six-months’ statute of limitations, which is a provision of charters of cities of the first class, and which provides that “actions against the city for damages for injuries to person or property shall be begun within six months after the cause of action accrued.” Appellee demurred to this paragraph, and the court below sustained the demurrer, and upon the trial appellee recovered a judgment against both defendants, and, the motion of the city for a new trial having been overruled, this appeal is j>rosecuted.
The only question involved on the appeal is whether the statute of limitations relied on by appellant is a good defense to the action, and this depends upon the power of the Legislature to enact it. The question, therefore, to be determined is, is it a special or local act which is prohibited by section 59, subsection 5, Constitution, which provides that “the General Assembly shall not pass local or special acts concerning any of the following subjects or for any of the following pttrposes, namely: . . . Fifth, to regulate the limitation of civil or criminal causes?” Or is it authorized and embraced by the provisions of section 15G of the Constitution, which provides for the classification of cities and towns, and that the organization and powers of each class shall be defined and provided for by [588]*588general laws, so that all municipal, corporations of the same class shall possess the same powers and be subject to the same restrictions ? Appellant contends that as the provision relied on is a section of the general act of the Legislature passed in conformity with the requirements of section 156 of the Constitution, providing for the government of all cities of the first class, it is a general statute of local application, not special or local within the inhibition of section 59, and that it was within the power of the Legislature to pass it. This six-months’ statute of limitations was a provision of the old charter of appellant prior to the adoption of the general act for the government of cities of the first class, and its constitutionality was upheld by this court in the case of Preston v. City of Louisville, 84 Ky., 118; and similar provisions in the charters of the city of Covington were held to be constitutional in City of Covington v. Voskotter, 80 Ky., 219, and City of Covington v. Hoadley, 88 Ky., 444. But at the time these opinions were rendered there was no constitutional provision enumerating specifically the subjects concerning which it wras provided the Legislature should not pass local or special acts, and those cases turned upon the question as to whether this provision conferred a special privilege upon the city not in consideration of a public service; and it was held that, “as between a municipal corporation and a private person, a different rule might be adopted by the Legislature,” upon the theory that “the city istan arm of the State government, and as such performs a public service.” But section 59 of the Constitution expressly prohibits the Legislature from passing a local or special act relating to limitation, and this case clearly illustrates the wisdom of the provision. The city and an individual are sued for a joint trespass. If either is guilty, the city [589]*589is most in fault, because it was the instigator of the wrong-complained of, but,, if the statute relied on is held to be not a local or special one, it will be permitted to escape all liability, while its mere servant in the perpetration of the injury must bear the burden of their joint wrongdoing; and thus we have one rule of limitation for cities of the first class, and another for all persons, natural or artificial.
When the Constitution prohibits the Legislature from passing special laws upon any given subject, it means that all laws upon that subject shall operate alike upon all, whether individual or corporate, public or private. It is a safeguard provided by the Constitution for the protection of the weak as well as the strong. The Legislature has power to make laws fixing the time when an action must be brought, but they must be general in their character, as the Constitution prohibits the Legislature from discriminating in favor of or against-individuals or classes, when it declares that there shall be no special legislation on the subjects enumerated in section 59; whilst section 156 makes classification of cities only for the purpose of organization and government, and provides that the powers and organization of each shall be defined and provided for by general laws pertaining thereto. But section 59 expressly excepts the subject of limitation of civil and criminal causes from the operation of such laws, and it seems to us that properly they have no connection with the necessary powers, government, or organization of cities. It is a recognized canon of construction that constitutional provisions should be construed so as to give force and effect to all of them, and this is done by limiting the Legislature, in granting municipal charters, to the powers which are incident to, and necessary for, their organization and [590]*590government, as pointed out by section 150. While the cities of the State may be subject to different laws, so far-as they relate to their organization and government, yet, as to matters prohibited by the Constitution, they must be subject to the same general laws which apply to other corporations and private citizens.
