Mr. Justice Barbour
delivered the opinión of the Court.
This is an appeal from a decree of the circuit Court of the United States for the county of Washington, in. the District of Columbia,' dismissing the appellants’ bill.
The appellants filed their bill in the court below, in behalf of themselves and the citizens of Georgetown, against the appellees'; containing various allegation^, the material parts oí which, are substantially. these: That the appellees, who were defendants in the court below, had’ been, and then were engaged in constructing an
■aqueduct over the Potomac river, at Georgetown, within its corporate limits, immediately above, and west of the principal public and private wharves of the town; that the Potomac river, above and ■ below the aqueduct, continuously-' outward to the sea, was. a public navigable highway; that the free use of that river was secured to all the- people, residing .on its borders pr interested in its navigation, by a compact between the states of Virginia and Maryland, in' the year 1785; that, Georgetown derived its chief Support and prosperity from, the trade of the Potomac; that large' sums of money'had been- expended by. the complainants, at the wharves of the town, in deepening the water on- the bar across the main channel, immediately below the town, 'and north and west of the long bridge across the Potomac;, that the defendants had constructed one.1 massive stone pier, and were about to construct others'; that by the use of-clay .and earth thrown in, to make close certain .coffer dams, used by .the defendants in .the construction of the piers, the harbour has been injured, .and the dep'th of water in the cut or channel through the -bar below the town, has been diminished- already, and that they apprehend serious injury-in future from the same causes; that by the construction of their piers, of storie, ánd in such a-way, as greatly to increase the force of the current, other earth and mud have been, and will be washed down by the velocity of the current,-So as to injure the wharves and harbour, of the town', and impair the navigation of the river. The bill charges, that the aqueduct can be constructed without' the'use .of clay and earthj from which so much , injury is apprehended. It proceeds to state, in minute detail, the nature and. character of the injury apprehended' to the. harbour, wharves, and navigation;, and concludes with, a prayer-for an injunction prohibiting the defendants.from furtheydepositing' earth and clay in the Potomac river, outside, or inside their coffer dams, oh otherwise, to the injury of the navigation of the river and the harbour of Georgetown; and with a prayer also for general relief.
The defendants answered, denying that the complainants, the Corporation of Georgetown, had any right, title, or interest in the waters of the Potomac river, which the}1- aver, to be.a public navigable river, ánd a common highway; they deny that the works, in the construction of which they are engaged, are within the corporate limits of Georgetown; they deny the right of the Corporation of Georgetown, to file the bill in behalf of the citizens of the town; they deny the jurisdiction of a court of equity, over nuisahees in public rivers
and highways; and also its power to enjoin them from.the prosecution of the works in which they are engaged, under their charter; theyinsist, that congréss had full power to grant to them the charter of incorporation, and- to authorize the construction of the works in which they are engaged. They aver that they have not transcended. the power conferred by their charter, which' was granted to them by an act .of congress, passed on the 26 th of May, 1830; which they exhibit as part of their answer. They then proceed to answer the bill at large upon' its merits;
It is. unnecessary to státe the evidence in the case; becausé' dur opinion is founded upon considerations, independent of the facts' which that evidence was intended.to prove.
We shall forbear also from any expression of opinion upon some of the topics discussed at the bar; because,.whilst they are important in their character, they have no bearing upon the principles qn, which our judgment proceeds.
We will now very briefly state them, and the conclusions which necessarily flow from them. The compact made in the year 1785, between Virginia and Maryland, was made by the two states, in their' character as states. The citizens, individually, of both commonwealths, were subject to all the obligations imposed, and entitled to all the benefits conferred by that compact. But the citizens as such, individually, were in no just sense the parties to it: those parties were the .two states,' of which they were citizens. The same power which established it, was' competent either to annul or to modify it. ’ Virginia and Maryland, then, if they had retained, the portions of territory respectively belonging to them on the right and left banks of the Potomac; could have so far modified this compact as to have agreed to change any or" all of its stipulations. They could, by the.'r joint will, have made any impi ovement which they chose, either by1, canals along the margin of the river, or by bridges or aqueducts across it, or in ány other manner whatsoever
When- they ceded to congress the portions of- their territory, embracing the Potomac river, within their limits, whatsoever the legislatures of Virginia and Maryland could have done by their joint will, after that.- cession could be done by congress; subject only to the limitations imposed by the acts of cession.
