-JUDGE BuRELLiE
dhuveret) tiie. opinion of thf, court.
■ . The. appellee. brought suit against..the city of Henderson, alleging that she was the owner of a lot of land fronting on Center street, and had easy- and free access to and use of that street in -going to. and from her residence; that the appellant, in .pursuance of an ordinance of its common coun-toil,' caused the street to be excavated in front of and adjoining .her-property, .up ,to. -the line thereof, to such an extent .and depth, as to ruin-her dence and.enclosure, wholly destroying-her access-to. and use. of the street, .leaving the surface of •her.-lot-froim eight.¿o .ten feet above, the street and side[404]*404walk, and the entrance to her dwelling barred by a high,, perpendicular bank, so that her only ingress and egress is by an alley; that the dwelling is so situated upon the lot'that the lot can not be graded so as to give access to, the street,, and that to protect the lot from constant caving, which would finally, destroy the house, would require the construction of a wall along its whole front, at great expense; that by notice to the city, delivered to its mayor, she objected to and protested against the excavation before it was made, and gave notice that she would be damaged thereby and; would seek to hold the city responsible. .
A demurrer to the petition was sustained and an amend ntent filed, which, after the answer was filed and a reply thereto, was withdrawn by the appellee, and the appellant thereupon withdrew its answer and moved to dismiss the petition. The order sustaining the demurrer was set aside and the demurrer overruled. Appellant then filed its; answer, and a trial was had which resulted in a verdict for appellee. As there is no bill of exceptions, and as the record does not show that the instructions were objected to, the only question presented to this court is the sufficiency of the petition.
•Without determining the question whether this petition presents a case of partial destruction of the property by the* city, amounting to an invasion of private rights within the rule in the cases of the City of Louisville v. Louisville Rolling Mill Co., 3 Bush, 424, and Kemper v. City of Louisville, 14 Bush, 90, we shall consider whether the rule of Wolfe v. Covington & Lexington R. R. Co., 15 B. Mon., 404; Keasey v. City of Louisville, 4 Dana, 154; L. & F. R. R. Co. v. [405]*405Brown, 17 B. Mon., 763, and N. & C. Bridge Co. v. Foot, 9 Bush, 264, that a municipal corporation has authority to. grade or regrade a street for a public purpose, without incurring responsibility to the owners of abutting lots, although the street might be raised several feet above the level of the lot, and that the citizen must submit to such incidental disadvantages as resulted therefrom, has been •altered by section 242 of the present Constitution.
The general rule was, as stated in Dillon’s Municipal Corporations, section 990, that “municipal corporations, acting under authority conferred by the legislature to make and repair, or to grade, level and improve streets, if they keep within the limits of the street and do not trespass upon or invade private property, and exercise reasonable care and skill in the performance of the work resolved upon, are not answerable to the adjoining owner, whose lands are mot actually taken, trespassed upon or invaded for consequential damages to his premises unless there is a provision in the Constitution of the State, in the charter of the corporation, or in some statute, creating the liability.”
The Constitution of 1850 provided in section 14 of the Bill of Rights that no “man’s property be taken or applied to public use without the consent of his representatives, and without just compensation being previously made to him.”