The Constitution of Pennsylvania prohibits local or special legislation on the same subjects, and in almost the same language, as the Constitution of Kentucky; and the Supreme Court of that State, in passing upon a question similar to the one we have here, (132 Pa. St.,, 275) [19 Atl., 221], said: “In order that a given act of the Assembly relating to a class of cities may escape the charge of being a local law, it is necessary, as was said in Weinman v. Railway Co., 118 Pa. St., 202 [12 Atl., 290], that it should “be applicable to all the members of the class to which it relates, and must be directed to the existence and regulation of municipal powrers and to matters of local government.” 'A law that will bear the application of this test is within the purpose for which classification was designed, and therefore constitutional. A law that will not bear its application is local, and offends against the Constitution. Among the many subjects of legislation which classification presents, we may call attention to such as the establishment, maintenance, and' control of an adequate police force for the public protection; the preservation of the public health; protection against fire; the provision of an adequate water supply; the paving, grading, curbing, and lighting of the public streets; the regulation of public markets and market houses, and of docks and wharves; the erection and care of public buildings and other municipal improvements. These are mentioned, not because they embrace all the sub[591]*591jects for the exercise of municipal powers, but as a suggestion of some of the more, obvious ones, and as an illustration of the character of the subjects upon which legislation for the classified cities may be necessary. These classes are thus seen to embrace, not mere geographical subdivisions of the territory of the State, but organized municipalities, which are divided with reference to their own peculiar characteristics and needs; and the legislation to which they are entitled by virtue of such provision is simply that which relates to the peculiarities and needs which induced the division. In this way, each class may be provided with legislation appropriate to it, without imposing the same provisions on other classes, to which they would be unsuitable and burdensome.
We come, now, to inquire what legislation remains forbidden to cities, notwithstanding classification. I reply that all legislation not relating to the exercise of corporate powers, or to corporate officers and their powers and duties, is unauthorized by classification. In article 3, section 7, the Constitution declares that the Legislature shall not pass any local or special law “regulating the practice or jurisdiction of or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceeding or inquiry before courts, aldermen, justices of the peace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, auditors, masters in chancery or other tribunals.” The same section forbids the passage of any local or special law fixing the rate of interest, exempting property from taxation, changing the laws of descent, affecting the estates of minors, and many other purposes, among which is authorizing the laying out, ‘opening, altering or maintaining roads, highways, streets and alleys.’ It is very clear that the purpose of the constitutional provision is to require that laws relating to [592]*592the several subjects enumerated in section 7 shall be general, affecting the whole State, so that the rule upon these subjects shall be uniform throughout every part of the territory in which the Constitution itself is operative. For example, there can not be one rate of interest in cities of the first class, another in those of the second class, and still another for the rest of the State; but the rate, when fixed by law, must apply to all parts and divisions of the State alike. . . . These are the civil rights of the citizens of Pennsylvania as such, and they can not be affected by the size of the town in which he lives, or the value of his land, any more than by the color of his skin. They are the safeguards provided by the Constitution for the protection of the weak as well as the strong, the dweller in the country as well as the resident in the cities of the first class, and no.system of classification of cities or other divisions of the State can disturb them.”
And this court in the case of Simpson v. Ky. Citizens’ Building and Loan Association, 19 Ky. Law Rep., 1176 [41 S. W., 570, and 42, S. W., 834], held that the provisions of section 864, Ky. Stat., which permit building and loan associations to exact from their borrowing members monthly and weekly premiums in addition to the legal rate of interest on the money borrowed, are in violation of that section of the Constitution which provides that the Legislature shall not pass local or special acts concerning, or for the. purpose of regulating; the rate of interest. The same principle was adhered to in the cast of Levi v. City of Louisville, 97 Ky., 394 [30 S. W., 973]; and in the recent case of Corley v. City of Louisville, 20 Ky. Law Rep., 602 [47 S. W., 263], this court held the provision of section 2882 of the Kentucky Statutes, which limits the time within which actions or proceedings by [593]*593members of the police force shall be commenced to six months after the cause of action accrued, to be unconstitutional.
As was said in Chalfant v. Edwards, 173 Pa. St., 250 [33 Atl., 1049]: “The effect of classification must -not be carried beyond its purpose as declared in the original classification laws. A law relating to any other subject, though embracing all the cities of any given class, or of all the classes into which cities are divided, is local and unconstitutional, if the subject be one upon which local or special legislation is forbidden.” For the reasons herein indicated we are of the opinion that the statute relied on is local and special, and in conflict with the provisions of section 59 of the Constitution, and the judgment is therefore affirmed.