We are satisfied, then, that the act of congress, which granted the charter to the Alexandria Canal Company, is in no degree-a'violation of the compact between the states of Virginia and Maryland, or of
any rights that the citizens of either, or both states, claimed as being derived from it. •
Congress then, having the power, authorized the Alexandria Canal Company “to cut canals, erect dams, open,feeders, construct'locks, and perform such other works, as they shall judge necessary and-expedient, for completing a canal, from the termination or other ‘point on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, to such place in the town of Alexandria, as the board of directors shall appoint.” Now, ás one of its terminii was' authorized to be, either the termination or some, other point op the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the. other some place in the town of Alexandria; „and ^s the Potomac lies-between these terminii; the authority to construct an aqueduct .was granted ex necessitate. But, if certainty required'to be made more certain, this is done by the language of the ninth and fourteenth ’sections of the act of May 26thj 1830, granting the charter; in both of Which the term aqueducts is used, in such a manner as incontestably to prove, that congress considered the power to construct.them as given by the charter.
If, then, as we. have said, congress had.
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Mr. Justice Barbour
delivered the opinión of the Court.
This is an appeal from a decree of the circuit Court of the United States for the county of Washington, in. the District of Columbia,' dismissing the appellants’ bill.
The appellants filed their bill in the court below, in behalf of themselves and the citizens of Georgetown, against the appellees'; containing various allegation^, the material parts oí which, are substantially. these: That the appellees, who were defendants in the court below, had’ been, and then were engaged in constructing an
■aqueduct over the Potomac river, at Georgetown, within its corporate limits, immediately above, and west of the principal public and private wharves of the town; that the Potomac river, above and ■ below the aqueduct, continuously-' outward to the sea, was. a public navigable highway; that the free use of that river was secured to all the- people, residing .on its borders pr interested in its navigation, by a compact between the states of Virginia and Maryland, in' the year 1785; that, Georgetown derived its chief Support and prosperity from, the trade of the Potomac; that large' sums of money'had been- expended by. the complainants, at the wharves of the town, in deepening the water on- the bar across the main channel, immediately below the town, 'and north and west of the long bridge across the Potomac;, that the defendants had constructed one.1 massive stone pier, and were about to construct others'; that by the use of-clay .and earth thrown in, to make close certain .coffer dams, used by .the defendants in .the construction of the piers, the harbour has been injured, .and the dep'th of water in the cut or channel through the -bar below the town, has been diminished- already, and that they apprehend serious injury-in future from the same causes; that by the construction of their piers, of storie, ánd in such a-way, as greatly to increase the force of the current, other earth and mud have been, and will be washed down by the velocity of the current,-So as to injure the wharves and harbour, of the town', and impair the navigation of the river. The bill charges, that the aqueduct can be constructed without' the'use .of clay and earthj from which so much , injury is apprehended. It proceeds to state, in minute detail, the nature and. character of the injury apprehended' to the. harbour, wharves, and navigation;, and concludes with, a prayer-for an injunction prohibiting the defendants.from furtheydepositing' earth and clay in the Potomac river, outside, or inside their coffer dams, oh otherwise, to the injury of the navigation of the river and the harbour of Georgetown; and with a prayer also for general relief.
The defendants answered, denying that the complainants, the Corporation of Georgetown, had any right, title, or interest in the waters of the Potomac river, which the}1- aver, to be.a public navigable river, ánd a common highway; they deny that the works, in the construction of which they are engaged, are within the corporate limits of Georgetown; they deny the right of the Corporation of Georgetown, to file the bill in behalf of the citizens of the town; they deny the jurisdiction of a court of equity, over nuisahees in public rivers
and highways; and also its power to enjoin them from.the prosecution of the works in which they are engaged, under their charter; theyinsist, that congréss had full power to grant to them the charter of incorporation, and- to authorize the construction of the works in which they are engaged. They aver that they have not transcended. the power conferred by their charter, which' was granted to them by an act .of congress, passed on the 26 th of May, 1830; which they exhibit as part of their answer. They then proceed to answer the bill at large upon' its merits;
It is. unnecessary to státe the evidence in the case; becausé' dur opinion is founded upon considerations, independent of the facts' which that evidence was intended.to prove.
We shall forbear also from any expression of opinion upon some of the topics discussed at the bar; because,.whilst they are important in their character, they have no bearing upon the principles qn, which our judgment proceeds.