The present Constitution, in additipn to the section jusj; •quoted, which is contained in section 13 of the Bill of Rights, provides in section 242: “Municipal and other corporations, and individuals invested with the privilege of taking private property for public use, shall make just compensa[406]*406tion for property takehj’ihjhreü'br até6trb'yéa'b^'t6fé^,* tWíilclt! compensation shall í&é'paid b'e'f&fé^such’tákmgivhn'paid or secured, at the election’ of-'such, -eor'pofStibrf - on'individhal;;-' before such injury‘of' 'déétructióxíN’ ' ‘■-*-
The adoption of this section,’ in’• addition* Tó the pf'dvisfdns'. of section 13, in out view undoubtedly itídficátéd- axU-ifitene-tion to change the organic’"latt'Of'thñ Statbfan'd-'tó''abólish-the requirement "oé direct -physical! Injury' to- the property ' in order to establish'a claim for - damages:- Thelanguage* used is that municipal- corporations' shall make just "com- ■ pensation for property taken, injured or destroyed ‘by thenk'.-Tlie city undoubtedly has the right t<> take pritate -property, having the right bf eminent domain.' -It-'also5 has the5-undoubted right to' improv’d the'streets-'fo'r thé püblic-ifse,' in proper manner, when’ thereto-'- authorized-.’ by- ' legislative ant hority. If, however, in mábing- the improvement- it fakes; injures or destroys'prívale property,''coñipénsá'tioh -must be-made unless consent has beéñ“given.’ -
This exact question appears to have been decided- in several of- the States in which new Constitutions'"containing-similar provisions have been adopted in-'recent" years. In-Illinois the old Constitution contained ¿.‘ provision similar-to that contained in section 13 of our Constitution. By the Constitution of 1870 the provision was made to read: “Private property shall' not be taken or damagad' for pubic use;. without just compensation;” and, while the rulé’under the former Constitution had been held as in'the section quoted, above from Dillon, it has been held 'in' numerous cases-that tbe (new rule introduced by the present Cbnsftulxón. required compensation in all cases where it appears “there-[407]*407lias been some physical disturbance ,of a right, either .public . or private, which the plaintiff enjoys in connection with- hj#., • property, and which, giyes,to it an additional -value, and that . by reason of such..disturbance, he lias, sustained a. special . damage, with respect to his property,,in excess.:of that,.sus-, tained by the public generally,” .(Rigney v. Chicago, 102 Ill., 04). It was. there, held “that the intrqductiqp of that. . word (damage), so far from being superfluous or accidental,.. indicated a deliberate. purpose to make a change in Jije organic law of the State, and abolished the old. test of.direct. physical injury to the corpus,or subject of tbe-property af fected.”
This doctrine was approved by the.Supreme Cour.t.of tbe United States, in an opinion delivered by Mr., Justice Harlan,, in the case of Chicago v. Taylor, 125 U. S., 162. Referring to tbe Rigney case,, he said; “The conclusion there .reached . was, that under this constitutional provision a. recovery may be had in all cases where private property has sustained a-substantial damage by the making and using an improve-, incut that is public in its character — that it does not require that the damage shall be caused by a trespass.or an .actual physical invasion of the owner’s real estate, but if the construction and operation of the railroad or other improvement is the cause of the damage, though consequental, the party may recover. We regard that case as conclusive of this question. The case of Pittsburg & Fort Wayne R. R. Co. v. Reich, 101 Ills., 157, is in point on this question of damages, and the case of City of Chicago v.
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-JUDGE BuRELLiE
dhuveret) tiie. opinion of thf, court.
■ . The. appellee. brought suit against..the city of Henderson, alleging that she was the owner of a lot of land fronting on Center street, and had easy- and free access to and use of that street in -going to. and from her residence; that the appellant, in .pursuance of an ordinance of its common coun-toil,' caused the street to be excavated in front of and adjoining .her-property, .up ,to. -the line thereof, to such an extent .and depth, as to ruin-her dence and.enclosure, wholly destroying-her access-to. and use. of the street, .leaving the surface of •her.-lot-froim eight.¿o .ten feet above, the street and side[404]*404walk, and the entrance to her dwelling barred by a high,, perpendicular bank, so that her only ingress and egress is by an alley; that the dwelling is so situated upon the lot'that the lot can not be graded so as to give access to, the street,, and that to protect the lot from constant caving, which would finally, destroy the house, would require the construction of a wall along its whole front, at great expense; that by notice to the city, delivered to its mayor, she objected to and protested against the excavation before it was made, and gave notice that she would be damaged thereby and; would seek to hold the city responsible. .
A demurrer to the petition was sustained and an amend ntent filed, which, after the answer was filed and a reply thereto, was withdrawn by the appellee, and the appellant thereupon withdrew its answer and moved to dismiss the petition. The order sustaining the demurrer was set aside and the demurrer overruled. Appellant then filed its; answer, and a trial was had which resulted in a verdict for appellee. As there is no bill of exceptions, and as the record does not show that the instructions were objected to, the only question presented to this court is the sufficiency of the petition.