We will now very briefly state them, and the conclusions which necessarily flow from them. The compact made in the year 1785, between Virginia and Maryland, was made by the two states, in their' character as states. The citizens, individually, of both commonwealths, were subject to all the obligations imposed, and entitled to all the benefits conferred by that compact. But the citizens as such, individually, were in no just sense the parties to it: those parties were the .two states,' of which they were citizens. The same power which established it, was' competent either to annul or to modify it. ’ Virginia and Maryland, then, if they had retained, the portions of territory respectively belonging to them on the right and left banks of the Potomac; could have so far modified this compact as to have agreed to change any or" all of its stipulations. They could, by the.'r joint will, have made any impi ovement which they chose, either by1, canals along the margin of the river, or by bridges or aqueducts across it, or in ány other manner whatsoever
When- they ceded to congress the portions of- their territory, embracing the Potomac river, within their limits, whatsoever the legislatures of Virginia and Maryland could have done by their joint will, after that.- cession could be done by congress; subject only to the limitations imposed by the acts of cession.
We are satisfied, then, that the act of congress, which granted the charter to the Alexandria Canal Company, is in no degree-a'violation of the compact between the states of Virginia and Maryland, or of
any rights that the citizens of either, or both states, claimed as being derived from it. •
Congress then, having the power, authorized the Alexandria Canal Company “to cut canals, erect dams, open,feeders, construct'locks, and perform such other works, as they shall judge necessary and-expedient, for completing a canal, from the termination or other ‘point on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, to such place in the town of Alexandria, as the board of directors shall appoint.” Now, ás one of its terminii was' authorized to be, either the termination or some, other point op the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the. other some place in the town of Alexandria; „and ^s the Potomac lies-between these terminii; the authority to construct an aqueduct .was granted ex necessitate. But, if certainty required'to be made more certain, this is done by the language of the ninth and fourteenth ’sections of the act of May 26thj 1830, granting the charter; in both of Which the term aqueducts is used, in such a manner as incontestably to prove, that congress considered the power to construct.them as given by the charter.
If, then, as we. have said, congress had. power to - authorize the construction of an aqueduct across the Potomac; if so having the power, they have given to the Alexandria' Ca.nal Company the ..authority to cbnstructit; and if, in the construction, that company ..has not exceeded the authority given them, either in the thing done, or in the manner of doing it, feo as to produce the least injury or inconvenience practicable, consistently with the execution of the work; it would be difficult, as a legal proposition, to predicate of such a work,that it was unlawful, or that it was a nuisance; so as to justify a court in interfering to prevent its progress towards completion.
It is unnecessary, however, to prosecute this inquiry, because there is a view of this subject which we,think-decisive of the casp.
Were it even admitted that the Canal Gompany had exceeded the authority under which they are acting, nevertheless, as the Potomac river is a navigable stream, a part of the jus publicum, any obstruction to its navigation would, upon the most established principles, be what is declared by law to be a
public nuisance.
A public nuisance being the subject of criminal jurisdiction, the' ordinary and regular, proceeding at law is by indictment or information, by which the nuisapce may be abated; and the person who caused it may be punished. If any particular individual shall have sustained special
damage from, the erection' of it, he may maintain a private action for such special.damage; because to that extént he has suffered beyond his! portion of injury, in common with the community at large. 5th Ilac. Abridg.-Nuisance, B. p. 51. 2d.LordRaym. 1163.
. Besides this remedy at law, it is now settled, that a court of equity may take jurisdiction in cases of public nuisance, by an information filed by the attorney general. This jurisdiction seems to have been acted on with great caution and hesitancy. • Thus, it is said by the. •Chancellor, in 18th Vesey,’217, that the instances of the interposisition of the court were confined- and rare., He- referred, as to the principal authority on the subject, to what had been done in the. couit of exchequer, upon the discussion of the right of the. attorney general -by some species of-information, to seek on the equitable side of the court, .relief as to nuisance, and preventive relief.
Chancellor Kent iri 2d John. Chan. 382, remarks, that the equity jurisdiction, in cases of public nuisance, in the only cases in which it had been exercised, that fis, in cases of encroachment on the king’s soil, had lain dormant for a 'century and a. half;’ that is, from Charles I. down to the year 1795.
Yet the jurisdiction has Been finally sustained; upon’the principle that equity can give more adequate and complete relief, than can be obtained at .law. Whilst, -therefore, it is admitted by all that it is confessedly one of delicacy; and accordingly, the instances of its exercise are rare, yet-it may be exercised in those' cases iri which there is imminent danger of irreparable mischief before the tardiness of the law could reach it.
• The court of equity, also, pursuing che análogy of the law, that a .party may maintáin a private action for
special damage,
even in case of a public .nuisance, will now take jurisdiction- in case of a public nurance, at the instance, o'f a private person; where he is in imminent danger of suffering a special injury, for which, under the circumstances of.the case, the law would not afford an adequate remedy. Amongst other cases, this doctrine is laid down in the case-of Crowder v. Tinkler, 19 Vesey, 616. In that case, p, 622, the chancellor says, “ Upon the question of jurisdiction, if the subject was represented as a mere public nuisance, I could not -interfere in this- case, as the attorney general is not a party; and if he was a party upon the dicta, unless i.t was clearly a public nuisance generally, the court would not interpose by injunction until it-had'been tried at law. The complaint is, therefore, to he considered as of not
a public nuisan.ce simply; but what, being so in its nature, is attended 'with extreme probability of irreparable injury to the property ;of the plaintiffs, including, also, danger to their existence; and on su,ch a case, clearly established., I do not hesjtate to say an injunction would be. granted.”
The principle is also distinctly asserted and- acted On '■ by' Chancellor Kent, in the case of Corning and others v. Lowerre, 6 John. Chan. 439. In that case, a bill waS filed for an injunction to restrain the defendant from obstructing Vestry street, in the city of'New York, and averring that he waé building a.house upon1 that street, to thé great injury of the plaintiffs, as Owners of lots on and adjoining that'street; and that Vestry street had been laid but, regulated1, and paved, for'about twenty years..
The injunction was granted: the Chancellor said, that here was a special' grievance to the plaintiffs, affecting the enjoyment of their property and the value of it. The obstruction was not only a. common or public nuisance, but worked, a special injury to the plaintiffs.'
The - principle then is, that in case of .a public nuisance, wh'ere a bill is .filed by a private person, asking for relief by way of prevention, the plaintiff cannot maintain a stand in a-’court of equity; unless- ■ he avers a_,d proves some special injury.-
With this principle as our guide,-let us now examine -the pretensions of the appellants in this case. Who are they? Not,, indeed, a private person, but a corporation. They profess to come into’ court for themselves; and .for the citizens of Georgetown. Now, it is not even pretended that, in their character 0f< a corporation only, they have any power Or authority given to them by their charter; to take care of, protect, and vindicate, in a court of justice, the, rights bfi thé citizens of- the town, in the enjoyment of their property, or in removing or preventing any annoyance to it. Nor does' such a power attach to them- in their corporate character, upon any principle of the law in relation to corporations. The complainants, then, must, as in the casé of -private persons, to. maintain their position in a court of equity for relief against a public nuisance, have averred and proved, that they were the owners of property liable to be 'affected by the nuisance, and that, in point of fact, were so affected, so as that they thereby had suffered a special damage. Now, there is no such averment in this billl The appellants seem to have proceeded on the idea, that it appertained to them, as the corporate authority in
Georgetown, to take' care of and protect the interests of the citizens, In this idea we think they were in error; and that they cannot, upon any principle of law, be recognised as parties competent in court to represent the interests of the citizens of Georgetown.. Nor is the difficulty-obviated by associating with them the citizens of Georgetown, as persons in whose behalf they sue. There are indeed cases, in-which it is competent for some persons to come into a court of equity, as plaintiffs for themselves and others, having similar interests: such is the familiar example of what is called a creditors’ bill. But in that, and all other cases of a like kind, the persons, who by name, bring the suit, and constitute the parties on the record, have themselves an interest in the subject matter, which enables them to sue, and the others are treated as a kind of co-plaintiffs with those named, although they themselves are not named; but in this case, it has been already said, that the appellants have no such interest as enablés them to sue in their own name, and consequently the whole analogy fails. Moreover, if the citizens of Georgetown were even parties on the record; the objection would equally lie against them, unless they could show a special damage ás a ground to stand upon.
With these views, we are of opinion that the decree of the court below, dismissing the appellants’ bill, is, correct; it is- therefore affirmed, with costs.
This cause came -on -to be heard oh the transcript of-the record from the circuit court of the United States for the District of Columbia, holden in and for the county of Washington, and was argued by-counsel; on consideration whereof,-it is decreed and ordered by this Court, that the decree of the said circuit court in this cause be, and the same is hereby affirmed, with costs.