•Without determining the question whether this petition presents a case of partial destruction of the property by the* city, amounting to an invasion of private rights within the rule in the cases of the City of Louisville v. Louisville Rolling Mill Co., 3 Bush, 424, and Kemper v. City of Louisville, 14 Bush, 90, we shall consider whether the rule of Wolfe v. Covington & Lexington R. R. Co., 15 B. Mon., 404; Keasey v. City of Louisville, 4 Dana, 154; L. & F. R. R. Co. v. [405]*405Brown, 17 B. Mon., 763, and N. & C. Bridge Co. v. Foot, 9 Bush, 264, that a municipal corporation has authority to. grade or regrade a street for a public purpose, without incurring responsibility to the owners of abutting lots, although the street might be raised several feet above the level of the lot, and that the citizen must submit to such incidental disadvantages as resulted therefrom, has been •altered by section 242 of the present Constitution.
The general rule was, as stated in Dillon’s Municipal Corporations, section 990, that “municipal corporations, acting under authority conferred by the legislature to make and repair, or to grade, level and improve streets, if they keep within the limits of the street and do not trespass upon or invade private property, and exercise reasonable care and skill in the performance of the work resolved upon, are not answerable to the adjoining owner, whose lands are mot actually taken, trespassed upon or invaded for consequential damages to his premises unless there is a provision in the Constitution of the State, in the charter of the corporation, or in some statute, creating the liability.”
The Constitution of 1850 provided in section 14 of the Bill of Rights that no “man’s property be taken or applied to public use without the consent of his representatives, and without just compensation being previously made to him.”
The present Constitution, in additipn to the section jusj; •quoted, which is contained in section 13 of the Bill of Rights, provides in section 242: “Municipal and other corporations, and individuals invested with the privilege of taking private property for public use, shall make just compensa[406]*406tion for property takehj’ihjhreü'br até6trb'yéa'b^'t6fé^,* tWíilclt! compensation shall í&é'paid b'e'f&fé^such’tákmgivhn'paid or secured, at the election’ of-'such, -eor'pofStibrf - on'individhal;;-' before such injury‘of' 'déétructióxíN’ ' ‘■-*-
The adoption of this section,’ in’• addition* Tó the pf'dvisfdns'. of section 13, in out view undoubtedly itídficátéd- axU-ifitene-tion to change the organic’"latt'Of'thñ Statbfan'd-'tó''abólish-the requirement "oé direct -physical! Injury' to- the property ' in order to establish'a claim for - damages:- Thelanguage* used is that municipal- corporations' shall make just "com- ■ pensation for property taken, injured or destroyed ‘by thenk'.-Tlie city undoubtedly has the right t<> take pritate -property, having the right bf eminent domain.' -It-'also5 has the5-undoubted right to' improv’d the'streets-'fo'r thé püblic-ifse,' in proper manner, when’ thereto-'- authorized-.’ by- ' legislative ant hority. If, however, in mábing- the improvement- it fakes; injures or destroys'prívale property,''coñipénsá'tioh -must be-made unless consent has beéñ“given.’ -
This exact question appears to have been decided- in several of- the States in which new Constitutions'"containing-similar provisions have been adopted in-'recent" years. In-Illinois the old Constitution contained ¿.‘ provision similar-to that contained in section 13 of our Constitution. By the Constitution of 1870 the provision was made to read: “Private property shall' not be taken or damagad' for pubic use;. without just compensation;” and, while the rulé’under the former Constitution had been held as in'the section quoted, above from Dillon, it has been held 'in' numerous cases-that tbe (new rule introduced by the present Cbnsftulxón. required compensation in all cases where it appears “there-[407]*407lias been some physical disturbance ,of a right, either .public . or private, which the plaintiff enjoys in connection with- hj#., • property, and which, giyes,to it an additional -value, and that . by reason of such..disturbance, he lias, sustained a. special . damage, with respect to his property,,in excess.:of that,.sus-, tained by the public generally,” .(Rigney v. Chicago, 102 Ill., 04). It was. there, held “that the intrqductiqp of that. . word (damage), so far from being superfluous or accidental,.. indicated a deliberate. purpose to make a change in Jije organic law of the State, and abolished the old. test of.direct. physical injury to the corpus,or subject of tbe-property af fected.”
This doctrine was approved by the.Supreme Cour.t.of tbe United States, in an opinion delivered by Mr., Justice Harlan,, in the case of Chicago v. Taylor, 125 U. S., 162. Referring to tbe Rigney case,, he said; “The conclusion there .reached . was, that under this constitutional provision a. recovery may be had in all cases where private property has sustained a-substantial damage by the making and using an improve-, incut that is public in its character — that it does not require that the damage shall be caused by a trespass.or an .actual physical invasion of the owner’s real estate, but if the construction and operation of the railroad or other improvement is the cause of the damage, though consequental, the party may recover. We regard that case as conclusive of this question. The case of Pittsburg & Fort Wayne R. R. Co. v. Reich, 101 Ills., 157, is in point on this question of damages, and the case of City of Chicago v. Union Building Association, 102 Ills., 379, also reviews the authorities and approves the doctrine in Rigney v. Chicago, supra.”
[408]*408Id Missouri a similar constitutional provision has been adopted, and. a similar construction given. (Seehy v. Kan. City Cable Railway, 94 Mo., 574.)
In Pennsylvania a constitutional provision was adopted in 1874 exactly similar to section 242 of our Constitution, which has been construed in New Brighton Bor. v. Peirsol, 107 Pa. State, 280, as the provision of the Illinois Constitution. In a number of other States, which have adopted the same or similar constitutional provisions, the courts have gone as far or further than the Ulino's courts in permitting recovery for consequential damages in such cases. (Dillon’s Municipal Corporations, 4th ed., sections 990 to 995a, inclusive, and notes.)
We conclude that under the averments of the. petition in this ,ease, admitted by the demurrer to be true, there was a right of recovery. But it is argued on behalf of appellant that there is no legal right or equity in a person who dedicates land for street purposes, or in his assignee, to compensation for the original establishment of a grade line and the reduction of the natural surface of the street for street purposes to such line, for the reason that, w'hen dedicated unconditionally, the dedicator must be supposed to have contemplated and consented that a grade should be established and the inequalities of the surface brought to some proper level, and to have embraced in his grant or dedication the right to establish such a grade. This question, however, is not presented by the record. If the law be that consequential damages are not recoverable for the original establishment of the grade of a street which has been dedicated (and this question is expressly not here decided), the [409]*409fact that such establishment is original is matter of defense, .and such fact does not appear in this record. It is further urged that certain averments of the answer pleaded as an •estoppel are undenied by any reply. It is not necessary to •consider the sufficiency of the averments, if they have been •denied, as the evidence has not been brought to this court. :To the answer originally filed a reply was filed controverting the affirmative averments. After the amended petition was withdrawn the answer was also withdrawn by appellant, in order to insist upon a motion for a judgment dismissing the petition. This motion being overruled, and the •order sustaining the demurrer having been set aside, the ;same answer, or a copy of it, was again- filed, and it is now ■contended that those averments are undenied. We do not •concur in this contention. While they were a part of the record the averments were traversed, and the fact that they .were -withdrawn, and again filed does not render a second traverse necessary. -
A further contention, is that appellee lost her right to •compensation by not instituting a suit for an injunction to prevent the injury to her property until the damages to result therefrom had been estimated and paid her. But in response to this it is sufficient to say that the inhibition of the Constitution is not against the citizen, but against the municipality, and forbids the latter from taking, injuring, or destroying property, without previously making compensation therefor. To say that the citizen’s right of recovery was barred because the municipality failed to perform its ■duty would be to permit it to take advantage of its own wrong.
For the reasons given, the judgment is affirmed.